Psychology 101 Final Exam
"Anything that cannot be observed and measured directly is not worth studying." Which psychologists are most likely to agree with this statement?
John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner
The Representativeness Heuristic
Judging that something belongs to a certain group because of its similarity to some group members
The availability heuristic
Judgment based on ease of calling something to mind
Chris does not like it when his infant son, Jacob, cries. Chris finds that if he makes goofy faces while Jacob is crying, Jacob will stop. Which learning principle best explains why Chris is more likely to make goofy faces in the future to make Jacob stop crying?
Negative reinforcement
Locus coerculeus Direct attention
Abnormalities in it have been linked to depression and ADHD.
Prefrontal cortex
Association cortex Controls complex processes for understanding the world Damage to this area causes people inability to get sarcasm.
Broca's area
Association cortex Controls speech as well as gestures that accompany speech Damage to this area causes people to speak grammatically incorrect
Wernicke's area
Association cortex Interprets both speech and written words Damage to this area causes people inability speak understandably.
18. Marcie found that remembering her ATM card number and pin number was much easier when she grouped the twelve numbers into sets of threes instead of trying to remember twelve separate numbers. What technique is Marcie using to extend her short-term memory capacity?
Chunking
Amygdala
Connects sensation with emotions ex. Has been linked to PTSD, sensitivity to others
Cerebellum
Controls fine movements and coordinate certain cognitive processes ex. Helps us estimate how much time has passed.
Motor cortex
Controls voluntary movements in specific parts of the body
Psychologists in which of the following subfields would be most interested in researching changes in human behavioral, emotional, and mental processes over time?
Developmental psychology
Which of the following is not considered to be an anxiety disorder?
Dissociative disorder
Hippocampus
Forms new memory ex. Memory ability is correlated with the size and activity of it.
Suprachiasmatic nuclei
Generates biological rhythms ex. Determines whether we are morning people or night people
The anchoring heuristic
Getting stuck on (anchored to) prior information
After learning about personality in school, Becky came home and told her sister, Darlene, that she was introverted because her brain is relatively insensitive to rewards but highly sensitive to punishment. Darlene does not seem impressed by her sister's knowledge of __________ theory of personality.
Gray's reinforcement sensitivity
Corpus callosum
Helps the two hemispheres communicate ex. Split brain study
21. According to the encoding specificity principle, which of the following would be the best retrieval cue for the sentence, "The dog ate the bone?"
Hungry animal
Substantia nigra
Initiates smooth movements together with striatum ex. Reach for the alarm clock
Thalamus
Interprets and relays sensory information ex. Abnormality in it may cause sleep disorder
Septum
Is associated with pleasure
Kohlberg's Moral Development theory:
Preconventional Conventional Postconventional
Reticular formation
Regulates arousal and attention ex. If disconnected from the rest of the brain, a person would enter a permanent coma.
Medulla oblongata
Regulates breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure ex. Stand up too quickly and faint
Hypothalamus
Regulates hunger, thirst and sex drives ex. Overwhelming urge to eat if injured
Piaget's Cognitive Development theory:
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational
Auditory cortex
Sensory cortex Receives auditory information
Somatosensory cortex
Sensory cortex Receives information from skin about touch, pain, and temperature
Visual cortex
Sensory cortex Receives visual information
You give your friend instructions about what to buy for a party by quickly rattling off fifteen unrelated grocery store items. Then to check whether your friend got all the information, you ask him to repeat the grocery list back to you. You should expect that your friend will recall about __________ items.
Seven
Which nervous system is involved in allowing you to shoot a basketball, smell freshly baked bread, and push the keys on a piano?
Somatic nervous system
A researcher had one group of children go trick-or-treating wearing masks and a second group of children go trick-or-treating without masks. The researcher found that the children who wore masks took more candy than the children who were not wearing masks. What was the control group in this study?
The group who did not wear masks
19. After looking up a friend's new number in the phone book, Franklin discovers that the pay phone is being monopolized by someone. Assuming that Franklin is not rehearsing the number, what is the longest period of time that he can wait without forgetting the number entirely?
Twenty seconds
After looking up a friend's new number in the phone book, Franklin discovers that the pay phone is being monopolized by someone. Assuming that Franklin is not rehearsing the number, what is the longest period of time that he can wait without forgetting the number entirely?
