Psychological Tests: Test 2 review

TBI: CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy)

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intention tremor

- (cerebellum) - involuntary trembling when an individual attempts a voluntary movement

Diminished Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR)

- (cerebellum) - cannot generate sufficient compensatory eye movement, meaning their eye movements are not large enough to compensate for their head movements

nystagmus

- (cerebellum) - involuntary rapid eye movement

dysarthria

- (cerebellum) - slurred speech

ataxia

- (cerebellum) - wide-based gait, (walking style) - seen in chronic alcoholics

Charles Spearman

- 1904 - involved with intelligence testing - notices patterns: if someone does well on one test, they will likely do well on another, (vice versa). - same with items, get 1 right, get another right - concludes they are all measuring the same trait. - general intelligence: known as g factor, refers to a general mental ability that underlies multiple specific skills, including verbal, spatial, numerical and mechanical

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test

- A test examining verbal intelligence. - 4 pictures, given a vocab word, pick which picture best fits.

basal ganglia

- Parkinson's disease, - tremors, slowness to movement, changes to posture and muscle tone, facial muscle movement is lessened - cognitive decline: hit or miss, some more than others

WAIS

- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - most widely used intelligence test; - verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed. - disabilities, giftness, strengths/weaknesses

Subtests of WAIS: 2. similarities

- abstract verbal skills - verbal subtest, give them 2 items and ask how they are similar: 1 or 2 points

Shipley-2: block pattern

- alternative to abstract - high scores: good attentional skills, good working memory - low scores: poor reasoning, motivation etc

James Cattell (intelligence testing)

- american psychologist - measured hand strength, memorization of letters. - his test became popular - academic performance tests

Terman

- american psychologist at stanford - translate simon binet into english - renames to stanford binet - IQ: intelligence quotient - becomes THE test to use with children in the u.s. up until 70's

hypothalamus

- aspects in motivated behavior (sleeping, eating) - controls pituitary gland (which then controls the rest of the glands) - impairment: pituitary function, changes in food/water intake

Subtests of WAIS: 1. block design

- assesses perceptual IQ and visual spatial skills - blocks with different colored sides, recreate pictures

brain components

- brain weighs 3 pounds - neurons: you got what you got - glial cells: support cells, capable of reproduction

brain structures: medulla oblongata

- breathing - swallowing - blood pressure - heart rate - damage is rare

Clark Wissler

- cattels grad student - took his test and applied it to how well students did - proved cattell wrong - there was no intercorrelation between scores on Cattell's IQ tests and academic achievement.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

- caused by sudden blow/jolt to head - primary injury: injury at time of impact - contusions: bruising, bleeding, brain function: confusion, blurry vision, loss of consciousness - most cause of death up to age 44 - secondary injury: occurs later, after initial blow: edema (swelling) inflammation in the brain is dangerous (gradually, up to 5 days after)

Sir Francis Galton

- developed Nature vs nurture debate (combination of the 2) - developed the first intelligence test - this test measured acuity of sight and hearing, measured reaction time (failed) British researcher, considered the father of mental tests; interested in the origin of intelligence and thought that one's heredity is response for one's intelligence

auditory sound agnosia

- difficulty recognizing and differentiating nonverbal sounds - cannot identify what a sound is

Alfred Binet

- french psychologist - wanted to identify children who struggled with academics (special ed.) - expressed that intelligence increases with age - classifies questions by age level - simon binet test of intelligence to be used with small children. - invented the first practical IQ test,

cerebral cortex

- gyri: bulges in the brian - sulci: the grooves

TBI: concussion

- headache - confusion - lack of coordination - memory loss - nausea - dizziness - fatigue - ringing in ears

frontal lobe

- highest level of brain functioning occurs - regulates behavior - primary and secondary motor cortex

