EVR 1001 Exam 4 (ch 12-15)
What was the percent change from 1970 to 2006 for vehicle miles traveled? +175% +50% -50% +200%
+175%
Which of the following statements is supported by the graph? -Because there is so much uncertainty in the forecasts, no conclusions can be drawn about how actions to reduce CO2 emissions will affect the rate of global warming. -All of the computer-generated forecasts predict some global warming, but reducing the level of CO2 emissions will significantly slow the rate of increase. -If CO2 emissions cease immediately, global temperatures will stabilize near the 1900 level.
-All of the computer-generated forecasts predict some global warming, but reducing the level of CO2 emissions will significantly slow the rate of increase.
What does the yellow line represent? -Sustainable World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if governments and individuals take significant actions to slow the increase in CO2 emissions. -Business as Usual: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if governments and individuals take no action to slow the increase in CO2 emissions. -Today's World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if CO2 emissions cease immediately and CO2 concentrations continue at their current level.
-Today's World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if CO2 emissions cease immediately and CO2 concentrations continue at their current level.
Carbon-based fuels in the lithosphere ________. -are readily lost from Earth's surface in the absence of humans -are formed from the deposition, partial decay, and compression of inorganic matter -cannot be lost to the atmosphere by human processes once stabilized on Earth's surface -will be lost before the end of the decade -have been slowly sequestered over many millions of years
-have been slowly sequestered over many millions of years
What was the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at 8:00 A.M.? 0.35 ppm 0.15 ppm 0.18 ppm 0.15% 0.35%
0.35 ppm
On average, how much warmer were global temperatures in the year 2000 than temperatures predicted by the climate change model that incorporates only natural factors? Average global temperatures were about the same as temperatures predicted by the model. 0.2°C 0.6°C 0.9°C 1.1°C
0.6°C
According to the graph, how much warmer on average were global temperatures in the year 2000 than in the year 1900? Average global temperatures were about the same both years. 0.3°C 0.6°C 0.9°C 1.2°C
0.9°C
GraphIt! 1. Select all that apply 2. Which type of graph 3. Drag labels 4. Drag terms 5. Drag T or F
1. Average, In the last 20 2. Line Graph 3. atmospheric optimistic middle ground pessimistic oceanic pH year 4. 400, 8.1, 600, 700, 800, 8.0, neg, pos 5. F, T, T, F, T, F
Drag: 1. decrease, no effect, increase plant growth 2. drag x or check 3. low, medium, high growth 4. smallest growth to largest
1. decrease- sunlight, h20, c02 no effect- increase c6h12o6, decrease c6h12o6 increase- sunlight, h2o, co2 2. x, check, x x, check, x x, check, check x, x, x 3.low medium high 4. desert, grassland, temperate forest, tropical rain forest
Drag: 1. question, hypothesis, prediction 2. increase, decrease, remains the same, cannot tell, yes, or no 3. which way does line go?
1. q- how can co2 levels affect ragweed allergies? H1- co2 levels affect ragweed pollen production p- plants grown at higher co2 levels will produce more pollen h2-co2 levels affects the concentration of protein allergens in ragweed pollen p- plants grown at higher co2 levels will produce higher concentrations of allergens 2. increases, increases, cannot tell, yes, yes, no 3. /
At the end of the 21st century, the IPCC predicts global temperatures will be ____________ higher than today's, depending on how well we control our emissions. 2-5° C 0.1-0.35° C 10-15° C 1.0-3.7° C
1.0-3.7° C
According to tide gauge data, what was the approximate increase in global average sea level between 1950 and 2000? 100 inches 10 cm 250 cm 100 feet
10 cm
In which period was the concentration of photochemical smog highest? 12:00 noon to 4:00 P.M. 11:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M. 8:00 A.M. to noon 11:00 P.M. to 3:00 A.M.
11:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M.
What was the temperature at 9:00 A.M. on Day 1? 12 °Fahrenheit 12 °Celsius 30 °Celsius 70 °Fahrenheit 48 °Fahrenheit
12 °Celsius
If the U.S. population in 1970 was approximately 200 million people, what was the approximate population by 2006? 200 million people 600 million people 250 million people 300 million people
300 million people
Transportation accounts for more than ______% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions. 35 10 50 25
35
Energy consumption and aggregate emissions have also changed over time. Whereas the ratio of energy consumption to emissions was 1:1 in 1970, by 2006 the ratio was _________. still 1:1 3:1 1:3
3:1
The figure shows all current fluxes of CO2, with arrows sized according to mass. Green arrows are natural fluxes, and red arrows are anthropogenic fluxes. For every metric ton of carbon dioxide emitted as a result of changes in land use (e.g. deforestation), approximately how much is emitted from industry? 0.2 metric tons 4 metric tons 20 metric tons 26 metric tons
4 metric tons
If the following are energy returned on investment (EROI) ratios for particular energy sources, which of the following is the most efficient? 3 48/4 2:1 10:1
48/4
Roughly ________% of U.S. citizens live in coastal counties and are thus vulnerable to rises in sea level. 95 83 20 10 50
50
What proportion of incoming solar radiation reaches Earth's surface? 7% 47% 54% 67% 77%
54%
Over ________% of the fuel you pump into your automobile does something other than move your vehicle down the road. 45 55 65 25 85
85
In an effort to further reduce emissions, a government panel is considering several policy options. For the trends on the graph, which of the following policies could have the biggest long-term impact on lowering emissions? -A mandated switch to electric cars with a solar and wind-powered electrical grid to "fuel" the cars -Subsidies supporting research to cut emissions by 10% -Tax rebates for citizens who have one child per family -A high-speed train network that reduces vehicle miles traveled by 25%
A mandated switch to electric cars with a solar and wind-powered electrical grid to "fuel" the cars
What is a secondary pollutant? A pollutant emitted into the troposphere in a form that is directly harmful A pollutant that develops after a chemical reaction with chemicals normally present in the atmosphere A minor pollutant released by a factory The ash emitted from a volcano
A pollutant that develops after a chemical reaction with chemicals normally present in the atmosphere
What is bitumen? A rare form of uranium A bitter form of crude oil eaten by birds A vitamin-enriched form of coal A thick type of petroleum formed in clay and sand
A thick type of petroleum formed in clay and sand
Which of the following has the potential to cause atmospheric cooling? Carbon dioxide from automobiles Aerosols (particularly sulfur compounds) and dusts Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Methane from domestic livestock and swamps
Aerosols (particularly sulfur compounds) and dusts
The "ozone hole" is a vast area of thinned ozone found over the ____________ region of the Earth. Equator Arctic Greenland Antarctic
Antarctic
What is the best description of the relationship between the two variables on the graph? As the humidity rises, it causes the temperature to rise. As the temperature rises, it causes the humidity to rise. Temperature and humidity are independent variables; there is no relationship between them. As the temperature rises, it causes the humidity to fall. As the humidity rises, it causes the temperature to fall.
As the temperature rises, it causes the humidity to fall.
Over the time period shown on the graph, both population and vehicle miles traveled have changed. Describe the relationship between the two factors. By 2006, people were driving more than three times as many miles per person as in the 1970s. By 2006, people were driving about twice as many miles per person as in 1970. Both population and vehicle miles traveled have increased by the same percentage. By 2006, people were driving more than four times as many miles per person as in the 1970s.
By 2006, people were driving about twice as many miles per person as in 1970.