Twenty seconds
Russell's mom wants him to study for two hours each night, so she gives him treats during the evening. Sometimes she gives him the treats after ten minutes, sometimes after thirty minutes. On the average, Russell is given a treat every twenty minutes. Which reinforcement schedule is Russell's mom utilizing?
Variable-interval
A neuron cell body reaches threshold and depolarizes. The depolarization propagates down the length of the __________, is chemically transmitted across the __________, and directly affects the electrical potential in the __________ of the successive neuron.
a. axon; synapse; dendrites
10. Serena is praised for every art project she brings home from school. Once this kind of continuous reinforcement is discontinued, we can predict that Serena's reinforced behavior will extinguish
a. gradually. b. intermittently. c. rapidly. d. slowly.
Alexia is content to stay in her house because she becomes nervous and afraid when she ventures too far from home. Alexia is probably suffering from
agoraphobia
Eddie and Elaine both failed their first psychology quiz. Eddie decided that the questions weren't fair, whereas Elaine responded by working much harder. According to Rotter's expectancy theory, Eddie is probably __________ and Elaine is probably __________.
an external; an internal
Janine is a neat freak. She can't stand it when anything is out of order. She is also reluctant to lend anything to her friends. According to Freud, Janine is suffering from a fixation at the __________ stage of development.
anal
Three types of heuristics
anchoring heuristic representativeness heuristic availability heuristic
Rudy has been a troublemaker from a very young age. At the age of nine, he was arrested for vandalism. At the age of thirteen, he forced the family cat to eat a lit firecracker. Now that Rudy is an adult, he has become a serial killer. Rudy is especially dangerous because people generally like him when they first meet him. Rudy most likely has a(n) __________ personality disorder.
antisocial
Different types of parenting style:
authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved
While at the dentist office, Judith leaves her infant son Patrick for a few minutes with the nurse while she uses the restroom. Upon her return, Patrick does not pay any attention to Judith. Based on this interaction, one could surmise that Patrick has developed a(n) __________ attachment style.
avoidance
13. The three basic processes of memory are
encoding, storage, and retrieval
Stages of language development
babbling, one-word, two-word, three-word...
Postconventional:
based on personal standard or universal principles of justice, equality and respect for human life.
Concrete operational:
can count, measure, add and subtract; can use simple logical operations only for real and concrete objects.
Formal operational:
can engage in hypothetical thinking; can understand abstract ideas.
Preoperational:
can use symbols, can play "pretend"; egocentric, lack of conservation.
2. When Ken kisses Barbie, his heart races. For a month, Barbie snapped her fingers just before she kissed him. She stopped snapping her fingers, but now whenever Ken hears someone snapping their fingers, his heart begins to race. This is an example of __________ conditioning, and finger snapping is the __________.
classical; conditional stimulus
When Ken kisses Barbie, his heart races. For a month, Barbie snapped her fingers just before she kissed him. She stopped snapping her fingers, but now whenever Ken hears someone snapping their fingers, his heart begins to race. This is an example of __________ conditioning, and finger snapping is the __________.
classical; conditioned stimulus
Transduction of auditory information takes place in the
cochlea
three ingredients of thought
concept schema script
23. Elijah takes his friend George to his favorite restaurant that George has never been to. Later that evening, Elijah asks George to recall everything that was in the restaurant. George mistakenly "remembers" seeing things like salt and pepper shakers on the tables and a cash register in the lobby. George's answer can best be explained by
constructive memory
Adam is teaching a new class with a diverse collection of students. To reduce potential prejudice in the classroom, he attempts to get the students working together in groups. If negative attitudes toward different categories of students within the classroom decrease, this approach would be support for the __________ hypothesis.
contact
five functions of thought
describe elaborate decide plan act
Bruce is usually a quiet, well-mannered man. On some occasions, however, Bruce acts like a completely different person; he becomes very angry and violent and responds only to the name Hulk. Bruce has no recollection of these recurrent episodes. Bruce probably suffers from
dissociative identity disorder
Twenty-year-old Elton inherited a predisposition to depression and was brought up by a manic-depressive mother. Until now, Elton has avoided depression, but according to the diathesis-stress model, he may develop depression if he
encounters very stressful events.
