Psych Unit 3

behavioral therapy - based on classical conditioning (psychotherapy)

- exposure therapy - graded exposure systematic desensitization * relaxation training * fear hierarchy *progressive exposure ACTION

anorexia

- fear of being over weight - low BMI - starvation - typically younger

humanistic therapy (psychotherapy)

- focus on present not past - focus on conscious choices - rodgers person - centered therapy * non directive * four key ingredients (reflection, unconditional positive regard, empathy, authenticity) INSIGHT

major depressive disorder

- low emotion/interest/energy - depressive episodes (no manic)

behavioral therapy - based on operant conditioning (psychotherapy)

- modeling - using reinforcement (token economy) - win points (using extinction) ACTION

bipolar disorder

- mood swings (doesn't have to be rapid) - must have a manic stage (min of 2 weeks) and sometimes a depressed stage - when you get manic stage you're automatically diagnosed with bipolar - don't have to constantly be in any of the stage

bulimia

- not necessarily low body weight - eat but throw it up

schizophrenia

- positive symptoms: delusions/hallucinations - negative symptoms: low affect (no emotion)

How many axes does the DSM-5 use to aid mental health professionals in making a diagnosis?

1

two kinds of therapy

1. psychotherapy: talking to someone - insight: self understanding - action: treating problematic behavior 2. biomedical therapy: medicine

A person taking the MMPI-2 would have their answers scored over a series of __ clinical scaled and __ validity scales

10;8

Cattell's initial research and use of factor analysis essentially scaled down many, many different ways of describing aspects of personalities into _ source traits

16

Surveys suggest that about ___ percent of women and ___ percent of men have at least one sexual dysfunction

40-45; 20-30

Olivia is a teenager who has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. What percentage of individuals with anorexia that receive treatment make a recovery?

40-60%

cognitive behavioral (give theorist and characteristic)

Bandura - learning (interactions and how we learn)

cognitive therapy (psychotherapy)

Beck's Cognitive Therapy - identify illogical/unrealistic beliefs - common distortions of thinking * arbitrary inference (jump to conclusions) * selective thinking *over generalization * magnification and minimization * personalization - question those beliefs ACTION

The Bethlehem Hospital in London, later known as "___" was converted into an asylum for the mentally ill. While it may have been intended as a place of safety, it and many other such early facilities were little more than prisons.

Bediam

Cleo suffers from a psychological disorder that involves swings between major depressive periods and hypomanic states. Given this information, which of the following would be the most appropriate diagnosis?

Bipolar II disorder

Increased media coverage surrounding his disorder in the 1980's likely led to it becoming a "fad" disorder in the late 20th century

Dissociative identity disorder

You have walked in late to her class and you psychology professor is explaining how one personality theorist sees personality as a relatively stable set of potential responses to various situations. You know immediately that your professor is talking about the theories of

Julian Rotter

Which Neo-Freudian believed personality was mostly a product of dealing with anxieties during childhood?

Karen Horney

What is the major difference between dissociative amnesia and retrograde amnesia?

Retrograde amnesia patients often suffer from some form of physical brain trauma.

humanistic (give theorist and characteristic)

Rodgers - view of yourself (real/ideal) what determines ideal self: unconditional (all time) conditional (based on what they do)

Dr. Cavendish is trying to establish what is known as therapeutic alliance with her clients. What specifically should she do to accomplish this goal?

She should be more empathetic and caring when working with her clients

your professor explains how all females have an inner masculine side that adds to their personality. this concept is known as

animus

karen horney's study of one's personality focused on

anxiety during childhood

Stephan gets a text message from his girlfriend saying that she will have to work overtime tonight. Stephan immediately assumes his girlfriend is seeing someone else at work. Beck would say that Stephan has engaged in what type of distorted thinking?

arbitrary inference

Depersonalization/derealization disorder is a type of dissociative disorder that has been found to have possible ___ foundations for the experience of detachment

biological

causes of schizophrenia

biological - rates across cultures - genetic influence (MZ twins) stress - vulnerability model

Elliot became widowed after nearly 40 years of marriage. He has convinced himself that no one will ever love him again. His irrational thinking has caused him to suffer from depression and he rarely leaves his house. What perspective might best explain his behavior?