Which is the correct term to describe fish and other ocean organisms that are caught accidentally along with the targeted fish? Harm-catch Trawling Bycatch Food-chain decimation
Bycatch
From which of the nations below did the United States import the most crude oil in 2012? Iran Saudi Arabia Kuwait Canada Iraq
Canada
Which of the following countries exports the most oil to the United States? Canada Saudi Arabia Kuwait Venezuela
Canada
What type of trading system harnesses the efficiency of market capitalism to reduce emissions? Carbon tax Fee-and-dividend Carbon capture Cap-and-trade
Cap-and-trade
Drag: cause, consequence, solution -lung cancer; 20,000 deaths per year in the United States -purchase of low- or no-VOC paints, carpeting, and furniture -respiratory disease in developing countries -VOCs from paints, carpeting, and furniture -inefficient indoor cookstoves -conversion to more efficient clean-burning cook stoves -radon seepage into homes -people ill from sick-building syndrome -measurement of radon with a test kit; increase in ventilation
Causes: -inefficient indoor cookstoves -VOCs from paints, carpeting, and furniture -radon seepage into homes Consequences: -respiratory disease in developing countries -people ill from sick-building syndrome -lung cancer; 20,000 deaths per year in the United States Solutions: -conversion to more efficient clean-burning cook stoves -purchase of low- or no-VOC paints, carpeting, and furniture -measurement of radon with a test kit; increase in ventilation
Drag: cause, consequence, solution -plastic debris, discarded nets, and other trash -prevention of dumping and littering; pickup of trash from beaches -oil spills from non-point and point sources -animals become entangled and die -reduction of fertilizer use in agriculture -birds and fish become coated with oil and die -formation of dead zones -nutrient pollution from agricultural runoff -tightening of safety regulations for oil drilling and transport
Causes: -plastic debris, discarded nets, and other trash -oil spills from non-point and point sources -nutrient pollution from agricultural runoff Consequences: -animals become entangled and die -birds and fish become coated with oil and die -formation of dead zones Solutions: -prevention of dumping and littering; pickup of trash from beaches -tightening of safety regulations for oil drilling and transport -reduction of fertilizer use in agriculture
Drag: cause, consequence, solution development of water conservation policies groundwater pumping for agriculture altered plant communities water shortages domestic water use for homes and landscaping salinization deployment of more efficient irrigation approaches improvement of wastewater treatment technology population growth
Causes: population growth domestic water use for homes and landscaping groundwater pumping for agriculture Consequences: water shortages salinization altered plant communities Solutions: deployment of more efficient irrigation approaches improvement of wastewater treatment technology development of water conservation policies
Which country leads the world in coal production and consumption by extracting and consuming approximately half of the world's annual coal yield? China Canada India United States Russia
China
Today, ________ has the worst acid deposition problem, primarily because of ________. Sweden; methane emissions from cattle and natural gas heating Tehran; burning fuel wood China; coal-fired electrical and industrial plants the United States; soil dust aerosols European Union nations; tropospheric ozone
China; coal-fired electrical and industrial plants
Which of the following pollutants has the longest residence time? SO2 NO2 CO Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) NO
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Which of the following are the top two primary indoor air pollutants in the United States? Cigarette smoke and radon gas Cigarette smoke and volatile organic compounds Volatile organic compounds and radon gas Methane and carbon monoxide
Cigarette smoke and radon gas
What describes the pattern of atmospheric conditions across larger geographic regions over years, decades, or centuries? High pressures Coriolis effect Climate Temperature inversions
Climate
What are the three fossil fuels that are used today to meet society's needs? Coal, natural gas, and electricity Crude oil, hydroelectricity, and geothermal energy Coal, natural gas, and crude oil Electricity, crude oil, and hydroelectricity
Coal, natural gas, and crude oil
What process depends on the cyclical, vertical movement of air currents: sinking cold, dense and rising warm, less dense air masses? Polar cells Convective circulation Thermal inversion Coriolis effect
Convective circulation
Which day had the greatest range in temperature? Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Day 2
When was it most likely to have been foggy? Day 1, between 5 P.M. and 9 P.M. Day 2, between 5 A.M and 9 A.M. Day 2, between 1 P.M. and 5 P.M. Day 3, between 5 A.M and 9 A.M.
Day 2, between 5 A.M and 9 A.M.
If the captain of a fishing fleet wanted to catch fish over a vast expanse of ocean, which of the following would be an effective method to do so? Driftnets Bottom trawling Upper trawling Longline fishing
Driftnets
How has the Clean Air Act's emissions trading program addressed the issue of acid deposition in the United States? -Economic incentives have encouraged polluters to invest in technologies such as scrubbers. -The program's economic costs outweigh its benefits. -It has slightly increased sulfur dioxide emissions. -Air quality has improved, but water quality has declined.
Economic incentives have encouraged polluters to invest in technologies such as scrubbers.
The exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific is referred to as ________. downwelling El Niño La Niña the Coriolis effect cyclonic storm formation
El Niño
Which of the following is a systematic shift in atmospheric pressure, sea surface temperature, and ocean circulation patterns in the tropical Pacific Ocean that alters weather patterns on a worldwide scale? Upwellings El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) Thermohaline circulation
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
Which of the following statements accurately describes nuclear fusion reactors? -Fusion would be a more advanced technology if governments had provided some money for research or if attempts to develop it were more than just a few years old. -Nuclear fusion occurs in Earth's crust. -Fusion reactions require very high temperatures. -Fusion reactions can fuse three isotopes of hydrogen into one helium.
Fusion reactions require very high temperatures.
Near the equator, the patterns of convection currents are called ________. Ferrel cells Hadley cells Coriolis cells high-pressure cells El Niño events
Hadley cells
The figure indicates a net accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere of approximately 15 billion metric tons per year. Based on the figure, what is causing this? -Respiration is moving more CO2 into the atmosphere than photosynthesis is taking out of the atmosphere. -The ocean is releasing more CO2 than it is absorbing. -Human activities are sending more CO2 into the atmosphere than is moving from the atmosphere to the surface. -The anthropogenic increased uptake of CO2 by plants balances the extra anthropogenic release of CO2 into the atmosphere.
Human activities are sending more CO2 into the atmosphere than is moving from the atmosphere to the surface.
Which of the following is a nonconsumptive use of water as a resource? Hydroelectric power Copper mining Industrial use Farmland irrigation
Hydroelectric power
If the cost of energy rose to $.18 per kilowatt-hour, which of the following would be true? Installing triple paned windows would no longer be cost-effective. Investing in a ground source heat pump and a gas stove would become cost-effective. Investing in a solar hot water heating and a ground source heat pump would become cost-effective. The cost-effectiveness of all the investments would remain the same.
Investing in a solar hot water heating and a ground source heat pump would become cost-effective.
How did the global surface temperature change between 1900 and 2000? It decreased by about 0.7 °C. It increased by about 0.7 °C. It increased by about 0.7 °F. It remained relatively constant.
It increased by about 0.7 °C.
According to the Business as Usual scenario, how will the global surface temperature change in the century between 2000 and 2100? It will increase by about 2.0 °C. It will increase by about 2.0 °F. It will increase by about 3.5 °C. It will increase by about 3.5 °F. It will increase by about 4.5 °C.
It will increase by about 3.5 °C.