Complete the following personal ad: Seeking an outgoing individual who enjoys social activities. Must also be adventurous and willing to try anything. In other words, must be high in __________ and high in __________.
extraversion; openness to experience
Twenty-year-old Elton inherited a predisposition to depression and was brought up by a manic-depressive mother. Until now, Elton has avoided depression, but according to the diathesis-stress model, he may develop depression if he
fails to recognize his genuine feelings about himself
Rolo is dissatisfied with his life because his career is going nowhere and he is struggling to avoid bankruptcy. If Rolo had a growth orientation, he would
focus more on the positive aspects of his life, such as his happy marriage
According to psychodynamic principles, a little boy who continuously and mistakenly calls his teacher "Mom" probably
has some unconscious conflicts concerning his mother
A psychologist who believes in the learned helplessness view of depression wants to create a treatment program for his clients. The major focus of this treatment will probably be on
helping the clients gain control over their lives.
Dr. Bialeschki believes that each person has an innate tendency toward growth and self-fulfillment. He believes that dysfunctions in personality result from dysfunctions in the perception of reality. Dr. Bialeschki takes a __________ approach to personality.
humanistic psychology
Lark has been diagnosed with bipolar II disorder. She experiences times of major depression and periods of regular mood. Other times, Lark has bouts of energetic optimism and elation, known as
hypomania
Various nuclei
in midbrain Relays sensory signals to forebrain; creates automatic responses to certain stimuli ex. A sudden loud noise causes you to turn your head reflexively and look in the direction of the sound.
Dr. Jiminez investigated the influence of snacking on the onset of sleep in preschool children. One group of preschoolers ate a candy bar prior to bedtime, and the other group ate nothing. Time until the onset of sleep was recorded for each child. In this experiment, eating or not eating the snack is the __________ variable, and the time until the onset of sleep is the __________ variable.
independent; dependent
15. As you read this question, your sensory registers are converting light energy into neural activity, your short-term memory is holding the first part of the question, and your long-term memory is helping you recognize and understand the words. This best supports the __________ model of memory.
information-processing
11. Herbert, the rat, is put in a cage that is chilly. He operates in the environment by moving around the cage and bar-pressing. He discovers that moving around and bar-pressing have no impact on the temperature of the cage or anything else. Soon, Herbert stops moving around the cage at all, and when the temperature could be controlled through bar-pressing, he doesn't figure it out. Herbert is experiencing
learned helplessness
A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience is known as
learning
20. Dolly is conducting a study in which she asks basketball players from several colleges to recall their win-loss outcomes of certain games in the past season. She found that some players incorrectly remember game outcomes, even when they were considered important games. This examples highlights that
long-term memories are subject to major errors and distortion.
Preconventional:
mainly concerned with avoiding punishment
Jamie's sleep patterns have been erratic over the course of the past few months, and she lacks the energy to do anything except lay on her couch. Jamie also feels completely hopeless, and she wonders if life is worth living anymore. Jamie is most likely suffering from
major depression
Conventional:
morality consists of following conventions such as duty to the family, marriage vows, and country.
During an episode of the TV show Seinfeld, one of the characters was identified as "The Close Talker," meaning that he stood too close to people when he spoke to them. This person's behavior would most likely be judged abnormal on the basis of the __________ criterion for abnormality.
norm violation
12. When Imelda was young she used to be fascinated by shoe commercials on TV. She was particularly impressed by how happy people seemed to be when buying shoes. As an adult, Imelda goes shopping for shoes every chance she gets. This is an example of
observational learning
Lyndsay finds herself often thinking about the possibility of getting an infection from germs in her dorm room, and so she constantly is washing her hands to the point where her skin is red and sore. Lyndsay may be suffering from __________ disorder, and her persistent thoughts are known as __________.
obsessive-compulsive; obsessions
3. Tadd is trying to impress Tara. He knows that she is a fan of Jane Austen, so Tadd reads Emma, a Jane Austen book, and then talks with Tara about the book, surprising her with his knowledge. As a result of the conversation, Tara agrees to go out with Tadd on a date. Tadd reads other Jane Austen books after this experience. This is an example of __________ conditioning.
operant
Little Rashidat gets out of his bed and tries to get into his parents' bed so he can snuggle with Mommy. Yesterday he threw a tantrum because Mommy would not let him shower with her. He has also been acting fearful toward his father. According to psychodynamic theory, little Rashidat is going through the __________ stage?