Prosopagnosia

- inability to recognize faces - can see everything else - can see components, but cannot piece it together - can be born with it

association cortex

- integrates sensory info from touch and auditory - astereognosis: inability to recognize objects by touch

occipital lobe

- interpret visual information - visual agnosia - prosopagnosia

parietal lobe

- left neglect/neglect syndrome -somatosensory strip - association cortex (astereognosis)

brain size

- little to do with intelligence - men have a slightly larger brain than women - reaches peak size in 3rd/4th decade of life - .3-.4, 9-16% intelligence due to brain size

sex differences in brain

- male brain is 150 g heavier - men out perform in visual working memory tests of knowledge - women outperform tests that require verbal, fine motor skills

Shipley-2: vocab

- measuring vocab abilities - know it or you don't - high scores: good verbal knowledge

David Wechsler

- new "golden" test - gave credit for every right answer - wanted to create a test for adults - takes raw test score and convert to T score - overall IQ, verbal IQ, Processing/speed IQ, working memory - Developed WAIS: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Subtests of WAIS: 8. visual puzzle

- perceptual IQ - combine shapes to make the complete shape

Subtests of WAIS: 4. matrix reasoning

- perceptual reasoning -presented with a matrix of abstract pictures in which there is one picture missing. She/he has then to choose which of a number of possible options the missing picture is.

somatosensory strip

- registration of sensations on the body - damage: loss of sensation

brain structures: cerebellum

- retrieves sensory info - coordinates movement

Shipley-2

- self administered group test - 2 subsections: - vocabulary: multiple choice test on similarities - abstraction or block pattern

temporal lobe

- sides of the brain - left guides language comprehension - right nonverbal auditory patterns and rhythms - auditory sound agnosia

Subtests of WAIS: 10. coding

- speed test - record associations between different symbols and numbers - fill in suggested code

Subtests of WAIS: 7. symbol search

- timed, speed test - scans a search group and indicates whether one of the symbols in the target group matches.

Subtests of WAIS: 5. vocabulary

- verbal IQ - present vocab words to participant, they are asked to define them

Subtests of WAIS: 9. information

- verbal ability (not timed) - 26 questions aimed at determining how much general knowledge (literature, history, or science) the client has accumulated from their environment.

hippocampus

- verbal memories - allow to convert/transfer conversation into long-term memory - damage: on left-verbal, on right-pictorial/auditory memory

Subtests of WAIS: 3. digit span

- verbal short term and working memory - requires subjects to repeat series of digits of increasing length. - asked to repeat in sequential order and then reverse order

Shipley-2: abstract

- verbally loaded - reasoning skills - apply prior knowledge - low scores: poor reasoning, poor working memory, low attention or motivation

Left Neglect/Neglect Syndrome

- visual cues, peoples presence - they ignore one side of space: people, objects, sounds - sometimes it gets better, but others may have long-term effects

WASI

- wechsler family of tests - block design, matrix reasoning, vocabulary, similarities

Subtests of WAIS: 6. arithmetic

- working memory - word problems with numbers

Subtests of WAIS

1. block design 2. similarities 3. digit span 4. matrix reasoning 5. vocabulary 6. Arithmetic 7. symbol search 8. visual puzzle 9. information 10. coding

visual agnosia

a difficulty in recognizing objects: symbols and words - damage: blind spot, blindness - not being able to synthesize/ analyze objects - they can see parts, not the whole - typically result of stroke: not born with it

thalamus

all senses of smell are directed to it - impairment: might mean that one of your senses are impaired -plays some roles in memory, attention and emotional experience

corpus callosum:

allows communication between right/left hemisphere

secondary motor cortex

areas of the cerebral cortex that receive much of their input from association cortex and send much of their output to primary motor cortex. - mirror motor patterns - ability to speak - damage: usually from close head injury - result in lack of attentiveness, spontaneity, motivation, struggle with mental shifts, interpret things literally

TBI countercoup

injury on the opposite side of impact

TBI: Coup Injury

on the side of impact

ravens matrix test

shows a picture with a piece missing, you pick the piece thats missing.

phrenology

the detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities. - different parts of the brain have different functions

primary motor cortex

the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement - damage to fine motor skills