Which of the following damaging pollutants is not closely tracked by the U.S. EPA? Nitrogen dioxide Carbon monoxide Lead Mercury
Mercury
What compound that results from hydraulic fracturing can contaminate groundwater? Sulfur dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Methane
Methane
What are the periodic variations in Earth's rotation and orbit around the sun that alter the way solar radiation is distributed over Earth's surface? weather radiative forcing climate Milankovitch cycles
Milankovitch cycles
Which of the following statements regarding climate change is true? -Most climate scientists conclude that human activities over the past 100 years have had an effect on the planet's climate. -The annually-occurring "hole" in the ozone layer significantly accelerates the warming of the atmosphere by letting in large amounts of solar radiation while it is present. -Observed levels of recent warming can be entirely explained by solar cycles, in which the Sun's energetic output varies over time. -Climate scientists are restricted in making predictions, as their research can only utilize the direct measurements of atmospheric temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations that were collected from 1952 to the present.
Most climate scientists conclude that human activities over the past 100 years have had an effect on the planet's climate.
Which of the following statements is true? Most of Earth's fresh water is found within 100 miles of densely populated areas. Soil and atmospheric moisture comprise the majority of Earth's surface fresh water. Most of Earth's fresh water is frozen. The majority of Earth's fresh surface water is found in rivers. Most of Earth's fresh water would require desalination in order to make it suitable for consumption.
Most of Earth's fresh water is frozen.
Which of the following statements about Earth's fresh water is true? -Most of Earth's fresh water is in large, freshwater lakes. -Over half of Earth's fresh water is extremely hard water and is largely unusable for drinking or agriculture. -Most of Earth's fresh water is in polar ice caps, glaciers, and underground aquifers and thus is not easily accessed for human use. -Most of Earth's fresh water is in underground aquifers. -Over half of Earth's fresh water is in wetlands near coastlines.
Most of Earth's fresh water is in polar ice caps, glaciers, and underground aquifers and thus is not easily accessed for human use.
Which of the following is a nonrenewable energy source? Ocean energy Solar energy Electricity Natural gas
Natural gas
What is the difference between EROI (energy returned on investment) and net energy? -There is no difference between the two metrics. -Net energy is the total amount of energy that is gained after the EROI is calculated divided by the initial addition of energy invested. -Net energy is simply the difference between energy returned and energy invested. EROI is a ratio with energy return in the numerator and energy invested in the denominator. -EROI is the net energy times the energy invested, and the net energy is the total amount of energy that is available.
Net energy is simply the difference between energy returned and energy invested. EROI is a ratio with energy return in the numerator and energy invested in the denominator.
Which of the following results from acid deposition? Objects made of stone, like marble headstones, are worn away. Species diversity is increased. Food supply for birds is increased. Chlorofluorocarbons are formed near the ground
Objects made of stone, like marble headstones, are worn away.
What is the spatial relationship between the distributions of water and people? People only colonize areas with abundant freshwater. Anthropogenic colonization has been limited to shorelines. People are limited to areas with freshwater or saltwater. Populations and water resources too often have an inverse relationship (lots of people where there is little water).
Populations and water resources too often have an inverse relationship (lots of people where there is little water).
The country with the largest amount of domestic oil available for sale on the international market is ________. Japan Iran Saudi Arabia the United States Germany
Saudi Arabia
Which of the following convert or remove airborne pollutants from smokestacks? Scrubbers Mufflers Catalytic converters Atmospheric filters
Scrubbers
Which layer of the atmosphere tends to concentrate pollutants and extends 11-50 km above sea level? Troposphere Thermosphere Tropopause Stratosphere
Stratosphere
Which of the following is one of the two methods for mining oil shale? Fire treating Surface drilling Strip mining Deep-sea drilling
Strip mining
What is the current status of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the United States? -Many coal power plants are currently voluntarily retrofitting their systems to capture carbon emissions. -The U.S. government is currently requiring all coal power plants to institute carbon capture and storage technologies by the year 2025. -Technologies are not sufficiently reliable, and it is currently too energetically expensive for coal power plants to capture and store their carbon emissions. -The rejection of Yucca Mountain as a carbon storage site has resulted in coal power plants storing carbon on-site until a permanent storage location can be approved. -Carbon is now captured and converted to plastics at most coal power plants in the United States.
Technologies are not sufficiently reliable, and it is currently too energetically expensive for coal power plants to capture and store their carbon emissions.
What was the first document that called for voluntary reductions of greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000? The Kyoto Protocol The 1992 U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change The Montreal Protocol A bill passed by both houses of the 104th Congress and signed by Bill Clinton
The 1992 U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change
What happens as ocean waters warm? The pH of the ocean increases. Tides become higher due to lighter oceans. The oceans absorb less CO2. Ocean currents slow down.
The oceans absorb less CO2.
What is most likely to have caused the levels of ozone and photochemical smog to decline after 4:00 P.M.? The production of smog declined as the amount of sunlight decreased. The rate of photosynthesis declined as the sun began to go down. The production of smog declined as the afternoon rush hour began. The production of pollutants declined as smelters and factories closed down for the night.
The production of smog declined as the amount of sunlight decreased.
What is the best description of the relative humidity between 9:00 A.M. and 5:00 P.M. on Day 1? The relative humidity was fairly stable. The relative humidity increased from 45% to 75%. The relative humidity dropped from 30% to 15%. The relative humidity dropped from 100% to 55%.
The relative humidity dropped from 100% to 55%.
What is one of the main reasons for sea level rise? Saltwater intrusion Ice and snow melting Thermal expansion Osmotic expansion
Thermal expansion
Which term describes a regular periodic change to the ocean's height due to the gravitational influence of the moon and the sun? Tides waves ocean acidification Currents
Tides
Which prediction has the greatest degree of certainty? Today's World Sustainable World Business as Usual
Today's World
The EPA tracks six "criteria" air pollutants. Which of these is true of the criteria air pollutants? -Efforts to control lead emissions have largely failed. -Total emissions of the six have declined below their health standards set by the EPA. -Because of anti-pollution efforts, few Americans live in areas where any of the six pollutants build to levels higher than allowed by the EPA. -Particulate matter is the largest of the six in terms of amount produced
Total emissions of the six have declined below their health standards set by the EPA.
Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is responsible for the weather that we experience on the surface of Earth? Mesosphere Thermosphere Stratosphere Troposphere
Troposphere
In the wake of the U.S. failure to ratify the Kyoto Protocol ________. -oil exporting nations have refused to sell to the United States -U.S. cities and states are setting their own programs for reducing greenhouse gas emissions -the United States has shown that it is a leader in carbon emission reduction without having signed the Protocol -dozens of other nations pulled out of the Protocol -many nations have severed diplomatic relations with the United States
U.S. cities and states are setting their own programs for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
____________ is the rising of deep, cold, dense water toward the surface. Surface-welling Down-welling Up-welling Thermohaline circulation
Up-welling
What would do the most to reduce indoor air pollution in the developing world? Reducing inhalation of second-hand smoke Building new homes with radon-resistant features Using solar energy to heat homes Reducing the use of products in the home that contain volatile organic compounds
Using solar energy to heat homes
Which of the following may result in a positive feedback mechanism that would intensify climate change? -An increase in rainfall results in increased plant growth. -A large volcano emits huge quantities of sulfate aerosols into the atmosphere. -Warmer temperatures result in increased evaporation of water, leading to an increase in cloud cover. -At higher temperatures, trees increase rates of photosynthesis. -Warmer temperatures result in the melting of permafrost.
Warmer temperatures result in the melting of permafrost.
How is the energy produced by nuclear fission used to produce electricity? -Electrons from the fission are absorbed by spools of copper wire and generate electricity. -The fission process produces a strong magnetic field that moves electrons through loops of copper wire, thus making electricity. -The radiation is used to make plasma, which is harnessed directly for electricity. -Water in the containment vessel is kept under high pressure and heat from the fission reactions that heat it to well over boiling. This is then used to boil another loop of water, which turns a turbine that drives a generator and makes electricity.