phallic
Little Rashidat gets out of his bed and tries to get into his parents' bed so he can snuggle with Mommy. Yesterday he threw a tantrum because Mommy would not let him shower with her. He has also been acting fearful toward his father. According to psychodynamic theory, little Rashidat is going through the __________ stage.
phallic
Oscar likes to run at night. Even though it is dark, Oscar can see because his eyes have specialized cells that convert the low levels of light energy into neural activity. These cells are known as
photoreceptors
Victoria wants to teach her pet zebra, Spot, to bray (a sound similar to that made by a mule) whenever Spot hears the song "Paparazzi." She already knows that Spot will bray when she pulls his tail. She also took introductory psychology, so she knows that the most effective way to condition Spot would be to
play "Paparazzi" first and while it is still playing pull Spot's tail
Nduta is developing a new test to assess individuals' personalities. She asks people to draw a picture of their families, and then she interprets the drawing to reflect aspects of the individual's personality. Nduta's test is a(n) __________ personality measure.
projective
Lois and Peter want to teach Brian, their dog, to fetch the newspaper. Lois wants to encourage Brian's behavior when he brings in the newspaper. Peter wants to discourage Brian's behavior when he brings in a stick instead. Lois will most likely use __________, and Peter will most likely use __________.
reinforcers; punishment
When Bach talks, his words are meaningless. He giggles for no reason and makes ritualistic movements while hallucinating. He is most likely suffering from
schizophrenia
Different types of attachment:
secure vs. insecure (avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized)
Regina believes she did well in her psychology class because she is smart but blames her poor performance in chemistry on her "incompetent instructor." Regina's reasoning demonstrates the
self-serving bias
14. Seven-year-old Ben is riding his bike to the park to meet some friends. He stops at a stop sign and signals his intention to turn left into the park. Ben's memory of the laws of the road is an example of __________ memory, whereas his ability to ride the bike shows __________ memory.
semantic; procedural
Shaina started crying because she thought that her brother disappeared, when in fact he just put on his Halloween mask. Piaget would say that Shaina is in the __________ stage and has not yet achieved __________.
sensorimotor; object permanence
16. Liora opens her textbook and begins to read. As her eyes scan the page, each word remains in her __________ memory for only one second, just long enough for the next phase of memory to take over.
sensory
17. You give your friend instructions about what to buy for a party by quickly rattling off fifteen unrelated grocery store items. Then to check whether your friend got all the information, you ask him to repeat the grocery list back to you. You should expect that your friend will recall about __________ items.
seven
22. Missa, your psychology instructor, places a basketball net upon her head. She says, "See how when I pull this part of the net, all of the links in the net closest to this point are being pulled farther along. And this part of the net isn't even moving." Missa's demonstration highlights how __________ works within a __________.
spreading activation; semantic network
Five-year-old Sandrine jumps and cringes every time she hears thunder. Soon she cringes when she sees lightning because she knows that thunder will follow. One day when she is at her first fireworks show, she cringes when she sees the flash of light from the first fireworks in the sky. Sandrine is displaying
stimulus generalization
In cartoons, when a character faces a moral dilemma, an angel often appears over one shoulder and a devil appears over the other shoulder, with both giving advice. According to Freud, the angel is similar to the __________, whereas the devil is similar to the __________.
superego; id
First impressions of people are difficult to change due to
the anchoring heuristic
Many people believe that there are more deaths in the United States each year due to tornadoes than deaths due to asthma, even though asthma kills more people. This mistaken belief is due in part to the reports of tornadoes being more vivid. This is an example of how our judgments are affected by
the availability heuristic
Demetrius buys his cookies from Cookie Center because for every ten cookies he buys, he gets two free. Demetrius's behavior is an example of
the law of effect
According to Rotter's expectancy theory, a person's decision to engage in a behavior is determined by what the person expects to happen following the behavior and by
the value the person places on the outcome
Cally is taking her psychology final exam. She is concerned that the students sitting around her can cheat by hearing her thoughts. "Everything I think is available for everyone to hear," she explains. Cally is most likely describing __________, which is a symptom of __________.
thought broadcasting; schizophrenia
Jason answered a series of vocabulary and reading comprehension questions on a web site. When he finished, the site gave him a rating of intelligence. "I don't think that test really measured intelligence," thought Jason. Jason is questioning the test's
validity
Sensorimotor:
what is object permanence?