cognitive

keiisha works hard at her job because she believes it will increase her chances for a promotion. according to julian rotter's theory her effort is an example of what he calls

expectancy

Studies have suggested that increased rates of major depressive disorder in women may have a basis in

gender roles, social factors, and emotional processing

gad (anxiety disorder)

generalized anxiety disorder - 3 months at least - overall stressed/worried

Researchers believe that 40-60% of the risk for anorexia, bulimia and binge-eating disorder are due to

genetic factors

Clara is going to a therapist to gain a better understanding of why she has self-destructive relationships with all her friends. This type of therapy is known as _________ therapy.

insight

Nina appreciates compliments about her new photography business but really values constructive criticism, because she knows that she is capable of addressing any concerns that are raised by a customer. According to Julian Rotter, Nina has an

internal locus of control

phobias (anxiety disorder)

irrational fears - social phobia: how people evaluate you

if you are asked to describe your best friends by explaining how they act, typically feel, and what they think about you, you would be describing their ____________

personality

Which type of assessment would be the most reliable?

personality inventory

Devin's wife comes home angry from her job, and he immediately assume that he has done something wrong. Such irrational thinking is an example of

personalization.

The awakening of sexual curiosity and interest in the genitals is the beginning of what Freud termed the

phallic stage

What is the major cause of organic sexual dysfunction?

physical causes

accute stress disorder

same as PTSD but only lasts up to 1 month right after something happens

According to Richard Lazarus when someone asks themselves, "How can I deal with this potentially harmful stressor?" the individual is focused on a _ appraisal

secondary

an old motto of the U.s army was, "be all you can be." this concept fits well with carl rogers theory of

self-actualizing tendency

Albert Bandura considers __ __ as a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.

self-efficacy

Many of Kyle's friends like to dress up on Halloween as devils, vampires, and zombies. According to Carl Jung's theory, what archetype is being expressed?

shadow

Jolene rarely takes any work home, preferring to leave her work worries at the office. She is a bit carefree and not as ambitious as some of the other women in her office. Instead, Jolene likes to have a lot of leisure time whenever possible. She is also easygoing and doesn't lose her temper often, preferring to avoid conflict. Which of the following statements about Jolene is most likely TRUE?

she has Type B personality

electroconvulsive therapy ECT (biomedical therapy)

shock therapy to forget past

panic disorder (anxiety disorder)

reoccurring panic attacks (feels like heart attack)

psyhcopharmacology (biomedical therapy)

- antipsychotic drugs: block dopamine receptors - antianxiety drugs: lithium, xanax - antidepressant drugs: MAOIs and SSRIs

Which question would be most immediately addressed by conducting what Richard Lazarus refers to as a primary appraisal?

"How big of a deal is this problem?"

Jeff is having a conversation with his daughter about a fight that occurred at school in which his daughter received detention. What would Jeff probably say to his daughter if he were to use unconditional positive regard?

"I love you very much, but I'm not happy about what you did."

the big 5

(O.C.E.A.N) openness - open minded conscientiousness - reliable/honest extroversion - outgoing agreeableness - pleasant to be around/easy going neuroticism - emotionally unstable

anti-social personality disorder

- does not fell empathy - serial killers - will end up in jail at some point

borderline personality disorder

- don't have stable self - really impulsive

Which psychologist is credited alone with Carl Rogers as being one of the early pioneers of the humanistic perspective?

Abraham Maslow

Behavior-based therapies are ________ based while psychodynamic and humanistic therapies are _______ based

Action; Insight

trait (give theorist and characteristic)

Alport - the big 5 (focuses on characteristics rather than how we get there)

Amelia has recently given birth to her first child. She mentions that she often goes into her baby's bedroom to check if he is still breathing. Would this qualify as an OCD?

As long as Amelia is not compelled to check on her baby and does not suffer from severe anxiety if she is unable to do so, then this is not an OCD.

Which of the following clients would probably get the least benefit from a humanistic therapy

Cody, who has a hard time putting thoughts and feelings into words in a logical manner

Which of the following two perspectives in psychology would be most connected in terms of explaining the origins of dissociative disorders?