Water in the containment vessel is kept under high pressure and heat from the fission reactions that heat it to well over boiling. This is then used to boil another loop of water, which turns a turbine that drives a generator and makes electricity.
What is the name of an area of land that is drained by a river and all of its tributaries? Spring Wetland Estuary Watershed
Watershed
What is the difference between weather and climate? -Weather occurs over hours and days, and climate occurs over seasons and years. -Weather occurs in the northern hemisphere, while climate occurs in the southern hemisphere. -Weather occurs over seasons and years, while climate occurs over hours and days. -Weather and climate are used interchangeably.
Weather occurs over hours and days, and climate occurs over seasons and years.
Which of the following is an adaptation response to climate change? -increasing fuel efficiency of new automobiles -a Pacific island nation building higher seawalls -replacing incandescent light bulbs with LED bulbs -building a nuclear power plant to replace an outdated coal-burning power plant -replanting a tropical rainforest
a Pacific island nation building higher seawalls
Oceans have absorbed approximately one-third of the excess carbon dioxide that humans have added to Earth's atmosphere so far. This has slowed the progression of global climate change, but it has led to ________. increases in growth of coral reefs loss of oxygen from the oceans a decrease in the pH (ocean acidification) an increase in the pH of the world's oceans growth of oyster populations worldwide
a decrease in the pH (ocean acidification)
All of the following are examples of point sources of pollution except ________. a large farm a sewer pipe a car repair shop dumping waste oil into the storm drain a factory discharging wastes into a lake through a large outlet an overturned tanker truck that spills into a creek
a large farm
What is the direct cause of death for aquatic animals during eutrophication? use of all available CO2 by the growing algae toxic secretions by bacteria a loss of dissolved oxygen in the water drainage of their habitat
a loss of dissolved oxygen in the water
Which of the following best describes a floodplain? -an area that is periodically flooded because humans have altered the landscape -an area where flood irrigation of crops is used, such as a rice paddy -an area that is incidentally flooded when farming or mining operations change the course of rivers -a region of land that has been deliberately, permanently flooded due to human disturbance, such as in dam building -a region of land that is periodically flooded when a river overflows
a region of land that is periodically flooded when a river overflows
A septic system is ________. -a toxic or badly polluted waterway -an early version of a wastewater treatment plant -a second level mechanism to remove bacteria at a wastewater treatment plant -a rural method of processing wastewater -the use of natural wetlands to cleanse wastewater
a rural method of processing wastewater
What is the cost of conserved energy for compact fluorescent lighting? about $.02 per kilowatt-hour about $.08 per kilowatt-hour about $.12 per kilowatt-hour about 1,500 kilowatt-hours per year
about $.08 per kilowatt-hour
How much energy would be saved by adding insulation to ceilings? about $0.06 per kilowatt-hour about 2,000 kilowatt-hours/year about 3,000 kilowatt-hours/year about 5,000 kilowatt-hours/year
about 2,000 kilowatt-hours/year
After 55 years, how does the capacity of a restored wetland to absorb nutrients compare to that of a natural wetland? about 40% of natural wetland capacity about 50% of natural wetland capacity about 98% of natural wetland capacity cannot be determined from the graph
about 40% of natural wetland capacity
After 20 years, how much plant biomass does a restored wetland contain? about 20% of the biomass of a natural wetland about 30% of the biomass of a natural wetland about 60% of the biomass of a natural wetland about 80% of the biomass of a natural wetland
about 80% of the biomass of a natural wetland
How much energy would the family save by investing in all of the features that are cost-effective at the current price of energy? about $.12 per kilowatt-hour about $.13 per kilowatt-hour about 7,000 kilowatt-hours per year about 9,000 kilowatt-hours per year about 13,000 kilowatt-hours per year
about 9,000 kilowatt-hours per year
The rapid melting of Greenland's ice cap could disrupt the NADW formation by ________. acidifying ocean water adding huge amounts of less-dense fresh water to the surface of the system adding excess nutrients to cold northern waters adding heat and salt to deep ocean waters reversing the El Niño-La Niña cycle
adding huge amounts of less-dense fresh water to the surface of the system
Which of these energy investments is the least expensive to install? triple paned windows solar hot water heating adding insulation to ceilings cannot be determined from the graph
adding insulation to ceilings
Freshwater wetlands provide important ecosystem services, including ________. recharging aquifers reducing flooding slowing runoff filtering pollutants all of the above
all of the above
What is the most cost-effective solution for groundwater depletion and land-level subsidence? building more water treatment facilities dam removal increasing use of desalinization measures allowing no more water to be withdrawn from an aquifer than is naturally recharged
allowing no more water to be withdrawn from an aquifer than is naturally recharged
As snow and ice melt, darker, less reflective surfaces (such as bare ground and pools of meltwater) are exposed causing ____________ in warming. a decrease an increase no change
an increase
What is a marine protected area? -any portion of the ocean that is protected from any commercial or recreational use -an area that has physical boundaries that limit movement of pollutants into and out of the area -any portion of the ocean that is protected from some human activities but may be open to others, such as the laying of cables and some fishing -any portion of the ocean that is protected from fishing and the harvesting of kelp
any portion of the ocean that is protected from some human activities but may be open to others, such as the laying of cables and some fishing
In Johannesburg, South Africa, the South West Township (Soweto) was one of several areas established early in the last century for blacks to live away from the white ruling minority. On the hills surrounding Soweto, the company that provides South Africa's electricity, Eskom, built a large coal-burning power plant. The electricity was for white areas of Johannesburg, miles away from the plant. The residents of Soweto had no electrical connections. In the year 2000, the worst air pollution levels in the region were in downtown Johannesburg and Soweto. The probable explanation is that in downtown Johannesburg ________, while in Soweto ________. -coal-fired electrical plants were the cause; automobile traffic in overcrowded areas was the problem -automobile traffic was the cause; ozone depletion was also the cause -trash incinerators were a problem; gasoline-powered electrical generators were the cause -gasoline-powered electrical generators were the cause; trash incinerators were a problem -automobile traffic was the cause; the burning of fuels in each home for heating, light, and cooking was a major contributor to indoor and outdoor air pollution
automobile traffic was the cause; the burning of fuels in each home for heating, light, and cooking was a major contributor to indoor and outdoor air pollution
Carbon monoxide ________. is consumed by plants for photosynthesis is a major component of the atmosphere is produced by plants during photosynthesis causes ozone depletion blocks oxygen transport in human blood
blocks oxygen transport in human blood
Recent research that analyzed the content of commercial bottled water indicates that ________. all surveyed brands had information about the source of the water and how the water was treated bottled water has no contamination from hormone mimic plasticizers bottled water is no safer or purer than most samples of tap water bottled water is generally much safer and purer than tap water bottled water consumes less fossil fuel in reaching the consumer than does tap water
bottled water is no safer or purer than most samples of tap water
All of the following are anthropogenic factors contributing to climate change EXCEPT: breathing. growing rice. deforestation. raising livestock. the combustion of fossil fuels
breathing.
Upwelling ________. -brings benthic nutrients to the ocean surface promoting high primary productivity -occurs when winds blow at right angles to a coastline -is the flow of warm water upward toward the ocean surface -occurs in areas where there are no currents
brings benthic nutrients to the ocean surface promoting high primary productivity
Human sources of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere include all of the following EXCEPT: synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. chemical manufacturing plants. automobiles. feedlots. burning fuel wood.
burning fuel wood.
Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The restoration of a wetland takes about 100 years. supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph
cannot be determined from the graph
Which of the following are market mechanisms for addressing climate change? carbon neutrality and carbon aggression policies international treaties from global conferences mitigation and adaptation cap-and-trade and carbon offsets carbon taxes and fee-and-dividend benefits
cap-and-trade and carbon offsets
All of the following are standard steps at a coal-fired power plant in the United States EXCEPT: heating. pulverization of coal. carbon capture. cooling. rotation of a turbine.
carbon capture.
Of the following, ________ is not yet regulated by the EPA. carbon monoxide lead carbon dioxide ozone sulfur and nitrogen oxides
carbon dioxide
Which of the following chemicals is NOT a VOC (volatile organic compound)? cleaning solvents carbon monoxide terpenes from plants evaporated gasoline
carbon monoxide
Bacteria and fungal spores can be included as ________. a cause of high pesticide use in the home problems in degrading the ozone layer VOCs and POPs causes of building-related illness sources of radon in the home
causes of building-related illness
Scientist often use ______________ which are programs that combine what is known about atmospheric circulation, ocean circulation, atmosphere-ocean interactions, and feedback cycles to simulate climate dynamics glaciation cycles climate models Milankovich cycles satellite models
climate models
The world's most abundant fossil fuel is ________. oil biodiesel natural gas coal methane
coal
Which of the fossil fuels is most abundant on Earth? crude oil electricity natural gas coal
coal
In the 1970s, sources of CFC pollution in the United States included all of the following EXCEPT: aerosol spray cans. air conditioners. coal-burning power plants. polystyrene manufacturing plants. refrigerators
coal-burning power plants.
All of the following, are forms of renewable energy EXCEPT: wind. coal. solar. geothermal. tidal.
coal.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports that physical, biological, and economic evidence exists confirming global climate change due to human-produced greenhouse gases. Although the United States emits most of Earth's carbon dioxide, its policies do not reflect concern over its environmental effects. The United States failed to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement signed by other developed nations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Requested voluntary reductions of carbon dioxide emissions have not been effective in reducing greenhouse gases. Revisions to the 1970 Clean Air Act, called the "Clear Skies Initiative," were proposed to limit mercury, nitric oxides, and sulfur oxide emissions from power plants. Nicknamed by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., as the "Clear Lies Initiative," this proposal did not specifically address emission of carbon dioxide, and its loopholes precluded older power plants from modernizing, seemingly supporting polluting industries with political influence. Environmentalists are arguing for immediate action, including stricter laws to limit power plant carbon dioxide emissions and subsidies for renewable energy. They favor "portfolio standards," requiring electric companies to provide clean energy alternatives to consumers and "green tags," "wind certificates," and "green pricing" to support the use of alternative fuels. Which of the following is an alternative fuel that could decrease carbon dioxide emissions in the transportation sector? coal gasoline nuclear fuel rods compressed natural gas vaporized water
compressed natural gas
What does the y-axis show? concentration of pollutants, in parts per million concentration of pollutants, as percentages concentration of pollutants, in parts per billion time of day, in four-hour intervals
concentration of pollutants, in parts per million
The area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents is called the ________. groundwater aeration zone benthic zone water table pelagic zone continental shelf
continental shelf
What technology is used to extract freshwater from ocean water? canals conservation desalinization irrigation
desalinization
The practice of reducing wasteful or unnecessary energy use is called ________. energy switching technology reduction energy efficiency energy conservation cogeneration
energy conservation
What term describes the ability to obtain a given result while using less energy? conservation cogeneration CAFE standards energy efficiency
energy efficiency
When assessing energy resources, it is helpful to use a measure called EROI, which is ________. amount of energy invested minus heat released into the environment energy returned minus energy invested energy returned plus energy invested money invested in extraction and processing minus income from sales energy returned divided by energy invested
energy returned divided by energy invested
Water bodies where rivers flow into the oceans, mixing fresh water with saltwater, are called ________. salt marshes littoral ecosystems upwellings estuaries mangroves
estuaries
What type of coastal feature experiences fluctuations in salinity with daily and seasonal variations? salt marshes mangrove forests estuaries beaches
estuaries
What is most likely to have caused the increase in atmospheric nitrogen oxide (NO) between 4 A.M. and 7 A.M.? exhaust from vehicles during morning rush hour reactions driven by sunlight emissions of heavy metals from smelting plants generation of electricity in coal-fired plants
exhaust from vehicles during morning rush hour
U.S. oil production ________. -falls far short of U.S. oil consumption -has to fit the quotas imposed by OPEC -is sufficient to meet national needs thanks to major conservation efforts -will peak out in 2100, requiring for the first time imports to meet growing demand -is now high enough for us to export nearly 50%
falls far short of U.S. oil consumption
Scientists evaluate concentrations of gases and other atmospheric constituents from the distant past by examining which of the following? gas bubbles trapped in soil gas bubbles trapped in ice gas bubbles trapped in the oceans gas bubbles trapped in rock
gas bubbles trapped in ice
Which of the following is a method to gain additional power from coal? hydraulic fracturing pyrolysis gasification carbon storage
gasification
In 1970, ________ was/were the source of most of the airborne lead emissions in the United States. water pipes gasoline paint pencil factories coal-burning power plants
gasoline
We build dams to ________. -improve habitat for native fish -generate electricity, prevent flooding, and provide irrigation and drinking water -drain wetlands for urban development -transform watersheds into farms, towns, and recreational areas -control the spread of water borne diseases
generate electricity, prevent flooding, and provide irrigation and drinking water
What information is presented on the y-axis of the graph? time, in 100-year intervals global surface warming, in °Celsius global surface temperature, in °Celsius global surface warming, in °Fahrenheit
global surface warming, in °Celsius
The Coriolis effect contributes to ________. increased acidic deposition an increase in eutrophication a reduction in eutrophication global wind patterns global warming
global wind patterns
The Kyoto Protocol is to carbon dioxide as the Montreal Protocol is to ________. ozone carbon monoxide methane nitrous oxide halocarbons
halocarbons
Which of the following technologies is currently allowing us to decrease carbon emissions from automobiles? nuclear cars hydrogen fuel cells the internal combustion engine wind-powered vehicles solar cars
hydrogen fuel cells
The fish in the lake at the local park are dying, and a professor from the local college comes to investigate. First, she measures the levels of dissolved oxygen in order to check for ________. aquatic biodiversity the presence of heavy metals hypoxia the influence of acid precipitation the presence of bacteria
hypoxia
You have been hired by a rapidly growing small city to improve the air quality, which has deteriorated in the past 10 years. Which of the following is most likely to be your first suggestion? -remove the hydroelectric dam on the river -decrease the amount of CFCs used locally -move or close the cattle feed lots near the river -improve transportation options, including carpool lanes, buses, and light rail -investigate the large city downwind whose factories produce large amounts of pollution
improve transportation options, including carpool lanes, buses, and light rail
Organizations like OPEC have formed ________. -to develop technologies to conserve non-renewable energy resources -in order to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil -to protect their national members' petroleum reserves for their own use -as a military alliance to protect developed nations' energy reserves -to ensure that developing nations get their fair share of fossil fuels
in order to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil
Effects attributed to Chernobyl ________. include serious respiratory illnesses but no fatalities were contained within 40 km of the plant include increased incidence of thyroid cancers include increased incidence of emphysema have not been extensively documented
include increased incidence of thyroid cancers
The best fit between observed and model data is shown by the model that ________. incorporates only natural factors incorporates observed global temperature changes incorporates both natural and anthropogenic factors reflects both observed and predicted temperature changes emphasizes natural factors over anthropogenic factors
incorporates both natural and anthropogenic factors
