Psychology 101 Chapters 1-5
By ringing a bell whenever he gave food to his lab dogs, Pavlov could get his dogs to salivate to just the sound of the bell. In this case, salivation in response to the bell is called a(n)
Conditioned response
An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response because of its pairing with a stimulus that causes that response is called the
Conditioned stimulus
Behavioral
Contends that people can control their behavior and that they naturally try to reach their full potential
___ occurs when a stimulus is presented repeatedly
Habituation
Which of the following is a variable-interval schedule?
Sam is reinforced every 2 to 10 days for putting his toys away.
Which of the following is a variable-ratio schedule?
Sam is reinforced every two to five times he puts his toys away.
Pavlov's dogs would salivate at the ring of a bell but not at the chime of a clock. What concept is this an example of?
Stimulus discrimination
Having seen a movie with a scary clown in it, May is now afraid of all clowns. What concept is this an example of?
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination is?
The ability to distinguish between two stimuli
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
getting what you want
Within the framework of operant conditioning, spanking a child would be considered ________ punishment.
positive
Both ______ increase the frequency of a behavior.
positive and negative reinforcement
The addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior is known as
positive punishment
Both positive and negative punishment
reduce the frequency of a behavior
Punishment will tend to
reduce the frequency of a behavior
____increases the frequency of the behavior preceding it, whereas punishment decreases the frequency of the behavior preceding it
reinforcement
Johnny received a quarter when he made his bed all week without being told to do so. The quarter is a ____ reinforcer.
secondary
The teacher wants her students to complete all of the morning work within 2 hours. Each day when the assignments are completed closer to the 2-hour requirement she rewards the students. This technique is called
shaping
What was the main result of the famous Little Albert experiment?
Albert came to fear anything white and furry
Psychodynamic
Believes that behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces over which a person has little control
Maryann's cat comes running whenever he hears the can opener. In classical conditioning, the sound of the can opener is a
CS.
Cognitive
Examines how people understand and think about the world
True or False: Functionalism focuses on the minds structure
False: Functionalism focuses on how the mind functions
Dopamine plays a role in the reinforcement of behavior because it
Leads to feelings of pleasure that are reinforcing
______ reinforcement allows more rapid learning compared to ______ reinforcement.
Partial; continuous
We owe the understanding of classical conditioning to the person who discovered a dog would salivate upon hearing sounds that were often paired with receiving food. That person was ______.
Pavlov
Whenever Johnny's dog sat upon command, Johnny gave him a dog treat. The dog treat is a ____ reinforcer.
Primary
When a behavior is repeated less frequently because of the consequences that followed it, this is known as
Punishment
What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?
Punishment makes a behavior less likely to reoccur, while negative reinforcement makes it more likely to reoccur.
What group was barred from many psychology graduate programs in the early 1900s?
Women
True or False: A conditioned stimulus-conditioned response pairing is a consequence of learning and training.
True
True or False: Reinforcement is a more effective technique for modifying behavior than is punishment
True
The stimulus that automatically gives rise to a response is called the___ stimulus
Unconditioned
Neuroscience
Views behavior from the perspective of biological functioning
The formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline is generally considered to have occurred when..
William Wundt established the first experimental laboratory dedicated to psychological phenomenon
____ developed the first laboratory devoted to psychological research
Wundt
Which of the following happens during conditioning?
a previously neutral stimulus is transformed into the conditioned stimulus
Classical conditioning is
a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.
Functionalism concentrates on what the mind does and how ___ functions
behavior
Behavioral neuroscientists study the _____ basis of behavior
biological
Some behaviors are more likely to be learned than others, and easily learned behaviors typically facilitate survival. This suggests that
biological constraints have positive evolutionary consequences.
Once a conditioned response has been extinguished, it
can reemerge after a period of time and with no further conditioning
An ___ stimulus is a once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus
conditioned
By ringing a bell whenever he gave food to his lab dogs, Pavlov eventually got the dogs to salivate to the sound of the bell. In this context, the salivation elicited by sound of the bell is called the___ response
conditioned
You see an orange light and immediately receive a mild electric shock. This happens several times. You eventually cringe at the sight of the orange light. When you cringe to the light, the light has become a(n)
conditioned stimulus
Extinction will occur quicker with a____(partial/continuous) reinforcement schedule
continuous
If a person is reinforced each time they put the appropriate amount of money in a candy machine, they are on what type of schedule of reinforcement?
continuous
Which of the following schedules of reinforcement causes more rapid learning?
continuous reinforcement
In ______ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time, whereas in ______ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time.
continuous, partial
Learning occurs more rapidly under a ______ reinforcement schedule, behavior lasts longer after reinforcement stops when it is learned under a ______ reinforcement schedule.
continuous; partial
A person learns that driving over the speed limit is reinforcing (because he gets to his destination faster), but not when a police car is visible. This is an example of stimulus
discrimination
Stimulus ____ provides the ability to differentiate between stimuli
discrimination
Which of the following implicates the role of biology in the reinforcement of behavior?