Cognitive and behavioral explanations

What do studies show about the overall effectiveness of cybertherapy?

Cybertherapy can be effective for people who otherwise might be unable to get to a therapist

Dr. Kirby has been meeting with a 9-year-old Loren, whose family lost everything in a tornado. In her initial visit, Loren was diagnosed with acute stress disorder. During a 2-month follow-up with Dr. Kirby, Loren is still exhibiting many of the same symptoms. What should Dr. Kirby do?

Dr. Kirby will revise Loren's diagnosis from ASD to posttraumatic stress disorder

If Dr. Phelps uses an eclectic approach to her work as a therapist, what specifically is she doing?

Dr. Phelps uses one, or a combination, of any number of therapeutic treatments depending on the situation.

psychodynamic (give theorist and characteristic)

Freud - unconscious; id, ego, super igo (projective tests)

A large study conducted by _ __ in the early 1980s identified four different personality dimensions along which cultures differed

Geert Hofstede

Dr. Ellington is directive in his approach clients. He pays close attention to body language and often focuses on a client's denied past. What type of therapeutic approach is Dr. Ellington using?

Gestalt approach

How would the Greek physician Hippocrates have typically dealt with someone suffering from a mental illness?

He would focus on correcting the imbalance of bodily fluids or humors

Dr. Williams uses exposure-based therapies to treat many of her patients. Client A is actually confronted with the situation that causes her anxiety while Client B is asked to think about and visualize the frightening situation. Client A's treatment method would be described as _________ while client B's treatment method is ________

In vivo; Imaginal

Which of the following characteristics best describes differences between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa?

Individuals with bulimia nervosa may have normal body weight whereas those with anorexia nervosa tend to be severally under their expected body weight

Who is most likely to be diagnosed with a phobic disorder?

Jennifer, who is afraid of snakes and refuses to even look at a picture of a snake.

Of the following, which would not be an example of a projection personality test?

MBTI

Which personality assessment might be best suited for objectivity identifying abnormal patterns of behavior or thinking?

MMPI-2

Which of the following cases would a humanistic approach probably be least efective in treating?

Miranda, a cooperate executive who suffers from marked delusions and active auditory hallucinations

What differences motivational interviewing from person-centered therapy?

Motivational interviewing has specific goals of reducing ambivalence about change and increasing intrinsic motivation to bring changes about while traditional person-centered therapy does not.

The ____ is based on the five-factor model whereas ____ is based on the work of Raymond Cattell

NEO-PI-R; 16PF

One of the first therapists to begin a movement toward the humane treatment of patients was

Philippe Pinel

Dr. Kali works with clients to help them learn deep relaxation. Next, he has them list their fears from least to most anxiety provoking. Finally, Dr. Kali slowly exposes his clients to each of their fears and assists them in gaining control of their anxiety. His approach is beast known as

Systematic Desensitization

Which of the following is an example of cultural relativity?

While Dr. Akido knows that his patient, Aki, believes her anxiety has a biological explanation, in learning more about her family of origin, he suspects it has a psychological cause.

Ria experienced a sudden attack of intense fear when she was boarding a plane with her friends to fly to Mexico for spring break. Ria's heart raced, she became dizzy and she was certain she would die in a plane crash if she boarded the plane. Subsequently, she did not go on her trip and the plane arrived safely in Mexico 3 hours later. Ria experienced

a panic attack

In bilateral anterior cingulotomy,

a thin wire electrode is cut away from the back.

Sandy took part in the April 2013 Boston Marathon, where two bombs were detonated near the finish line killing three spectators. Sandy was unable to sleep or concentrate and often found herself reliving the moment she heard the bombs explode. What disorder might Sandy be diagnosed with?

acute stress disorder

What, if anything, have adoption studies taught us regarding the relationship between heredity and personality?

adoption studies have confirmed that personality can be strongly influenced by genetics

anal stage

age: 18-36 months anal retentive: overprotective mom during toilet training anal explosive: under controlling mom during toilet training

Aaron hates to go to restaurants for fear that he will be seated in the far back of the restaurant and be unable to get out in case of an emergency. This may be a symptom of

agoraphobia

Individuals with bulimia nervosa often rationalize that since they have had a single treat, their diet is ruined and therefore they might as well go ahead and eat excessively. Such irrational thinking is an example of the cognitive distortion known as

all or nothing thinking

Dissociative symptoms and features can be found in many different cultures. For example, in Southeast Asia and Pacific Islander cultures, people sometimes experience a trancelike state called ___ that is associated with increased agitation and violent tendencies.

amok

Why is it that no single explanation of personality exists within the field of psychology today?

because it is very difficult to precisely and scientifically describe and measure what personality truly is

What is a major shortcoming in the field of behavioral genetics in terms of their studies on human personality traits?

behavioral genetics are unable to conduct controlled research studies on human subjects

early treatment

bethlehem hospital (bedlam asylum) - ice baths - induced vomiting - blood letting - beatings

Colleen found herself attracted to her psychology instructor. She would frequently go by his office just to be near him. When he didn't respond to her advances, Colleen eventually told him that she had thoughts of killing herself so that he would spend time trying to counsel her. What personality disorder best describes Colleen's thinking and behavior?

borderline personality disorder

according to rogers, a mismatch between the real and ideal self

can result in anxiety and neurotic behavior

Trait theorists are less concerned with __ __ and more concerned with __ __

changing personality; predicting behavior

Laila does not approve of her sister's boyfriend. She tells her mom that he doesn't seem decent and he seems dishonorable. The mom asks how she is sure that she is right about the guy's ____________

character

Neuroimaging studies examining potential causes of schizophrenia have discovered that an area of the brain called the ___ appears to have significantly less myelin coating on the axons of its neurons in people with schizophrenia compared to those without the condition.

cingulum bundle

Maria sat down with her daughter, Zoe, and together wrote out a list of things that Zoe was expected to do each day and the rewards she would get if she accomplished them, as well as the penalties she would have if she did not do them. This is more like which technique?

contingency contracting

regression (defense mechanism)

cope by acting like early stages of development (suck your thumb when you're stressed out)

Which of the following concepts is not specifically associated with the DSM-5 examination of culture-related disorders?

culture binding

Dissociative amnesia is different from retrograde amnesia because

dissociative amnesia is typically psychological in origin

Binge-eating disorder is different from bulimia nervosa in that individuals with binge-eating disorder

do not typically purge the food they eat

Typical antipsychotic drugs work by blocking what neurotransmitter?

dopamine

What neurotransmitter was first believed to be the cause of schizophrenia?

dopamine

Raul has decided to seek psychotherapy for some personal difficulties he has been having. While on the telephone with one possible clinician, he asks her to describe the kind of treatment approach that she uses with clients, "I don't limit myself to a single theory or approach," the therapist answers, "Instead I operate in a(n) ___ fashion, integrating various treatment approaches based on the specific needs of each client."

ecletic

displacement (defense mechanism)

expressing feelings about someone and placing on something else so it is less harmful (get punished by boss so you take it out on your roommate)

candice believes that fate will help her find the right man with whom to live her life. according to rotter she has a(n)

external locus of control

For both children and adults, and for many undesirable behaviors, the use of _______ or some form of "time-out" can be quite effective

extinction

In the big 5 theory of personality, "E" stands for

extraversion

Charles has suffered from schizophrenia for many years and now resides in a group treatment facility. One day a nurse approaches him and quietly tells him that his sister, who has been fighting cancer for many months, died that morning. Charles has no appreciable facial reaction, and in a very monotone voice says, "okay". The nurse is not surprised by Charles's lack of response to the awful news because she knows that ___ is one symptom often seen in those suffering from schizophrenia.

flat effect

Rodney has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, He rarely smiles and often shows little emotion to any situation. Psychologists refer to this characteristic as

flat effect

To overcome her fear of balloons, because of the loud sound they might suddenly make should they pop, Bella must sit in a room filled with balloons while the therapist continuously pops each one. After a while, Bella realizes that her fear is unjustified and even begins to pop balloons herself. This technique is known as

flooding.

phallic stage

focus: genitals theme: sexual identity age: 3-6 years Boys: - oepidus complex: when little boys sexually desire their moms - castration anxiety: boys who were into their moms though if their dad found out he would cut the boys penis off Girls: - electra complex - penis envy

oral stage

focus: mouth theme: dependency age: 0-18 months too much or not enough attention

reaction formation (defense mechanism)

forming opposing attitude toward own thoughts (gay man keeps it inside but shows hate towards gays or wanting to set fires so becoming a fire fighter)

psychoanalysis (psychotherapy)

freud - dream interpretation (manifest = what happened; latent = what it means) - false association - resistance - transference INSIGHT

Azriel seems to thrive on stress and feels very much in control of his life. He would probably be labeled with a ____ personality

hardy

which perspective of psychology focuses on the role of each person's conscious life experiences and choices in personality development?

humanistic

Motivational interviewing is an alternative therapy to what therapeutic approach?

humanistic therapy

According to Freud, which part of the personality is totally buried within each individual?

id

id, ego, super ego

id: pleasure principle (demand what you want) ego: reality principle super ego: what is right and wrong job of ego is to mediate between id and super igo

according to freud, the _____ works off of the pleasure principle while the _______ is often perceived as the executive director of your personality

id; ego

four year old brandon has watched his father as he has mowed the lawn. this year, brandon has asked for a lawn mower of his own for his birthday. freud would say that brandon is beginning the process of ____ as a way of resolving his oedipal conflict.

identification

As part of the medical treatment trial she is participating in for severe and suicidal depression, Kierra was given ________, which is being investigated due to its seemingly immediate, although short-term, effects

ketamine

The hidden meaning of a dream is the ________ content, according to Freud.

latent

A behavioral theorist would be most likely to link depression to ___, whereas a social cognitive theorist would probably point to ___

learned helplessness; distortions in thinking

According to the behavioral theory, personality primarily consists of

learned responses

latency stage

let everything just happen age: 6-12

Melanie has just received an exam grade in her psychology class. She earned a grade of 89% which is a "B". All of her work during the semester thus far has earned "A" grades and she is very upset about the exam score. "This is the worst thing that could possibly have happened." she laments to her best friend, Keesha, who just tolls her eyes. A cognitive psychologist would suggest that Melanie is employing her cognitive distortion called ___

magnification

Jorge finds himself feeling depressed most of the day. He is constantly tired yet he sleeps very little. He has feelings of worthlessness that have come on suddenly and seemingly have no basis in reality. What might Jorge be diagnosed with?

major depressive disorder

Which type of depression is the most common type of mood disorder?

major depressive disorder

sublimation (defense mechanism)

making an urge socially acceptable (want to start a fire so you put on fire work show)

rationalization (defense mechanism)

making excuses of unacceptable behavior (cheating on a test but saying it was okay because it was only once)

Lisa has just been fired from her new job for consistently arriving 2 hours later for work. Lisa tries to explain that she must often drive back home to ensure that all the doors are locked and that no appliance have been left on. Lisa's condition is abnormal from the ___ definition.

maladaptive

Biological explanations of disordered mood have focused on the effects of several different brain chemicals and medications used to treat these disorders are designed to work on these various neurotransmitter systems. Which of the following is not one of the chemicals that has been implicated in mood disorder?

melatonin

Lizette notices an unusual lump in her right breast while taking a shower. For a moment, she grows concerned especially because breast cancer runs in her family. However, she convinces herself that it will probably go away in a few weeks. What cognitive process is Lizette applying?

minimization

Because __ twins share 100% of their genes, the study of these types of twins allows researchers to draw stronger conclusions about one's genetic contribution to one's personality?

monozygomatic

repression (defense mechanism)

motivated forgetting (lock and key)

ocd (anxiety disorder)

obsessive compulsive disorder - intrusive thoughts - obsession -> anxiety -> compulsions -> short relief

Research shows that African American clients prefer a therapist _____ while Asian men prefer a ______ therapist.

of the opposite sex; male

list the pscho sexual stages of development

oral anal phallic latency genital

Sexual dysfunction and problems can be caused by

organic, psychological, and sociocultural factors

according to adler, firstborn children with younger siblings tend to be

overachieving

Megan's daughter Kayla was afraid of dogs. Megan took Kayla to a therapist to help her overcome her fear but was surprised when the therapist showed her how to approach and pet the dog and not grab its tail. Eventually, Kayla was asked to over come and mimic the behavior she had observed. After just a few sessions, Kayla was no longer fearful of dogs. What technique did the therapist use with Kayla?