The formation of sinkholes has become a fairly common phenomenon in the state of Florida. Most sinkholes are small, but some sinkholes have led to catastrophic property damage and loss of life. One September day in 1999, folks began to notice that Lake Jackson in the panhandle region was shrinking. Within a few days, it was almost gone. A sinkhole had opened beneath the lake and drained it, along with all of the fish and alligators. Another sinkhole formed just 10 miles from Walt Disney World in August 2013, swallowing a 48-unit villa at Summer Bay Resort. As aquifers lose water, their substrates can become weaker and less capable of supporting overlying strata and any human structures built upon them. In such cases, the land surface above may subside. Sometimes subsidence can occur locally and suddenly, in the form of sinkholes, areas where the ground gives way with little warning. Once the ground subsides, soil becomes compacted, losing the porosity that enabled it to hold water. Recharging a depleted aquifer may therefore become more difficult. One reasonable way to prevent sinkholes might be to ________. -install supports to maintain the shape of the underground aquifer -pump wastewater and sewage directly into the aquifer to maintain the water table -have the local water company regularly transfer water from one local aquifer to the next, maintaining the average water level -increase groundwater recharge by constructing artificial wetlands that use treated municipal wastewater -pump sand and gravel into the aquifer to fill in the bottom levels, thus raising the water table
increase groundwater recharge by constructing artificial wetlands that use treated municipal wastewater
In Johannesburg, South Africa, the South West Township (Soweto) was one of several areas established early in the last century for blacks to live away from the white ruling minority. On the hills surrounding Soweto, the company that provides South Africa's electricity, Eskom, built a large coal-burning power plant. The electricity was for white areas of Johannesburg, miles away from the plant. The residents of Soweto had no electrical connections. The heavy levels of soot from the electrical plant upwind of Soweto, along with dust from gigantic gold and coal mines, created particulate pollution more than three times the recommended level. This would be expected to result in ________. increased incidence of lung disease problems with running local automobiles and other machinery high levels of heart disease enriched agricultural fields and increased crop yields high levels of birth defects
increased incidence of lung disease
In the United States, per capita energy use ________, and energy intensity ________. -has been increasing since 1950; has also been increasing since 1950 -has been increasing since 1950; has been declining since 1950 -increased sharply from 1950 to the 1970s but has since declined; has been declining since 1970 -increased sharply from 1950 to the 1970s but has since declined; decreased from 1950 to the 1970s but has since increased -was stable from 1950 to 1970 but has since increased sharply; has been increasing since 1950
increased sharply from 1950 to the 1970s but has since declined; has been declining since 1970
The formation of sinkholes has become a fairly common phenomenon in the state of Florida. Most sinkholes are small, but some sinkholes have led to catastrophic property damage and loss of life. One September day in 1999, folks began to notice that Lake Jackson in the panhandle region was shrinking. Within a few days, it was almost gone. A sinkhole had opened beneath the lake and drained it, along with all of the fish and alligators. Another sinkhole formed just 10 miles from Walt Disney World in August 2013, swallowing a 48-unit villa at Summer Bay Resort. As aquifers lose water, their substrates can become weaker and less capable of supporting overlying strata and any human structures built upon them. In such cases, the land surface above may subside. Sometimes subsidence can occur locally and suddenly, in the form of sinkholes, areas where the ground gives way with little warning. Once the ground subsides, soil becomes compacted, losing the porosity that enabled it to hold water. Recharging a depleted aquifer may therefore become more difficult. According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the number of human-induced sinkholes has doubled since 1930. Insurance claims increased 1200% from 1987 to 1991, costing nearly $100 million. A major reason for this is ________. global warming decreases in agriculture increased water consumption through development and urbanization increased rainfall, raising the water level roadway construction, leading to increased runoff
increased water consumption through development and urbanization
In the stratosphere, ________. the average temperature is much lower than for the troposphere temperature and ozone concentration are inversely correlated increases of temperature and ozone levels are strongly correlated ozone appears to be evenly distributed at all altitudes temperature continues to decrease with altitude as in the troposphere
increases of temperature and ozone levels are strongly correlated
Ocean water is 96.5% water by mass. Most of the remainder consists of __________. ions from dissolved salts the nutrients nitrogen and potassium. oil from human and natural causes carbon dioxide
ions from dissolved salts
Humans use more fresh water for ________ than for any other purpose. cooking and drinking producing hydrogen fuel irrigating crops industrial processes household use
irrigating crops
Recent research indicates that the variation in solar output ________. is greater than all the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change will increase by a hundredfold over then next century is more than 20 watts/m2 is the major factor driving temperature change is less than any of the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change
is less than any of the anthropogenic factors affecting climate change
Scientists currently assessing the environmental impacts of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico report that ________. -Gulf productivity has already returned to normal and no further effects will be felt -it may take years or decades before the full impacts are known -the damage was limited to wildlife kills immediately after the spill -the entire Gulf food web will eventually collapse -the coastal marshes of Louisiana suffered no measurable damage
it may take years or decades before the full impacts are known
In which part of Days 1 and 2 was the humidity lowest? midnight late afternoon/evening noon early morning
late afternoon/evening
Drag: 6 carbon monoxide carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide lead particulate matter tropospheric ozone
lead, tropospheric ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide
The region of a lake where plants are able to attach to the bottom and still reach above the surface is known as the __________. littoral zone profundal zone benthic zone abyssal zone
littoral zone
Small island nations such as the Maldives are in the international spotlight because they ________. -may be among the first nations to be completely flooded by rising sea levels -have exceeded the emissions reductions set by the Kyoto Protocol -are the largest emissions producers in their respective areas -opposed China's proposals for global carbon neutrality at the Copenhagen Conference in 2009 -are accepting climate change refugees from other nations
may be among the first nations to be completely flooded by rising sea levels
Radon ________. binds with hemoglobin, preventing binding with oxygen in the atmosphere limits the availability of sunlight for plants is formed by the breakdown of the ozone layer may cause lung cancer when inhaled contributes to the breakdown of the ozone layer
may cause lung cancer when inhaled
Precipitation that falls on Earth's surface ________. almost entirely filters down into the underground aquifers is usually already unusable because of acid rain is mostly taken up by plants or other organisms may take a variety of pathways through surface water or groundwater flow mostly runs off into salt marshes or the ocean
may take a variety of pathways through surface water or groundwater flow
Natural gas is primarily composed of ________. sulfur dioxide nitrite oxygen methane nitrogen
methane
Of the following greenhouse gases, ________ concentrations have increased by the greatest percentage since 1750. water vapor methane nitrous oxide carbon dioxide ozone
methane
Which of the following greenhouse gases has/have experienced at least a 50% increase in atmospheric concentration since 1750? carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide methane only nitrous oxide only carbon dioxide only carbon dioxide and methane
methane only
If all of the stratospheric ozone suddenly disappeared, ________. -plants would flourish because of the extra solar energy reaching Earth's surface -most life on Earth would cease to exist because of the amount of UV radiation penetrating the atmosphere -insects would be the only organisms to survive -Earth's surface would warm considerably -there would be a dramatic decrease in skin cancers
most life on Earth would cease to exist because of the amount of UV radiation penetrating the atmosphere
In a nuclear power plant, the amount of electricity generated is regulated by ________. -moving the nuclear fuel in and out of water -releasing surplus heat out of cooling towers that are always part of nuclear power plants -changing the water levels that surround the control rods -the Federal Trade Commission -moving control rods into or out of spaces between the fuel rods
moving control rods into or out of spaces between the fuel rods
One of the problems with finding new fossil fuel deposits in developing countries is that ________. -their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without meeting expensive environmental regulations -multinational corporations often move in to harvest the new deposit, and very little money or resource remains in the country -it is very expensive to transport the deposit elsewhere -their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without imposing huge taxes to fund new social benefits for the country -those countries tend to keep the resource for themselves, not sharing with other countries
multinational corporations often move in to harvest the new deposit, and very little money or resource remains in the country
The Earth's atmosphere is composed mostly of ________. nitrogen and carbon dioxide oxygen and carbon dioxide nitrogen and oxygen water and oxygen water and carbon dioxide
nitrogen and oxygen
The Acid Rain Program established under the Clean Air Act of 1990 has been successful in reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide and ________. CFCs carbon monoxide lead nitrogen oxides carbon dioxide
nitrogen oxides
Which greenhouse gas has a global warming potential that is approximately three times that of methane? hydrochlorofluorocarbon HFC-23 carbon dioxide nitrous oxide None of the listed responses is correct.