dopamine production
The nurture side of the nature versus nuture debate is associated with which of the following?
environment
The definition of learning implies that ____ is essential to acquiring behaviors.
experience
When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears ___ has occurred
extinction
A person is able to get a free ice cream from the local shop once per year on their birthday. What schedule of reinforcement is this?
fixed-interval
Casey wanted to encourage his sister to study before watching television. Every 10 minutes she studied, he walked by and gave her a smile and encouragement. Casey used a ____ schedule.
fixed-interval
A reinforcement that is given every tenth time a behavior occurs is on a ____ schedule.
fixed-ratio
Carlos wanted his dog to come when he whistled. He decided to give his dog a treat every fourth time he came. Carlos used a ____ schedule.
fixed-ratio
When trying to pair conditioned stimuli to unconditioned stimuli, the unconditioned stimulus
follows the conditioned stimulus
Which of the following would be considered a primary reinforcer?
food, shelter, or water
Max once got sick after eating some bad shrimp, and now feels nauseated at the sight of ANY seafood. This is an example of stimulus ___
generalization
People who have a negative experience with someone in a particular ethnic group may behave negatively toward other people in that same ethnic group. This is due to
generalization.
How can you tell if a stimulus is a reinforcer to a particular organism?
if a previously occurring behavior increases after the presentation of the stimulus.
Unlike punishment, reinforcement _____.
indicates what to do
What makes something a reinforcer is dependent on..
individual preferences
Unlike positive punishment, negative punishment
involves removing a stimulus
___ is a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
learning
Behavior___is a technique for increasing the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
modification
Strengthening a response in operant conditioning means it will occur
more often
with regard to learning, ___ refers to maturation, while ___ refers to experience
nature, nurture
Having your car keys confiscated because you came home late is an example of _____ because it will decrease your behavior of staying out late.
negative punishment
Taking medicine to escape pain is an example of ____ because it strengthens behavior by something being taken away.
negative reinforcement
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not bring about a response of interest is a _______ stimulus.
neutral
In classical conditioning, a(n) ___ stimulus is a stimulus that does not bring about a response in which we are interested
neutral
You see a purple light and immediately receive a mild electric shock. This happens several times. You eventually cringe at the sight of the purple light. The first time you saw that light it was a(n)
neutral stimulus
Which of the following is an example of habituation?
no longer noticing the hum of your refrigerator that once annoyed you
___ conditioning has occurred when the consequences of an action influence the likelihood that the behavior will be displayed again
operant
A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment for studying
operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals.
In ___reinforcement, behavior is reinforced some but not all of the time.
partial
Behavior lasts longer after ______ reinforcement is stopped than it does after ______ reinforcement is stopped.
partial, continuous
What do rats do while in a Skinner box?
perform a behavior
When a woman receives compliments on a certain dress it makes her want to wear it more; this is considered a ___ reinforcement
positive
When Polly's parrot made a sound, she gave it a treat. After a few times, Polly only gave the parrot a treat when it made a sound that began with a "k" sound. Later, she rewarded the parrot when it began a sound with "kr." Eventually, Polly's parrot said "cracker." This is an example of
shaping
A pigeon in a laboratory setting pecks at a yellow disk and when a blue disk is presented, pecks at that as well. The pigeon is demonstrating
stimulus generalization
To prevent coyotes from killing their sheep, ranchers sometimes bait the coyotes with mutton laced with something that makes them sick. After a single exposure to the mutton, the coyotes stop attacking the sheep. This is an application of
taste aversion
In operant conditioning, what does it mean to say a response has been strengthened or weakened?
that responses are more or less likely to occur predictably
Psychology's roots can be traced back to
the ancient greeks
Operant conditioning has occurred when
the consequences of an action influence the likelihood that that behavior will be displayed again.
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
turning off the beeping sound when buckling a seat belt in a car
The stimulus that automatically gives rise to a response is called the___stimulus
unconditioned
When a dog salivates upon tasting food, the salivation occurs automatically with no training and is therefore called a(n)___ response
unconditioned
When a dog salivates upon tasting food, the salivation is called the
unconditioned response
You see a red light and immediately receive a mild electric shock. This happens several times. You eventually cringe at the sight of the red light. When you feel the electric shock itself, that also causes you to cringe when it hits you, and you are displaying a(n)
unconditioned response
You see a green light and immediately receive a mild electric shock. This happens several times. You eventually cringe at the sight of the green light. The electric shock is a(n)
unconditioned stimulus
At work when the owner visits vary from one every 3 days to one every 4 weeks, this is a___-interval schedule
variable
A gambler is at a slot machine and wins some money, on average, after every 15 plays. What schedule of reinforcement is this?
variable ratio
Amanda's General Psychology teacher gives quizzes that vary from one every three days to one every three weeks and averaging about one every two weeks. Which type of reinforcement schedule describes this?
variable-interval