participant modeling

Dr. Haldol has several patients with schizophrenia who appear to exhibit excessive or distorted characteristics in relation to what one might consider normal functioning. Specific symptoms include varied hallucinations and multiple delusions. According to the DSM-5, these are referred to as

positive symptoms

Which of the following is not one of the pairs of personality attributes claimed to be assessed by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

positivity/negativity (P/N)

Survivors of natural disasters like Hurricane Sandy in 2012 may experience higher incidences of

posttraumatic stress disorder

psychosurgery (biomedical therapy)

prefrontal lobotmy

Although the term may apply to many therapies, transference is typically associated with ___ therapies

psychodynamic

With regard to treatment of psychological disorders, many psychological professionals believe medications work best in combination with

psychotherapy.

genital stage

puberty and on

projection (defense mechanism)

put thoughts on someone else (Sarah likes her friends bf but says the bf is the one who likes her)

Latanya tends to blow negative events out of proportion to their importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization). What therapeutic technique may work best to help Latanya?

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Which therapy style requires the therapist to actively confront a client's irrational beliefs?

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

you are shocked to hear that two of your coworkers who seemingly hated one another are now getting married. according to freud, what defense mechanism best explains their prior behavior

reaction formation

David believes that characters in a popular science fiction show are secretly sending him messages. This would be an example of a

reference

Through the use of _______, a person-centered therapist conveys they are trying to understand the experience of the person they are working with

reflection

Which of the following is not one of the main types of therapy noted by your textbook that helps people improve their overall functioning?

regressive therapy

In 1972, a jet carrying a rugby team from Peru crashed high in the snow-covered Andes Mountains. Many of the players survived for over two months eating the remains of those who died. Psychologists justified their cannibalism because that was the only way they could have survived so long without food. By what definition might their behavior best be classified?

situational context

What did Carl Rogers mean by the term "fully functioning person?"

someone who is experiencing a match between his or her real and ideal self, and who is also trusting of their innermost intuitions and urges

Trypanophobia, also known as a fear of receiving an injection, is an example of

specific phobia

Studies of the hereditability of personality traits have found

strong evidence to support some personality traits can be passed by genetics

A colleague at work is asked to describe you to the new manager. Most likely the traits they will use in their description are examples of __ __

surface traits

PTSD

symptoms last more than a month flashbacks

Bradley has been on an antipsychotic drug for many years to control his schizophrenia. He has developed repetitive involuntary jerks and movements of the face, lips, legs, and body. These side effects make up a syndrome known as

tardive dsykinesia

If you are describing characteristics of your child such as irritability or adaptability, psychologists would say you are not describing their personality but rather their

temperment

To explain an individual's personality, trait theorists would look to

the constellation of personality characteristics possessed by the person

Family therapy is a form of group therapy in which

the entire family participates as no one person is seen as the problem.

In the U.S, insanity is a term typically used by

the legal system

What are two important aspects of Carl Roger's theory?

the real self and the ideal self

what is a primary advantage of the social cognitive view of personality over the psychodynamic view

the social cognitive view has concepts that can be tested scientifically

What is the function of a validity scale?

to determine if a person is giving an accurate response

What is the most likely reason that someone would perform an exorcism?

to release evil spirits

Greg rushes to an appointment, arriving 20 minutes early, whereas Aaron arrives with only minutes to spare. Slightly annoyed when Greg points this out, Aaron replies casually, "Hey I'm here." We might assume Greg has more of a __ __ personality while Aaron is more __ __

type a; type b

Soleil has been very upset with her boss for the past few days because she was reprimanded for something that wasn't her fault. Soleil's boyfriend keeps encouraging her to talk to her boss about the problem, but Soleil has always had difficulty expressing negative emotions. Soleil appears to have a _ _ personality

type c

According to Freud, the __ mind was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality

unconscious

According to early theorists like Hippocrates and Galen, temperament or personality was believed to be related to the relative balance of the four physical humors (liquids) in the body. Which was not one of them?

water