nitrous oxide
Rising sea levels result in all of the following EXCEPT: more dangerous storm surges. increased beach erosion. ocean acidification. saltwater contamination of drinking water supplies. increased flooding from hurricanes.
ocean acidification.
What caused the Aral Sea, the fourth largest lake on Earth, to lose four-fifths of its volume in 40 years? overconsumption by the fishermen and the community living there to support them overconsumption for industrial uses overconsumption by cotton farmers overconsumption by large resort communities living on its banks
overconsumption by cotton farmers
Sinkholes can result from ________. substrates that become weak following rain building on floodplains overconsumption of water from aquifers flood damage and chemical erosion poorly drilled wells in soft soils
overconsumption of water from aquifers
Currently, the greatest ecological crisis facing marine food webs is ________. overharvesting abandoned fishing nets plastic dumping radiation oil spills
overharvesting
Fill in the blanks: ozone is made of __________ and is broken down by __________. oxygen; chlorine sodium; molybdenum chlorine; fluorine hydrogen; zinc
oxygen; chlorine
Which of the following types of pollution is most responsible for large numbers of deaths worldwide because of unsafe drinking water? pathogen pollution thermal pollution nutrient pollution sediment pollution
pathogen pollution
Alaskans benefit from the trans-Alaska pipeline because Alaska's state constitution requires approximately 25% of state revenues associated with the oil industry to be placed into a monetary fund called the Permanent Fund, which ________. -pays yearly dividends to all Alaska residents -is used for social infrastructure, such as hospitals, roads, and schools -is divided equally among the politicians in the state for running their offices -is used as a main source of funds to reduce environmental damage -pays for education of native Alaskans through scholarships
pays yearly dividends to all Alaska residents
What does the y-axis show? nutrient absorption capacity number of years since restoration rate of wetland recovery percent of recovery compared to natural wetlands
percent of recovery compared to natural wetlands
Drag: 8 Photochemical smog stratospheric ozon depletion acid deposition
photo, Strat, Strat, acid, Strat, photo, acid, photo
What does the red graph line represent? years since restoration soil organic matter nutrient absorption capacity plant biomass
plant biomass
Pathogens and waterborne diseases enter drinking water supplies from ________. upwelling poorly treated wastewater and animal wastes from feed lots pesticides entering groundwater oil and chemical spills excess nitrogen and phosphorus as agricultural runoff
poorly treated wastewater and animal wastes from feed lots
The goal of the Montreal Protocol was to ________. slow global climate change prevent global warming micromanage the actions of the United States prevent tropospheric ozone depletion prevent stratospheric ozone depletion
prevent stratospheric ozone depletion
Natural wetlands provide many ecosystem services. When a wetland is restored, which of the following ecosystem services returns most rapidly? reducing the impact of droughts on nearby communities providing food for fish and wildlife reducing the impact of floods on nearby communities improving water quality for nearby communities
providing food for fish and wildlife
What is most likely to have caused the rapid increase in photochemical smog between 8 A.M. and 11 A.M.? reactions of sulfur oxides (SOx) with water vapor in sunlight exhaust from vehicles during morning rush hour emissions of heavy metals from smelting plants reactions of nitrous oxides (NOx) and VOCs with oxygen in sunlight
reactions of nitrous oxides (NOx) and VOCs with oxygen in sunlight
Crude oil is ________. -formed in a wide range of temperature and pressure circumstances -refined to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products -composed of less than ten different hydrocarbon molecules -formed less than 100 yards below the surface; in deeper places with more pressure, coal is formed -usable in its raw form
refined to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products
Which lifestyle choice would cause the greatest reduction in greenhouse emissions? driving a hybrid car riding a bike driving an electric car (plugged into the grid at night to be recharged) using public transportation
riding a bike
A(n) ________ is a device designed to remove airborne pollutants from smokestack emissions. tall stack boiler scrubber coal washer air filter
scrubber
Drag: supply-side solutions, demand-side solutions -damming a river to create a reservoir -replacing inefficient irrigation with more-efficient drip irrigation to grow crops -desalinating seawater -a nation invading a neighboring country to access their rivers -providing tax breaks for companies that use less water -requiring low-flow showerheads in all new homes -raising water prices for consumers and businesses
supply- side solutions: -a nation invading a neighboring country to access their rivers -damming a river to create a reservoir -desalinating seawater demand-side solutions: -replacing inefficient irrigation with more-efficient drip irrigation to grow crops -providing tax breaks for companies that use less water -requiring low-flow showerheads in all new homes -raising water prices for consumers and businesses
Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? Most of the productivity of a wetland can be restored within 50 years, but it takes much longer to restore soil fertility. supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph
supported
Zooxanthellae are ________. an invasive kelp species in the Indian Ocean bacteria that fix nitrogen in ocean sediments symbiotic algae that provide energy to many species of corals used in the treatment of wastewater an endangered species of fish in the Aral Sea
symbiotic algae that provide energy to many species of corals
What does the red line represent? time in 4-hour intervals time in days temperature relative humidity
temperature
Occasionally, a layer of cool air forms under a layer of warmer air in the troposphere. This change from the normal temperature profile in the troposphere is called a ________. tornado or supercell low-pressure system temperature or thermal subversion temperature or thermal inversion cold front
temperature or thermal inversion
Which piece of legislation set strict standards for air quality and pollution control in the United States? the Endangered Species Act the Montreal Protocol the Clean Air Act the Clean Water Act
the Clean Air Act
The bars on the graph are not of equal width. What does the width of each bar represent? the amount of energy saved by an investment, in kilowatt-hours per year the cost-effectiveness of each energy investment the amount of energy saved by an investment, in kilowatts per year the cost of conserved energy for each investment, in dollars per kilowatt-hour
the amount of energy saved by an investment, in kilowatt-hours per year
A watershed is ________. a term used to describe water stored underground a river that drains into the sea the area of land that drains into a river or lake an inland basin that connects to another inland basin the water held in the atmosphere prior to returning to Earth in the form of rainfall
the area of land that drains into a river or lake
Which line is not a computer-generated forecast? the blue line representing a Sustainable World the yellow line representing Today's World the red line representing Business as Usual the black line representing 20th century data
the black line representing 20th century data
What does the y-axis show? the cost of conserved energy, in dollars per kilowatt-hour the current price of energy, in dollars per kilowatt-hour the cost of an energy investment the amount of energy saved, in kilowatt-hours per year
the cost of conserved energy, in dollars per kilowatt-hour
Coal continues to be the main fuel used to generate electricity in the United States. This is partially because ________. -coal causes almost no air pollution when burned -coal deposits in the United States lie very close to the surface and are easily extracted -compared to natural gas and oil, coal contains very few impurities, such as sulfur -the country has such large reserves of coal -the quality of coal in the United States is very consistent from deposit to deposit
the country has such large reserves of coal
What is energy intensity? a measure of the reduction of wasteful or unnecessary energy use the capturing of excess heat during electrical generation the energy use per dollar of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) the use of LED rather than incandescent light bulbs
the energy use per dollar of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
When we burn fossil fuels, ________. -the greatest environmental impact is increased greenhouse gases -the resulting carbonic acid leads to acid rain -the greatest environmental impact is the local damage from extraction -the greatest environmental impact is the impact on the ozone layer -we liberate carbon back into the carbon cycle, increasing the amount available for plant growth, causing plants to flourish
the greatest environmental impact is increased greenhouse gases
Thousands of young families moved "over the hills" and into the San Fernando Valley, a suburb of Los Angeles, after World War II. New neighborhoods were springing up, replacing orange groves and open space; roads and schools quickly sprang into existence, trying to keep pace with the rapid population growth. Ringed by beautiful mountains, the entire Los Angeles basin looked like a new, green, sun-filled paradise to the families seeking a fresh start. In the early 1950s, one of the common family chores in Los Angeles was to carry the trash out to the stone incinerator behind the garage where each family burned all of their dry trash. "Wet" garbage was collected and taken to a city dump, where it was burned by the city. Everyone throughout the city either used an incinerator or burned things in an open trash pile; there were over 400,000 backyard trash incinerators. On warm afternoons, eyes would sometimes sting and burn. People would stop, close their eyes, and let the cleansing tears refresh irritated eyes. They accepted this as a normal part of life in sunny California. In 1958 trash collection programs were established, and backyard incinerators were banned in the hope of reducing smog. However, it was estimated that massive amounts of gasoline were evaporating from storage tanks, fuel pump nozzles, and delivery trucks. This was also considered a serious contributor to smog, and over the next 20 years, several new rules and several new devices were put in place to alleviate it. There was still a great deal of smog, now identified as photochemical smog, despite the changes. The major remaining problem was ________. backyard trash incineration insufficient city funding to improve waste dumps the influx of new manufacturing, with new chemicals too many coal-fired power plants along the coast the large distances driven daily by solitary commuters
the large distances driven daily by solitary commuters
What was the primary cause of the decline in oil prices in 2016 to only one quarter of the prices in 2008? -the oil supply glut caused by fracking -a prolonged peace in the Middle East -energy conservation and the use of renewable technologies -a typographical error in a Black Friday sale ad -the war against ISIS
the oil supply glut caused by fracking
Thousands of young families moved "over the hills" and into the San Fernando Valley, a suburb of Los Angeles, after World War II. New neighborhoods were springing up, replacing orange groves and open space; roads and schools quickly sprang into existence, trying to keep pace with the rapid population growth. Ringed by beautiful mountains, the entire Los Angeles basin looked like a new, green, sun-filled paradise to the families seeking a fresh start. In the early 1950s, one of the common family chores in Los Angeles was to carry the trash out to the stone incinerator behind the garage where each family burned all of their dry trash. "Wet" garbage was collected and taken to a city dump, where it was burned by the city. Everyone throughout the city either used an incinerator or burned things in an open trash pile; there were over 400,000 backyard trash incinerators. On warm afternoons, eyes would sometimes sting and burn. People would stop, close their eyes, and let the cleansing tears refresh irritated eyes. They accepted this as a normal part of life in sunny California. Part of the reason that people's eyes would sting was ________. the carbon monoxide from the burning trash the lead emissions from the burning trash the plastics and chemicals in the burning trash the smoke and particulates from the burning trash the excess water vapor from the burning trash
the smoke and particulates from the burning trash
When did the use of coal for cooking, heating, and other purposes begin? in the 1700s, by people who needed cooking fuel sources thousands of years ago, by Native Americans (and other ancient cultures) with the industrial revolution
thousands of years ago, by Native Americans (and other ancient cultures)
In which way does acid deposition originate? through the release of VOCs through the release of CFCs through fossil fuel combustion by cars, electric utilities, and industrial facilities through trapping of radon in the house
through fossil fuel combustion by cars, electric utilities, and industrial facilities
What information is given on the x-axis? temperature in °Celsius relative humidity temperature in °Fahrenheit time in 3-hour intervals time in 4-hour intervals
time in 4-hour intervals
Drag: toxic, pathogens, thermal, nutrient, sediment -frigid water from the bottom of a reservoir -eroded topsoil from agricultural land -herbicide from a soccer field -phosphorous-rich fertilizer from agricultural land -medical waste from a hospital dumped in an illegal location -clay soil from land cleared for home construction -nitrogen-rich grass clippings from a mowed lawn -acid drainage from an abandoned coal mine
toxic- acid drainage from an abandoned coal mine herbicide from a soccer field pathogens- medical waste from a hospital dumped in an illegal location thermal- frigid water from the bottom of a reservoir nutrient- phosphorous-rich fertilizer from agricultural land nitrogen-rich grass clippings from a mowed lawn sediment- clay soil from land cleared for home construction eroded topsoil from agricultural land
Which of the following energy investments would be cost-effective to install? ground source heat pump solar hot water heating gas stove triple paned windows
triple paned windows
Weather occurs in the ________. mesosphere biosphere stratosphere troposphere lithosphere
troposphere
Most of Earth's liquid fresh water is found ________. in ice caps and glaciers in the atmosphere underground in the oceans in lakes
underground
"Biosolids" produced at a wastewater treatment plant are often ________. used as crop fertilizer trucked to special biohazard landfills for disposal placed in deep injection wells to keep them out of the water table loaded onto barges and sent to underdeveloped countries to use as fertilizer used as part of the "fill" to develop wetlands into agriculture or housing areas
used as crop fertilizer
Secondary extraction of petroleum ________. allows the oil to be extracted to the last drop uses solvents, water, or steam is less expensive than primary extraction causes less environmental damage than tertiary extraction occurs immediately after primary extraction
uses solvents, water, or steam
Efficiency of coal-fired power plants can be nearly doubled by ________. using coal with higher sulfur content using household wastes along with the coal switching to oil adding wood chips to the coal using cogeneration
using cogeneration
Which of the following wetland environments only occurs for a short period of time each year? freshwater marshes swamps vernal pools bogs
vernal pools
Drag: -factors that contribute to warming -factors that contribute to cooling
warming- co2, o3, ch4, n20, low albedo, black carbon cooling- cloud albedo, high albedo
Soot particles ("black carbon aerosols") generally cause ________ of Earth's atmosphere by ________ solar energy. cooling; reflecting cooling; absorbing warming; absorbing cooling; radiating warming; reflecting
warming; absorbing
Which of the following will contribute to water conservation? using aerial sprays for crop irrigation washing dishes by hand watering lawns during peak sunlight hours, when plants need water most watering lawns at night and landscaping with native plants planting nonnative wetland plants for landscaping
watering lawns at night and landscaping with native plants
The huge dust storms that took place in the United States in the 1930s ________. were triggered by tornados, worsened by global climate change were the result of glacier melt were the result of polar cells were the result of poor farming techniques were the result of ozone depletion
were the result of poor farming techniques
Many present-day fisheries managers ________. -wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference -favor protection of commercially valuable species and not others -favor taxes on commercial fishing boats -favor short-term solutions to marine ecosystem problems -want all laws regarding fishing to be abolished
wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference