Psychology 107
In addition to assessing fluid and crystallized intelligence, what does the newest version of the Stanford-Binet test assess? A. Implicit memory B. Abstract reasoning C. Quantitative reasoning D. Long-term memory
C. Quantitative reasoning
In the 17th century, ______________ proposed the view that the mind and body were separate entities. A. John Locke B. Aristotle C. René Descartes D. Max Wertheimer
C. René Descartes
The formation of the brain, spinal cord, heart, ears, eyes, and palate takes place in the ___________ stage of development. A. cephalocaudal B. fetal C. embryonic D. germinal
C. embryonic
Which of the following refers to the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms that is found to trigger fairly stable spiritual insights? A. Ecstasy B. Psilocybin C. Morphine D. LSD
B. Psilocybin
Acetylcholine exerts its effect by A. stimulating the motor neuron's synaptic knob. B. binding to receptors at the motor end plate. C. activating acetylcholinesterase. D. allowing calcium to enter the cell.
B. binding to receptors at the motor end plate.
Growth of the uterus during pregnancy is accomplished by _________ of its smooth muscle. A. neither hypertrophy nor hyperplasia B. both hypertrophy and hyperplasia C. hypertrophy but not hyperplasia D. hyperplasia but not hypertrophy
B. both hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Microbial death occurs when there is A. no movement. B. no reproduction. C. a change in appearance. D. a decrease in size. E. All of these occur.
B. no reproduction.
According to Bem & Horonton (1994) and Rosenthal (1986), there has been some scientifically sound evidence for ______, which is normally regarded as a pseudoscience. A. astrology B. telepathy C. intelligent design D. creation science
B. telepathy
Non Associative Learning
Learning in it's simplest form: Impact of one stimulus
T/F Heavy breathing to compensate for an oxygen debt helps the body convert lactate to glucose.
TRUE
T/F Hydrogen peroxide can be used to sterilize instruments such as endoscopes.
TRUE
T/F In an isotonic contraction, the tension produced exceeds the resistance and muscle fibers will shorten.
TRUE
T/F Negatively charged protein molecules are more prevalent within a neuron's cytosol than in the interstitial fluid.
TRUE
T/F One's genes have a greater impact than exercise habits in determining the proportion of fast-twitch and slow-twitch fibers throughout the body.
TRUE
T/F Substance P is a neuropeptide that functions in the transmission of pain information to the brain.
TRUE
T/F When a control agent targets the metabolic processes of microbial cells, active younger cells typically die more rapidly than older cells.
TRUE
Recall for items at the end of a list is known as the: A. continuity effect. B. intermediate effect. C. recency effect. D. primacy effect.
C. recency effect.
By ____________ months, many babies can sit by themselves, without any help. A. two B. three C. four D. six
D. six
A writer from a popular fashion magazine has penned an article titled "Dating in the 21st Century." She analyzed her own dating experiences and incorporated them into this piece. This type of psychology is known as _____________. A. folk psychology B. health psychology C. consumer psychology D. forensic psychology
A. folk psychology
supraliminal stimulus
above the threshold
deep structure
abstract relationships; why one sentence can have two meanings
Types of Memory Codes:
acoustic/auditory, visual, semantic
Habituation
adapting attention to constant stimulation
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one's past BEFORE an injury, old information cannot be retrieved before injury, may recover some memories over time
positive punishment
consequence given
Learning
enduring changes in behavior or understanding that occur with experience
extinction
gradual disappearance of conditioned response
auditory perception
how the brain processes any type of auditory information
representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
Rational Choice Theory
likelihood x value occurrence
myopia
nearsightedness
closer together
purple wavelength is
Reconditioning
quick disappearance of CR after extinction
Transfer appropriate processing
remember information best in situations similar to when it happened
recall
remembering info without aid of external cues
state dependence memory
remembering things you did while drunk when you're drunk again memory affected by internal state
Edward Tolman
researched rats' use of "cognitive maps"
reliable
results are similar even if not correct
valid
results satisfy objectives but not reliable
confirmation bias
seeking out info that only confirms what you currently think
Pinna
the visible part of the ear
Storage
to maintain in memory
Perception occurs
visual info relayed into PRIM VISUAL CORTEX
surface structure
word strings produced, basic
How long does the night's first episode of REM sleep usually last? A. 8-10 minutes B. 2-3 minutes C. 12-14 minutes D. 10-20 minutes
A. 8-10 minutes
This sarcomere depicts relaxed muscle. What does number 1 refer to? A. A band B. H zone C. Z disc D. M line E. I band
A. A band
70. ______ is a way of coping with stress through writing or talking about the situation. A. Emotional disclosure B. Distancing C. Escape-avoidance D. Reappraisal
A. Emotional disclosure
______________ memories are the ones that require conscious effort for retrieval. A. Explicit B. Procedural C. Working D. Echoic
A. Explicit
81. ______ is related to resilience, but is not identical with it. A. Grit B. Wit C. Appraisal D. Anger
A. Grit
Which structures are reservoirs that store acetylcholine? A. Synaptic vesicles B. Synaptic clefts C. Terminal cisternae D. Lysosomes E. Sarcomeres
A. Synaptic vesicles
A person in a ________ state will show signs of low wakefulness and awareness. A. comatose B. conscious C. sensitive D. hypoactive
A. comatose
Harry Harlow said that _____________ is as essential a function of nursing in humans as is nutrition. A. contact B. protection C. attention D. training
A. contact
91. What happens in the event of a sympathetic arousal in an organism? A. It curbs the organism from acting on instinct. B. It reduces the heart rate and blood pressure of the organism. C. It increases the likelihood of fatty buildup. D. It enables a quick and efficient response.
D. It enables a quick and efficient response.
What happens to the crystallized intelligence as one goes from young adulthood to middle adulthood? A. It starts developing. B. It deteriorates. C. It stops developing. D. It improves.
D. It improves.
Which of the following concepts allows for the idea that a soul survives bodily death? A. Nature versus nurture B. Natural selection C. Evolutionary theory D. Mind-body dualism
D. Mind-body dualism
_____________ is the first step toward the creation of a long-term memory. A. Adaptation B. Transduction C. Perception D. Sensation
D. Sensation
By the 1980s, more and more psychologists had become receptive to the ideas that who we are and what we do and think are very much influenced by genetic factors and brain activity, with a long _______ past. A. Gestalt B. cognitive C. educational D. evolutionary
D. evolutionary
A cleansing method that mechanically removes microbes and other debris to reduce contamination is A. disinfection. B. sterilization. C. antisepsis. D. sanitization. E. degermation.
D. sanitization.
A bipolar neurons has A. two axons extending from the cell body. B. two dendrites extending from the cell body. C. one axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body. D. a single short process that extends from the cell body and then splits into a peripheral and a central branch.
C. one axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body.
The design chosen for a given study depends on the: A. result of the research. B. assumed answer. C. question being asked. D. subject area being studied.
C. question being asked.
Release of crossbridges and a decline in muscle tension characterize the _______ period of a twitch. A. contraction B. latent C. relaxation
C. relaxation
While studying ______________ processing, researchers ask questions such as "Is the word in capital letters?" A. phonemic B. effortful C. structural D. semantic
C. structural
90. The activation of the ___________ nervous system persists and creates sustained physiological arousal in the physiological reactivity model. A. peripheral nervous system B. intrinsic C. sympathetic nervous system D. eneteric nervous system
C. sympathetic nervous system
T/F During REM sleep, muscle tone decreases significantly.
TRUE
T/F During skeletal muscle contraction, more force is created when more motor units are activated.
TRUE
T/F Prions require more extensive methods of sterilization than are needed for bacterial endospores.
TRUE
subliminal stimulus
below the threshold
If Gary is a binge drinker, it means that he can have at least ________ drinks in a row.
five
cornea
light enters the eye via the-
In which year did Wundt set up a psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, now considered the birthplace of experimental psychology? A. 1729 B. 1652 C. 1965 D. 1879
D. 1879
stimulus discrimination
stimuli different enough from conditioned stimulus so that it does not elicit conditioned response
Stimulus Generalization
stimuli similar enough to CS to elicit CR
The lowest temperature needed to kill all microbes in 10 minutes is the A. thermal death point (TDP). B. thermal death time (TDT). C. sporicidal time. D. death phase point. E. None of the choices is correct.
A. thermal death point (TDP).
What does the AIM stand for?
Activation, input, and mode
The most prevalent of skeletal muscle fibers in the body are _____ fibers. A. slow-twitch B. fast-twitch C. intermediate
B. fast-twitch
In a lab, wave summation is demonstrated by increasing the _________ of the stimulus. A. intensity B. frequency C. capacitance D. warm up time
B. frequency
Which of the following statements is true for tests? A. A biased test cannot be used fairly. B. An unfair test result is always culturally biased. C. A biased test may be used fairly. D. A test result used fairly cannot be culturally biased.
C. A biased test may be used fairly.
Which of the following is the last process in Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory? A. Attending to a stimulus B. Retrieving information from memory C. Rehearsing the stored process D. Storing information about a stimulus
C. Rehearsing the stored process
implicit memory
the unintentional recollection and influence of prior experiences
procedural memory
type of long term memory, "I remember how to ride a bike"
pupil
what the light passes through
According to the research conducted by Vandewater, Shim, & Caplovitz in 2004, heavy amounts of video gaming--but not TV viewing--are associated with being ______ in children. A. overweight B. blind C. depressed D. violent
A. overweight
____________ can be defined as the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health. A. Prenatal programming B. Neuron migration C. Pruning D. Generativity
A. Prenatal programming
The key event that distinguishes the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage, is the formation of the ___________. A. bone cells B. zygote C. brain D. blastocyst
A. bone cells
A major drawback of behavioral measures is that they: A. can be time-intensive. B. can confuse the participants. C. are more susceptible to social desirability bias than self-report measures. D. do not allow people to modify their behavior.
A. can be time-intensive.
Filtration sterilization A. can remove viruses. B. relies on gravity. C. removes toxins. D. uses heat and filtration. E. All of the choices are correct.
A. can remove viruses.
In humans, a surge of melatonin release occurs during the: A. evening. B. night. C. afternoon. D. morning.
A. evening.
In Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ assists the central executive by providing extra storage for a limited number of digits or words for up to 30 seconds at a time. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. visuospatial sketch pad D. episodic buffer
A. phonological loop
Under the guidelines of ____________, researchers must design studies in which the participants will share equally the costs and benefits of participating in the study. A. beneficence B. justice C. confidentiality D. respect for persons
B. justice
Which letter is associated with the line that is a thin protein structure that serves as an attachment site for thin filament ends? A. I B. A C. Z D. M E. H
C. Z
According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable. A. difficult B. conventional C. slow-to-warm-up D. easy
D. easy
farther apart
Red wavelength is
ear bones
amplifies the sound
Memory
an active system that receives, encodes, stores and retrieves information from the senses
temporal lobe
associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech
Stanford-Binet IQ test
established national norms added items for adults
Synesthesia example
feel color or sounds, taste shapes, associate colors with numbers
framing effects
gain or loss: frames geared to get a certain response we will take greater risk to avoid a loss
positive reinforcement
give encouraging consequence
Low pitch
has long wave length
sensitive/ critical period
if children are not exposed to any human language before a certain age, language never fully develops Genie
sensitization
increased strength of response due to repeated stimulus
Semantic Memory Code
information as general meaning
neuron cell body
location of the nucleus
Nature vs. Nurture
name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior
Synesthesia
perceptual disorder where one describes one kind of sensation in terms of another
Semantics
rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences
Negative Reinforcement
take away something to encourage
negative punishment
take away to discourage
opponent processing theory
the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green
Which of the following theories conforms to the belief that dreams are nothing but the standard processes that occur during the day?
the cognitive theory
Which sequence correctly lists the changes that allow the thick and thin filaments to slide past one another in skeletal muscle contraction? A. Attach - pivot - detach - return B. Pivot - attach - return - detach C. Attach - detach - pivot - return D. Return - pivot - attach - detach E. Pivot - attach - detach - return
A. Attach - pivot - detach - return
Which of the following is a powerful stimulant that is more difficult to quit and also reduces blood supply to skin tissue? A. Nicotine B. Caffeine C. Endorphin D. Heroin
A. Nicotine
The method of removing vegetative life forms from living surfaces is termed A. antisepsis. B. disinfection. C. sterilization. D. decontamination. E. fegerming.
A. antisepsis.
Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to conduct research on the age at which the usage of Internet social networks peaks? A. Evolutionary psychologist B. Developmental psychologist C. Clinical psychologist D. Educational psychologist
B. Developmental psychologist
The Greek physician ______________ was the first to write about a man suffering from a phobia of heights—what we now call acrophobia. A. Galen B. Hippocrates C. Socrates D. Aristotle
B. Hippocrates
When does abstract intelligence peak? A. In old age B. In early adulthood C. In childhood D. In middle age
B. In early adulthood
The natural painkiller in the human body is: A. melatonin. B. endorphin. C. serotonin. D. epinephrine.
B. endorphin.
Dendrites
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
The most common way to represent variability in data is to calculate the ____________. A. mean B. standard deviation C. median D. mode
B. standard deviation
83. Which of the following phrases best describes grit? A. Having a resilient response to adverse situations B. Having a single rigid response to all adverse situations C. Being angry and getting agitated at the slightest provocation D. Being timid and succumbing to pressure in dire situation
A. Having a resilient response to adverse situations
The dropping of the sensory curtain indicates the beginning of ________ of sleep. A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4
A. Stage 1
A(n) ____________ variable is the condition that the researcher predicts will cause a particular outcome. A. outcome B. quantitative C. independent D. confounding
C. independent
James has received training in medicine and has an MD degree; in addition to offering therapy he can prescribe drugs. Based on this information, it can be concluded that James is a: A. clinical psychologist. B. counseling psychologist. C. psychiatrist. D. psychologist with his own clinic.
C. psychiatrist.
The ______ cortex is located in the parietal lobes. A. visual B. auditory C. somatosensory D. olfactory
C. somatosensory
Broca's area
Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
T/F If someone is engaged in six minutes of vigorous exercise, nearly all of the ATP used is generated by phosphate transfer.
FALSE
Attention
focusing mental resources to enhance perception and performance;
formal reasoning
follow steps to reach valid conclusions
Acoustic/Auditory Memory Code
information as sound
Which of the following views did psychologist Ernest Hilgard subscribe to?
Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input.
Polarization of neuron
Unstimulated neuron is polarized, having more electrical charge outside than inside Established by maintaining excess Na+ ions on the outside and excess K+ ions on the inside
When do people respond easily to hypnosis?
When they are relaxed
ch 6
Which of the following holds true regarding consciousness? A. Much of what we do requires deliberate, conscious thought. B. Consciousness is an easily defined term. C. New information can cause consciousness to change dramatically. D. Consciousness has five aspects to it. C. New information can cause consciousness to change dramatically. Which of the following acts as a stage for the main event of the brain at a given moment in time? A. Memory B. Consciousness C. Perception D. Cognition B. Consciousness Which of the following enables the occurrence of a conscious experience? A. A static connection between the brain's various processing areas B. A weak connection between the brain's various processing areas C. A random connection between the brain's various processing areas D. A strong connection between the brain's various processing areas D. A strong connection between the brain's various processing areas Which of the following best describes the global workspace of consciousness? A. When the various sensory elements get integrated. B. When the mind is awake but not very aware. C. When different sensory elements work one at a time. D. When the mind withholds information needed to do complex tasks such as reasoning, comprehension, and learning. A. When the various sensory elements get integrated. The feeling of being in love is attributed to: A. objective consciousness. B. intelligence. C. psychic consciousness. D. subjective consciousness. D. subjective consciousness. What are the two aspects of consciousness? A. Alertness and wakefulness B. Awareness and control C. Memory and alertness D. Wakefulness and awareness D. Wakefulness and awareness The monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts is termed as: A. intelligence. B. awareness. C. wakefulness. D. memory. B. awareness. Arjun is in a condition wherein he is fully awake, but not aware. This is most likely because he is: A. in a coma. B. driving. C. extremely drunk. D. sedated. C. extremely drunk. Variation in consciousness can be attributed to the difference in degrees of: A. cognition and memory. B. wakefulness and awareness. C. ignorance and wakefulness. D. awareness and cognition. B. wakefulness and awareness. A person in a ________ state will show signs of low wakefulness and awareness. A. comatose B. conscious C. sensitive D. hypoactive A. comatose Leticia suffers an accident which makes it impossible for her to open her eyes. Additionally, she also becomes unresponsive to any stimulus. What is the most likely reason for her enduring loss of consciousness? A. Damage to the corpus callosum of the brain. B. Absence of the corpus callosum of the brain. C. Damage to the reticular formation of the brain. D. An overactive reticular formation of the brain. C. Damage to the reticular formation of the brain. Mehroof, 20 years of age, suffers an accident which causes him to lose consciousness. He is declared to be in a comatose state. Which of the following can be useful in detecting the degree of his coma? A. Stroop test B. Rancho Coma Scale C. MRI test D. Glasgow Coma Scale D. Glasgow Coma Scale Which of the following is NOT a component of the test that reveals the degree of coma? A. Emotional responsiveness B. Verbal responsiveness C. Motor responsiveness D. The degree of eye opening A. Emotional responsiveness If the doctors give Terry a score of 14 on the coma test, what does it imply? A. She cannot recover from her condition. B. She can respond verbally and motorically. C. She can respond only motorically. D. She can respond neither verbally nor motorically. B. She can respond verbally and motorically. In which state will a person be wakeful but not very aware? A. Active B. Daydreaming C. Cogitating D. Vegetative D. Vegetative Tatiana is in an unresponsive condition though she can open her eyes. This suggests that she is in a(n) ________ state. A. comatose B. vegetative C. drowsy D. unconscious B. vegetative What stage does wakefulness without awareness suggest? A. Vegetative B. Drowsiness C. Lucid dreaming D. Comatose A. Vegetative A flawed belief that physicians had about anyone who was vegetative was that the individual: A. does not react to stimuli from the environment. B. shows signs of motoric response. C. reacts to external forces. D. shows signs of awareness without wakefulness. A. does not react to stimuli from the environment. People show signs of intentional behavior when they are: A. in an unconscious state. B. comatose. C. minimally conscious. D. in a subconscious state. C. minimally conscious. When can a person in a vegetative state be said to exhibit intentional thought? A. When the responses are communicative B. When the body only responds to stimuli causing shock c D. When the instructions are merely registered in the brain C. When the brain responds to commands Which of the following holds true for a minimally conscious person? A. Inability to exhibit intentional thought B. Inability to track a person with eyes C. Inability to communicate D. Ability to show voluntary behavior C. Inability to communicate Behavioral responsiveness is not the only determining factor of an individual's capacity to communicate with other people. B. An individual in a vegetative state cannot react to any stimulus from the environment. C. Behavioral non-responsiveness cannot be the sole determinant of one's ability to interact with the world. D. An individual in a vegetative state can show signs of awareness without wakefulness. C. Behavioral non-responsiveness cannot be the sole determinant of one's ability to interact with the world. Which psychologist coined the term preconscious? A. Piaget B. Skinner C. Erikson D. Freud D. Freud What does the term preconscious refer to? A. Intentionally repressed material that takes the form of unconscious B. Potentially accessible material currently unavailable to awareness C. Repressed unconscious material that cannot be consciously recollected D. Preexisting material immediately realizable to awareness B. Potentially accessible material currently unavailable to awareness Jimmy is taking his 7th grade exam in which he is asked to give one word for a set of given explanations. Though he knows the words for the answer and is confident about recollecting them, he is unable to recall them at that particular time. Which of the following terms refer to Jimmy's experience? A. Decay theory B. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon C. Motivated forgetting D. Freudian slip B. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Which of the following best describes moderate consciousness? A. The unconscious experience of knowing something that cannot be brought into awareness B. The conscious experience of knowing something that can be brought into awareness C. The conscious experience of knowing something that cannot be brought into awareness D. The unconscious experience of knowing something that can be brought into awareness C. The conscious experience of knowing something that cannot be brought into awareness When a person is roused by sounds that seem important while filtering out the rest that seem run-of-the-mill, he/she is in a(n) ________ state. A. minimally conscious B. objectively conscious C. subjectively conscious D. moderately conscious D. moderately conscious Which of the following holds true when a person is fully awake? A. The person is in a fully conscious state at all times. B. The person cannot be in a minimally conscious state for prolonged periods of time. C. The person can experience vacillating consciousness. D. The person cannot experience states of moderate consciousnesses. C. The person can experience vacillating consciousness. When does an individual attain a flow state? A. When he/she is barely awake or aware but shows some deliberate movements. B. When he/she thrives in his/her ability to rise to the occasion of challenging tasks. C. When he/she is barely able to maintain focused awareness on a target. D. When he/she recollects material that is potentially accessible but not currently available to awareness. B. When he/she thrives in his/her ability to rise to the occasion of challenging tasks. Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of a flow state? A. The experience of always being depressed regardless of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. B. The sense of losing track of time while being engrossed in an activity. C. The phenomenon of things eventually falling in place after a string of mishaps. D. The state of suspending non-belief in order to make something seem credible. B. The sense of losing track of time while being engrossed in an activity. Graham displays a heightened sense of awareness of events in his environment. For instance, when he picks a book to read, he pores over every bit of information given about the author, edition, preface, and even the colors and images on the cover page. This is indicative of the fact that Graham is a(n) ________ person. A. mindful B. docile C. rational D. versatile A. mindful Which of the following statements about mindfulness is true? A. Mindfulness is a universal and a uniform phenomenon. B. Individuals who are mindful are not aware of their own feelings in response. C. Mindfulness can have various levels of intensity. D. An individual cannot develop his/her mindfulness using mental training techniques. C. Mindfulness can have various levels of intensity. Which of the following can be considered a key element of consciousness? A. Intuition B. Knowledge C. Optimism D. Attention D. Attention The limited capacity to process information that is under conscious control best defines the term: A. attention. B. chunking. C. intuition. D. encoding. A. attention. Which of the following is an attentional process that helps determine the contents of consciousness at any given moment in time? A. Sustained attention B. Flashing attention C. Alternating attention D. Divided attention A. Sustained attention The ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others is termed as: A. sustained attention. B. focused attention. C. selective attention. D. Stroop effect. C. selective attention. Carlos is oblivious of what his classmates are doing while taking a test at school. However, when his friend sneezes loudly, he immediately notices. What does this illustrate? A. Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation. B. It is possible for us to be aware of all material at all times. C. All of us can do more than one thing at a time without compromising our performance on either task. D. Consciousness causes us to react to all stimuli. A. Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation. Chen is attending a lecture where his professor requests all students to give their undivided attention to an important concept he intends to explain. The professor is actually interested in the students'________ attention. A. focused B. sustained C. alternating D. selective D. selective Which of the following tests, upon research, yielded classic scientific evidence for selective attention? A. The Stroop test B. The right-left orientation test C. The dichotic listening test D. The trail marking test C. The dichotic listening test What was the findings of the experiment that yielded scientific evidence for selective attention? A. Recall was equally bad for both ears. B. Recall was worse for the attended ear. C. Recall was equally good for both ears. D. Recall was better for the attended ear. D. Recall was better for the attended ear. Information can make its way into consciousness through the unattended ear if it is: A. monotonous. B. meaningful. C. random. D. trivial. B. meaningful. Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has? A. The serial-position effect B. The Stroop effect C. The cocktail party effect D. Perceptual constancy C. The cocktail party effect Which of the following best describes the cocktail party effect? A. A strong urge to nap at inappropriate times, such as during meals or in the middle of conversations. B. The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful. C. A mental state that occurs in compliance with instructions and is characterized by lack of voluntary control over behavior. D. The ability to create a false sensory perception not related to real external stimuli. B. The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful. Which of the following creates gaps in attention and perception? A. Selective attention B. Sustained attention C. Continuous attention D. Persistent attention A. Selective attention Which of the following do magic tricks take advantage of? A. Audience's sustained attention B. Audience's divided attention C. Audience's short attention span D. Audience's focused attention D. Audience's focused attention Which of the following refers to a phenomenon by which one fails to notice unexpected objects in her or his surroundings? A. Inattentional blindness B. Subliminal perception C. Change phenomenon D. Visual masking A. Inattentional blindness Which of the following describes the interrelation of concentration and attention? A. The perceptual load model B. The cognitive load theory C. The global workspace model D. Baddeley's model A. The perceptual load model Bob finds it easier to concentrate on his studies when he finds the topic interesting. He is engrossed to such an extent that he does not even realize that the television has been turned to the maximum volume. However, if the topic does not interest him, he tends to get distracted at the drop of a hat. Which of the following theories explains Bob's behavior? A. The psychoanalytic theory B. Baddeley's theory C. The cognitive load theory D. The perceptual load theory D. The perceptual load theory Which of the following can lead one to consciously attend to something? A. When neurons from one region of the brain work together B. When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together C. When neurons from many distinct brain regions work independently D. When neurons from one region of the brain work independently B. When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together When an individual engages in synchronization, she or he: A. hallucinates. B. has a subconscious experience. C. becomes unconscious. D. has a conscious experience. D. has a conscious experience. Which of the following, in all probability, creates a consolidation of discrete experiences that evokes a holistic experience of something? A. The synchrony of cell assemblies B. Metaplasticity C. Tetanic stimulation D. Long-term potentiation A. The synchrony of cell assemblies Which of the following best describes sustained attention? A. The ability to maintain focused awareness on a target or an idea B. The ability to direct one's sense organs to form a complete perspective C. The ability to respond simultaneously to multiple task demands D. The neural process that enhances one's involuntary reflexes A. The ability to maintain focused awareness on a target or an idea Alisha is employed as an air traffic controller. Which of the following abilities would be vital for Alisha? A. The ability to individually respond to specific auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli B. The ability to consistently maintain a behavioral response for continuous and repetitive activity C. The capacity to maintain quick and enhanced behavioral responses to involuntary stimuli D. The capacity for mental flexibility that allows her to shift the focus of attention and move between tasks which have different cognitive requirements B. The ability to consistently maintain a behavioral response for continuous and repetitive activity Which of the following tests is used to study sustained attention? A. Continuous Performance Test (CPT) B. Raven's Progressive Matrices Test C. Stroop Test D. Stanford-Binet Test A. Continuous Performance Test (CPT) What does the test to study sustained attention of people require them to do? A. Shift their focus of attention and move between tasks that have different cognitive requirements B. Respond discretely to specific visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli C. Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time D. Respond to multiple task demands simultaneously C. Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time What did researchers' study of sustained attention using the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) reveal? A. Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 5 minutes. B. Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 15 minutes. C. The accuracy in detecting targets declines considerably after 15 minutes. D. The accuracy in detecting targets increases considerably after 15 minutes. B. Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 15 minutes. When one multi-tasks, there is: A. less sustained attention. B. more sustained attention. C. less selective attention. D. less inattentional blindness. A. less sustained attention. What happens when one switches from one simple task to another? A. There is absolutely no lost time, unlike while switching between complex tasks. B. The amount of lost time is high. C. There is an equal amount of lost time just as in switching between complex tasks. D. The amount of lost time is low. D. The amount of lost time is low. Multitasking _____ learning. A. compromises B. bolsters C. makes no difference to D. facilitates A. compromises What were the findings of the fMRI study of people driving in a simulator while using a hands-free device? A. Decrease in frontal lobe activity B. Increase in parietal lobe activity C. Decrease in the parietal lobe activity D. Increase in frontal lobe activity C. Decrease in the parietal lobe activity Talking while driving: A. increases activity in regions of the brain associated with spatial processing. B. has no impact on the activity in areas of the brain associated with language processing. C. has no impact on the activity in regions of the brain associated with spatial processing. D. increases activity in areas associated with language processing. D. increases activity in areas associated with language processing. According to Cobb et al., 2010, which of the following is found to be the most distracting while driving causing significantly slower reaction times? A. Chatting with someone in the vehicle B. Using the phone with a hands-free device C. Eating D. Texting D. Texting What is the outcome of the study conducted by Watson and Stayer? A. 52% of the population can switch from tasks without any performance decrements. B. 67% of the cell phone users keep their cell phones next to their beds. C. 4.4% of the population checks their phones even when they are not ringing. D. 2.5% of the population can multi-task without any performance decrements. D. 2.5% of the population can multi-task without any performance decrements. Which of the following is a form of mental training that can be used to calm the mind, stabilize concentration, or enhance awareness of the present moment? A. Meditation B. Sleep C. The administration of a psychoactive drug D. Sensory deprivation A. Meditation Meditation: A. can disrupt concentration. B. stabilizes attention. C. makes the mind hyper. D. cannot bring one's attention back to something. B. stabilizes attention. Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new words and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language? A. Growth of new neurons B. Elimination of obsolete neurons C. Increase in the activity of the parietal lobe D. Weakening synaptic connections A. Growth of new neurons What happens when one learns something new and stores it as short-term or long-term memory? A. It has no bearing on synaptic connections. B. Synaptic connections get weakened. C. Synaptic connections get strengthened. D. Increase in the release of Schwann cells. C. Synaptic connections get strengthened. What did studies on the effects of ancient calming techniques by psychologists and neuroscientists indicate? A. Mental life and neural structure share an interdependent but not a dynamic relationship. B. Mental life and neural structure do not function interdependently. C. Mental life and neural structure share a dynamic interdependence. D. Mental life and neural structure, though interrelated, do not witness any changes throughout life. C. Mental life and neural structure share a dynamic interdependence. What does mindfulness meditation encourage? A. Attention to the details of past experience B. Attention to the details of momentary experience C. Diverting selective attention toward thoughts D. Maintaining a consistent behavioral response during multi-tasking B. Attention to the details of momentary experience Anita has trained herself well to be less self-conscious and less anxious than what she previously was. This is due to the fact that she is: A. very attentive. B. minimally conscious. C. low on self-consciousness. D. highly mindful. D. highly mindful. How can concentration meditation help an individual? A. It can lead to an increase in impulsive responding. B. It can lead to an increase in constant attention shifts. C. It can lead to an increase in divided attention. D. It can lead to an increase in sustained attention. D. It can lead to an increase in sustained attention. Individuals with no previous meditation experience who underwent eight weeks of mindfulness meditation training showed: A. an increased EEG activity in the left frontal cortex. B. an increased EEG activity in the right frontal cortex. C. an increased EEG activity in the occipital lobe. D. a decreased EEG activity in the occipital lobe. A. an increased EEG activity in the left frontal cortex. In a study by researchers, what did MRI scans of meditators and non-meditators reveal? A. Those who had meditated the shortest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas. B. Those who had meditated the longest showed the least cortical thickness in certain areas. C. Those who had meditated the longest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas. D. Those who had meditated the longest showed decreased brain tissue in areas relevant to attention and emotion processing. C. Those who had meditated the longest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas. According to the research that studied people new to meditation, compared to a control group, novices who underwent an 8-week meditation training program showed a(n): A. decrease in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing. B. increase in growth of brain tissues associated with spatial visualization. C. decrease in growth of brain tissues associated with spatial visualization. D. increase in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing. D. increase in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing. Which of the following offers specific practices for working with consciousness? A. Awareness B. Wakefulness C. Meditation D. Hypnosis C. Meditation Which of the following holds true regarding sleep? A. The conscious mind and the outside world completely draw a blank. B. The sleeping state is irreversible. C. The sleeping state has the conscious mind perceiving all the sensations of the outer world. D. The sleeping state can be immediately reversed. D. The sleeping state can be immediately reversed. While sleeping, a person's awareness: A. is consistent. B. is heightened. C. is greatly diminished. D. disappears. C. is greatly diminished. Which of the following statements would be true about a sleeping person? A. The mind cannot distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli. B. The mind can distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli. C. The mind does not respond to any kind of stimuli. D. The sleeping state is akin to being in a preconscious state. B. The mind can distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli. Which of the following refers to the pattern followed by sleep? A. Ultradian rhythm B. Nocturnal rhythm C. Infradian rhythm D. Circadian rhythm C. Infradian rhythm Which of the following best describes the circadian rhythm? A. Variations in physiological processes that exclude the sleep-wake cycle B. Variations in physiological processes that cycle longer than 48 hours C. Variations in physiological processes that cycle within approximately a 24-hour period D. Variations in physiological processes that take more than once a year to complete one cycle C. Variations in physiological processes that cycle within approximately a 24-hour period Raj is an employed youth who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complaining of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in _____ is most likely to have caused Raj's problems. A. circadian rhythm B. ultradian rhythm C. nocturnal rhythm D. infradian rhythm A. circadian rhythm Which of the following is NOT an example of Circadian rhythms? A. Body temperature B. Sleep-wake cycle C. Menstrual cycle D. Hormone production C. Menstrual cycle The body has an internal timekeeper located in the hypothalamus, called the _____, which regulates physiological activity on daily cycles. A. Suprachiasmatic nucleus B. Supraoptic nucleus C. Ventromedial nucleus D. Amygdaloidal nucleus A. Suprachiasmatic nucleus The body's biological clock is located in the: A. pituitary gland. B. pineal gland. C. thalamus. D. hypothalamus. D. hypothalamus. Which of the following holds true when the retina of the eyes detect light in the morning? A. It stimulates the supraoptic nucleus. B. It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus. C. It stimulates the nucleus accumbens. D. It stimulates the dorsomedial nucleus. B. It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus influences the release of melatonin by its effect on the: A. hypothalamus. B. pineal gland. C. pituitary gland. D. thyroid gland. B. pineal gland. Which hormone plays a role in relaxation and drowsiness in human beings? A. Melatonin B. Serotonin C. Dopamine D. Cortisol A. Melatonin In humans, a surge of melatonin release occurs during the: A. evening. B. night. C. afternoon. D. morning. A. evening. Fatema is a marketing head based in New York who is required to travel a lot. She is even required to travel frequently across Asian and African countries for short periods of time. The disruptive effects of jet travel make her disoriented, groggy, irritable, and fatigued. If she visits her doctor, which of the following will most likely be prescribed for her? A. Testosterone B. Serotonin C. Progesterone D. Melatonin D. Melatonin What does REM stand for? A. Repetitive eye movement B. Random eye movement C. Rapid eye movement D. Reflexive eye movement C. Rapid eye movement Which of the following refers to a widely-held scientific belief in the 1950s? A. Dreams occurred in the passive state of sleep. B. The brain was active throughout sleep. C. Dreaming happened in the inactive stage of sleep. D. The brain was relatively inactive during sleep. D. The brain was relatively inactive during sleep. With EEG technology, scientists were able to learn that: A. the brain can slip into states of minimal consciousness. B. the brain was relatively inactive during sleep. C. there is no distinct pattern of brain activity during sleep. D. sleep changes throughout the night. D. sleep changes throughout the night. If an awake and alert person undergoes a brain wave test, what will it reveal? A. Beta waves B. Alpha waves C. Theta waves D. Delta waves A. Beta waves What do alpha brain waves indicate? A. A state of drowsiness and relaxation B. Dreaming C. Very deep sleep D. A state of active wakefulness A. A state of drowsiness and relaxation How many stages are there to non-REM sleep? A. Three B. Four C. Five D. Six B. Four An EEG test taken during Stage 1 of sleep that one enters after feeling relaxed will reveal the brain waves change from ________ to ________ waves. A. alpha; theta B. theta; alpha C. beta; theta D. theta; beta A. alpha; theta Which of the following is true about brain waves? A. Beta waves are higher in energy than alpha waves. B. Alpha waves are slower and lower in energy than theta waves. C. Theta waves are slower and lower in energy than alpha waves. D. Alpha waves are more rapid than beta waves. C. Theta waves are slower and lower in energy than alpha waves. The dropping of the sensory curtain indicates the beginning of ________ of sleep. A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4 A. Stage 1 How long does it usually take for one to make the transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of sleep? A. 15-17 minutes B. 10-12 minutes C. 1-2 minutes D. 5-7 minutes D. 5-7 minutes In which stage of sleep do short periods of extremely fast and somewhat higher energy sleep spindles occur in which stage of sleep? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4 B. Stage 2 Which of the following is a marker of Stage 2 sleep? A. K-complexes B. Transient activations C. Vertex waves D. Small amplitude delta frequency waves A. K-complexes As one moves from Stage 2 to Stage 3 sleep, an EEG will show the waves change from ________ to ________ waves. A. theta; delta B. beta; theta C. alpha; theta D. delta; theta A. theta; delta Which of the following holds true of an individual during the different stages of sleep? A. An individual in Stage 2 experiences no K-complexes. B. An individual in Stage 4 sleep experiences more sleep spindles than Stage 3. C. An individual in Stage 3 experiences more K-complexes than Stage 2. D. An individual in Stage 3 sleep experiences fewer sleep spindles than Stage 2. D. An individual in Stage 3 sleep experiences fewer sleep spindles than Stage 2. Which of the following is true of REM? A. It is characterized by delta waves on ECG. B. It is a sound and dreamless sleep. C. It is characterized by total lack of muscular activity. D. It is characterized by active dreaming. D. It is characterized by active dreaming. Mia, a five-year-old, vividly dreams about visiting a fairyland and meeting a fairy godmother who gives her a rare protective amulet. What does this imply? A. Mia is in Stage 4 sleep. B. Mia is in REM sleep. C. Mia is in Stage 3 sleep. D. Mia is in non-REM sleep. B. Mia is in REM sleep. How long does the night's first episode of REM sleep usually last? A. 8-10 minutes B. 2-3 minutes C. 12-14 minutes D. 10-20 minutes A. 8-10 minutes With each progressive cycle, the REM periods A. show negligible fluctuations. B. are shorter. C. become nil. D. are longer. D. are longer. Adults move through about ________ different cycles of non-REM and REM sleep every night, with each cycle lasting roughly ________ minutes. A. 4-6; 90 B. 2-3; 40 C. 8-10; 10 D. 12-14; 2-3 A. 4-6; 90 Which of the following statements is true of dreams? A. Dreams can occur in non-REM stage. B. Full-blown dreams are more common during non-REM than REM sleep. C. Dreams occur only in REM stage. D. Dreams coincide with the occurrence of sleep spindles. A. Dreams can occur in non-REM stage. Newborns of many species, especially humans, spend more time in ________ sleep. A. non-REM B. REM C. slow-wave D. deep B. REM The average of non-REM sleep per day that newborns spend is: A. 8 hours. B. 4 hours. C. 12 hours. D. 14 hours. A. 8 hours. By age 1, the REM sleep drops to about: A. 28 percent. B. 50 percent. C. 33 percent. D. 40 percent. A. 28 percent. The greatest amount of REM sleep over the life span occurs: A. in old age. B. in the first months of life. C. in the later part of gestation. D. at the onset of adolescence. B. in the first months of life. The fact that newborns and infants spend so much more time in REM sleep than adults has led some researchers to hypothesize that: A. our brains are most plastic in adulthood. B. the amount of REM sleep increases over a period of time. C. the amount of REM sleep does not affect brain plasticity or neural growth. D. the main function of REM sleep is to assist with brain growth and development. D. the main function of REM sleep is to assist with brain growth and development. Which of the following is true of the functions of sleep? A. It inhibits neural growth. B. It consolidates memory. C. It enhances cellular damage. D. It resists metabolic cleanup. B. It consolidates memory. Studies in mice show that there is substantial increase in the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid with intracellular fluid during sleep that may reflect how sleep allows for the cleansing of _____. A. cellular proteins B. neural anti-bodies C. digestive enzymes D. cerebral toxins D. cerebral toxins According to the studies in mice, what effect did sleep deprivation have on them? A. There was no effect on the neurons. B. The growth of neurons increased. C. The growth of new neurons was inhibited. D. The neurons started behaving erratically. C. The growth of new neurons was inhibited. Which of the following is a characteristic of children with chronic sleep disturbances? A. Improved cognitive development B. Increased neural connectivity in the brain C. Growth of neurons in key memory areas of the brain D. Decreased neural connectivity in the brain D. Decreased neural connectivity in the brain What were the findings of the study of the effects of sleep deprivation on performance? A. Participants who had more than the normal REM cycles performed better. B. Participants who had less than normal amounts of non-REM sleep performed better. C. Participants who had normal amounts of REM sleep performed better. D. The presence or absence of REM or Non-REM sleep was immaterial as long as participants could relax for some time. C. Participants who had normal amounts of REM sleep performed better. Neuroimaging studies of people learning to navigate a virtual maze show: A. an increased activation in the hippocampus. B. a decreased activation in the hippocampus. C. an increased activation in the hypothalamus. D. a decreased activation in the hypothalamus. A. an increased activation in the hippocampus. Which of the following is true about a person's performance and hippocampal activation? A. The more hippocampal activation shown during high-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day. B. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day. C. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the worse the person performs on the task the next day. D. The less hippocampal activation shown during high-wave sleep, the worse the person performs on the task the next day. B. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day. Which of the following holds true of the brain? A. The brain cannot consolidate learning in sleep. B. The brain cannot consolidate memories in sleep. C. Napping after learning typically reduces performance. D. Task learning is replayed in the brain during sleep. D. Task learning is replayed in the brain during sleep. Which of the following best describes free radicals? A. The tiny gap between nerve cells across which neurotransmitters pass. B. Specialized cell that supports, protects, or nourishes nerve cells. C. By-products of oxygen metabolism. D. Thick bundles of nerve cell fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres. C. By-products of oxygen metabolism. According to Buxton, it is okay to sleep less than the optimum duration as long as: A. it falls in the appropriate circadian circle. B. it is at a place with appropriate lighting. C. it encourages appropriate metabolic cleansing. D. it is done right after learning a task. A. it falls in the appropriate circadian circle. Sleep A. slows metabolism. B. increases metabolism. C. increases cellular damage. D. does not affect the release of free radicals. A. slows metabolism. A recent meta-analysis of 16 prospective studies on sleep and mortality revealed that: A. people who slept less than six to eight hours showed greater longevity. B. people who slept more than six to eight hours showed greater longevity. C. people who slept between six to eight hours a day lived longer. D. sleep is unrelated to an individual's mortality. C. people who slept between six to eight hours a day lived longer. Who is credited with developing the concept of sleep debt? A. William Dement B. Nathan Kleitman C. Eugene Aserinsky D. Sigmund Freud A. William Dement Which of the following is an alternate way to pay back sleep debt used by many people? A. Increased alertness during the following day B. Enhanced memory C. Use of nicotine D. Careful and vigilant driving habits C. Use of nicotine What did Barber and colleagues find when they asked students to complete a daily sleep log and online diaries of perceived stress in life over a five-day period? A. A few days of sleep deficiency early on in the week can add to psychological strain but can be offset with sleep later in the week. B. A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week does not contribute to psychological strain. C. A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week can contribute to psychological strain later in the week despite attempts to offset with subsequent sleep. D. Consistent sleep patterns can wear us down as the body then cannot adjust suitably to any inconsistency in sleep that may arise. C. A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week can contribute to psychological strain later in the week despite attempts to offset with subsequent sleep. Nathan is a budding lawyer experiencing troubled sleep. Let alone the occasional disturbed sleep, he takes not less than two hours to fall asleep. Even though he has been getting sleep at times since the last three weeks, he complains of not feeling rested after a night's sleep. Nathan's symptoms suggest that he suffers from: A. Kleine-Levin Syndrome. B. hypersomnia. C. insomnia. D. somniphobia. C. insomnia. Why are women more likely to be affected by insomnia? A. They are less likely to cope with medical conditions. B. They are more likely to be iron deficient. C. They are more likely to consume alcohol. D. They are more prone to sleep less than two to four hours a day for two weeks or more. B. They are more likely to be iron deficient. GABA is: A. a neurotransmitter that decreases central nervous system activity. B. unrelated to the central nervous system activity. C. a neurotransmitter that increases central nervous system activity. D. a neuropeptide that functions inversely with the central nervous system. A. a neurotransmitter that decreases central nervous system activity. When does sleepwalking usually occur? A. During non-REM sleep B. During REM sleep C. While hallucinating D. During increased activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus A. During non-REM sleep Which of the following is true about people who sleepwalk? A. People who sleepwalk do not engage in activities that normally occur during wakefulness. B. People who sleepwalk are easy to rouse. C. People who sleepwalk are likely to be acting out a dream. D. People who sleepwalk do not remember having been up. D. People who sleepwalk do not remember having been up. Which of the following best describes narcolepsy? A. A sleep disorder that causes an almost irresistible urge to move one's legs or arms B. A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and weakness in facial and limb muscles C. A sleep disorder where the facial muscles are hyperactive D. A sleep disorder in which breathing temporarily stops during sleep due to blockage of the upper airways B. A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and weakness in facial and limb muscles A weakness of facial muscles and muscles in limbs that people experience with narcolepsy is: A. apnea. B. cataplexy. C. synaptic malfunction. D. catalepsy. B. cataplexy. EEG studies of people suffering from narcolepsy reveal: A. protracted REM sleeping patterns. B. absence of sleep spindles. C. abnormality in sleep spindles. D. normal REM sleeping patterns. C. abnormality in sleep spindles. Which of the following is most often used to treat narcolepsy? A. Benzodiazepines B. Opioids C. Amphetamines D. Heroin C. Amphetamines Tamara complains that her husband can actually sleep anywhere and anytime. He can sleep for more than 10 hours a day, notwithstanding the fact that he even dozes off during meals and in the middle of conversations. If Tamara's husband visits the doctor, the doctor is most likely to diagnose his problem as ______. A. hypersomnia B. insomnia C. cataplexy D. somnambulism A. hypersomnia Which of the following is true of nightmares? A. It is also known as night terrors. B. It is rarely experienced by adults. C. It is a result of post-traumatic stress disorder. D. It never occurs with cancer patients. C. It is a result of post-traumatic stress disorder. According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following refers to two distinct levels of consciousness in the context of dreams? A. Implicit and explicit levels B. Internal and external levels C. Latent and manifest levels D. Superficial and subliminal levels C. Latent and manifest levels Which of the following refers to the manifest content of a dream? A. The unconscious part B. The hidden part C. The subliminal part D. The superficial part D. The superficial part According to Sigmund Freud, the level at which the important underlying meaning of our dreams is termed as the: A. latent level. B. subliminal level. C. deep level. D. manifest level. A. latent level. What does the AIM theory argue? A. Conflicting impulses, thoughts, feelings, and drives that threaten the waking mind are released as a visual compromise. B. Dreams are devoid of meaning and a result of random brain activity. C. Dreams are not very different from everyday thinking. D. All dreams operate at a single level, and not multiple levels. B. Dreams are devoid of meaning and a result of random brain activity. What does the AIM stand for? A. Activation, intensity, and mechanism B. Ambiguity, intensity, and movement C. Alertness, integration, and mechanism D. Activation, input, and mode D. Activation, input, and mode In the biological theory of dreams, the three-dimensional AIM cube depicts all states of consciousness occupying a different space. Why does REM sleep occupy the lower front right portion of the cube? A. Because it is active, external, and logical B. Because it is non-active, external, and logical C. Because it is highly active, internal, and loose D. Because it is non-active, internal, and loose C. Because it is highly active, internal, and loose Which of the following theories conforms to the belief that dreams are nothing but the standard processes that occur during the day? A. The biological theory B. The AIM theory C. The cognitive theory D. The psychoanalytic theory C. The cognitive theory Which of the following holds true regarding hypnosis? A. Hypnotized people are in reality awake. B. Hypnotized people are in reality asleep. C. Hypnotized people have voluntary control over their own behavior. D. Hypnotized people retain critical faculties of mind. A. Hypnotized people are in reality awake. When do people respond easily to hypnosis? A. When they are fully conscious. B. When their critical faculties of mind are in control. C. When they are relaxed. D. When they have voluntary control over their own behavior. C. When they are relaxed. Which area in the brain gets subdued as a result of hypnosis that does not let a person experience pain? A. The cortical area B. The autonomous nervous system C. The axons D. The hypothalamus A. The cortical area
Insight learning
a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution "Eureka"
conditional taste aversion
a learned aversion to a relatively novel taste or smell that occurs followed by illness or nausea
Opponent Process
cones grouped in 3 opposing color pairs so activation of one pair inhibits other explains after images
lesion studies
A surgical method in which a part of the animal brain is removed to study its effects on behavior or function.
fMRI (functional MRI)
A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.
Which of the following is an example of animistic thinking? A. A child believes that a tree is smiling and waving its limbs. B. A child is unable to distinguish between the names of two animals. C. A child cannot recognize that quantities remain the same even when shapes change. D. A child realizes that objects still exist even when they are not being sensed.
A. A child believes that a tree is smiling and waving its limbs.
What do alpha brain waves indicate? A. A state of drowsiness and relaxation B. Dreaming C. Very deep sleep D. A state of active wakefulness
A. A state of drowsiness and relaxation
If an awake and alert person undergoes a brain wave test, what will it reveal? A. Beta waves B. Alpha waves C. Theta waves D. Delta waves
A. Beta waves
Which of the following can occur as a consequence of mild-to-moderate intake of tea and energy drinks? A. Increased heart rate B. Better motor coordination C. Decreased alertness D. Nausea
A. Increased heart rate
Which of the following, in all probability, creates a consolidation of discrete experiences that evokes a holistic experience of something? A. The synchrony of cell assemblies B. Metaplasticity C. Tetanic stimulation D. Long-term potentiation
A. The synchrony of cell assemblies
Multitasking _____ learning. A. compromises B. bolsters C. makes no difference to D. facilitates
A. compromises
According to Sigmund Freud, the level at which the important underlying meaning of our dreams is termed as the: A. latent level. B. subliminal level. C. deep level. D. manifest level.
A. latent level.
antereograde amnesia
loss of ability to form new memories AFTER an injury, can learn new motor skills, unable to encode new long term memories
Anterograde Amnesia
loss of events after an injury; unable to encode new long term memories; can learn new motor skills;
Altered visual perceptions such as seeing the tracks that your hand makes when you move it through the air usually happens when one ingests:
lysergic acid diethylamide-25
Perception
making sensations into meaningful experiences
Context Dependence
memory can be affected by similarities or differences between learning and recall environments
Memory Codes
mental representation of physical stimuli
cognitive map
mental representation of your environment
cognitive map
mental representations of the environment
Cognition
mentality activity that goes on in the brain when a person is processing information
Sensation
messages from the senses that provide a link to the environment
Accessory structure
modifies energy
Webers law
more intense stimulus; more intense the change has to be
Primacy Effect
more likely to remember the first stimulus
Recency Effect
more likely to remember the last stimulus
Outlier Effect
more likely to remember the one that "stands out"; semantic coding is dominant
Medulla
the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
somatosensory cortex
produces the sensation and perception
intermittent reinforcement
reinforcement delivered some of the time a response occurs;
negative reinforcement
reinforcement of a response by subtraction or loss of an unpleasant event
shaping
reinforcing responses that are closer to desired response
wave amplitude
related to loudness, decibles
Long Term Memory
some information is retained indefinitely; some is lost with the passage of time; very large storage capacity; uses more elaborate processing;
example of transduction
sound waves being converted into neural messages
Stimulus Discrimination
stimuli diff enough from CS so it does not elicit CR
primary reinforcer
stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water
Interference (forgetting)
storage/ retrevial is impaired and forgetting occurs
Interference
storage/retrieval is impaired
Adults move through about ________ different cycles of non-REM and REM sleep every night, with each cycle lasting roughly ________ minutes. A. 4-6; 90 B. 2-3; 40 C. 8-10; 10 D. 12-14; 2-3
A. 4-6; 90
What is the most abundant glial cell in the CNS? A. Astrocyte B. Ependymal cell C. Neurolemmocyte D. Microglial cell E. Oligodendrocyte
A. Astrocyte
Where are synaptic knobs located? A. At the tips of telodendria B. At the ends of dendrites C. Within the cell body D. Along axon collaterals E. At the axon hillock
A. At the tips of telodendria
Irene Bialik, a psychologist, wants to study how the habit of telling lies affects marital relationships. She contacts married couples from across the country to participate in her study. She lets them know that the only cost of participation would be that they would need to reveal if they have ever lied to their parents. Irene also informs them that they will be paid an amount of $1,000 each for participating in the study. In this scenario, which guideline of psychological research best describes the one followed by Irene? A. Beneficence B. Justice C. Confidentiality D. Privacy
A. Beneficence
_____________ is the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and not see things from another person's perspective. A. Egocentrism B. Object permanence C. Animistic thinking D. Pruning
A. Egocentrism
Which of the following is true about explicit memory? A. Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts and events. B. Priming is a kind of explicit memory that occurs when recall is improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli. C. Explicit memory refers to knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill one learns. D. When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously remember it, one is tapping into explicit memory.
A. Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts and events.
___________ are useful when the variables cannot be manipulated or controlled by the experimenter. A. Correlational studies B. Experimental studies C. Naturalistic observations D. Case-control studies
A. Correlational studies
Which of the following statements is true of dreams? A. Dreams can occur in non-REM stage. B. Full-blown dreams are more common during non-REM than REM sleep. C. Dreams occur only in REM stage. D. Dreams coincide with the occurrence of sleep spindles.
A. Dreams can occur in non-REM stage.
HEPA filters are used to remove microbes from A. air. B. liquids. C. human tissues. D. medical instruments. E. All of the choices are correct.
A. air.
The glial cell with perivascular feet that wrap around capillaries in the CNS is the A. astrocyte. B. ependymal cell. C. neurolemmocyte. D. microglial cell. E. oligodendrocyte.
A. astrocyte.
The independent variable is the __________, and the dependent variable is the _________. A. cause; effect B. experiment; correlation C. effect; correlation D. experiment; cause
A. cause; effect
The type of transport protein that moves a substance down its concentration gradient is a A. channel. B. pump.
A. channel.
Raj is an employed youth who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complaining of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in _____ is most likely to have caused Raj's problems. A. circadian rhythm B. ultradian rhythm C. nocturnal rhythm D. infradian rhythm
A. circadian rhythm
The participants in a(n) _____________ do not receive the independent variable or treatment. A. control group B. experimental group C. core group D. social group
A. control group
This is the basic question in a(n) _________ is, "What is variable X?" A. descriptive design B. random sampling C. experimental study D. correlational design
A. descriptive design
42. The ______ stage is the phase of the general adaptation syndrome in which all the body's resources for fighting a threat have been depleted and illness is more likely. A. exhaustion B. resistance C. tranquility D. alarm
A. exhaustion
Vesicles and glycoproteins required at the synapse are moved down a nerve fiber by _______ axonal transport. A. fast B. slow
A. fast
When the central tenet of knowing is not what people think and believe, but rather how nature behaves, then we must accept the data and follow them wherever they take us. This attitude is known as __________. A. intellectual honesty B. scientific thinking C. open skepticism D. cultural understanding
A. intellectual honesty
When a child recognizes that objects continue to exist, even when they are no longer in sight, they have mastered the concept that Piaget referred to as: A. object permanence. B. object conservation. C. pruning. D. reversibility.
A. object permanence.
Disinfection of beverages such as apple juice, milk and wine is optimally achieved by A. pasteurization. B. chlorination. C. moist heat autoclave. D. filtration. E. boiling water.
A. pasteurization.
The glossy-white appearance of most axons is due to A. the high lipid content of the myelin sheath. B. their proximity to light-reflecting cartilage. C. their proximity to white bone. D. the white color of the perivascular feet. E. the covering of ependymal cells.
A. the high lipid content of the myelin sheath.
As one moves from Stage 2 to Stage 3 sleep, an EEG will show the waves change from ________ to ________ waves. A. theta; delta B. beta; theta C. alpha; theta D. delta; theta
A. theta; delta
Cognitive science focuses on the scientific study of _____________. A. thought B. asylums C. computers D. school psychology
A. thought
Action potentials are generated by the opening of ________ gated channels and they occur on the ________. A. voltage-, axon B. voltage-, dendrite C. chemically, axon D. chemically, dendrite
A. voltage-, axon
Which of the following can be best described as a condition that results from habitual use or physical and psychological dependence on a substance?
Addiction
EEG (electroencephalogram)
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about age 11 or 12 and lasting until around age _____________. A. 15 B. 18 C. 22 D. 25
B. 18
59. According to Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman, what are the two types of coping strategies? A. Intuition-focused and emotion-focused B. Behavior-focused and problem-focused C. Behavior-focused and intuition-focused D. Problem-focused and emotion-focused
B. Behavior-focused and problem-focused
In which of the following subdisciplines of psychology are researchers often referred to as experimental psychologists? A. Social psychology B. Cognitive psychology C. Clinical psychology D. Educational psychology
B. Cognitive psychology
35. ______ proposed a three-stage model to describe the physiological changes that occur during exposure to severe stressors. A. Richard Lazarus B. Hans Seyle C. Susan Folkman D. Sigmund Freud
B. Hans Seyle
Which among the following is the clearest marker of reaching adulthood? A. Animistic thinking B. Having a child C. Symbolic thinking D. Graduating
B. Having a child
Which of the following senses is almost fully developed at birth? A. Vision B. Hearing C. Touch D. Smell
B. Hearing
______________ helps us understand people through description and analysis of past events and artifacts. A. Literature B. History C. Sociology D. Anthropology
B. History
__________ is to nondeclarative memory as ___________ is to declarative memory. A. Semantic; episodic B. Implicit; explicit C. Episodic; semantic D. Explicit; semantic
B. Implicit; explicit
When smooth muscle is stretched for a prolonged period of time, it responds by A. contracting. B. relaxing.
B. relaxing.
The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores on inanimate objects is A. disinfection. B. sterilization. C. antisepsis. D. sanitization. E. degermation.
B. sterilization.
Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence is known as __________. A. the Downing effect B. the g-factor theory C. the primary ability theory D. the multi-factor theory
B. the g-factor theory
Correlation coefficients tell us whether two variables (e.g., X and Y) relate to each other and that they range between -1.00 and +1.00. Coefficients near 0.00 are an indication of: A. the dependency of variable X on variable Y. B. the lack of any relationship between variables X and Y. C. an increase in variable X as variable Y decreases. D. a decrease in variable Y as variable X increases.
B. the lack of any relationship between variables X and Y.
Aditi's mother recited to her a list of things to buy at the grocery store. Once she reached the store, she could only remember the items from the end of the list. This phenomenon is called: A. the primacy effect. B. the recency effect. C. proactive interference. D. retroactive interference.
B. the recency effect.
The sense that is least well developed in the fetus is ___________. A. taste B. vision C. hearing D. touch
B. vision
The _____ cortex is located in the occipital lobes. A. auditory B. visual C. somatosensory D. olfactory
B. visual
The type of voltage-gated channel that possesses an inactivation gate that temporarily closes after the channel is active is the A. voltage-gated potassium channel. B. voltage-gated sodium channel. C. voltage-gated calcium channel. D. voltage-gated chloride channel.
B. voltage-gated sodium channel.
The separation of oppositely charged ionic particles across a resting neuron's membrane results in a potential that is measured as a A. current. B. voltage. C. conductance. D. resistance.
B. voltage.
Variation in consciousness can be attributed to the difference in degrees of: A. cognition and memory. B. wakefulness and awareness. C. ignorance and wakefulness. D. awareness and cognition.
B. wakefulness and awareness.
One cognitive benefit of aging is ____________, the ability to live well, know what is important, and use good judgment. A. fluid intelligence B. wisdom C. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence D. crystallized intelligence
B. wisdom
What were the findings of the fMRI study of people driving in a simulator while using a hands-free device? A. Decrease in frontal lobe activity B. Increase in parietal lobe activity C. Decrease in the parietal lobe activity D. Increase in frontal lobe activity
C. Decrease in the parietal lobe activity
Which of the following refers to the pattern followed by sleep? A. Ultradian rhythm B. Nocturnal rhythm C. Infradian rhythm D. Circadian rhythm
C. Infradian rhythm
Which of the following is true of nightmares? A. It is also known as night terrors. B. It is rarely experienced by adults. C. It is a result of post-traumatic stress disorder. D. It never occurs with cancer patients.
C. It is a result of post-traumatic stress disorder.
According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following refers to two distinct levels of consciousness in the context of dreams? A. Implicit and explicit levels B. Internal and external levels C. Latent and manifest levels D. Superficial and subliminal levels
C. Latent and manifest levels
According to new research, which drug is found to be effective for treating post-traumatic stress disorder? A. Cocaine B. LSD C. MDMA D. Heroin
C. MDMA
Arjun is in a condition wherein he is fully awake, but not aware. This is most likely because he is: A. in a coma. B. driving. C. extremely drunk. D. sedated.
C. extremely drunk.
On average, boys reach puberty at about age ______________. A. 9 B. 11 C. 13 D. 15
C. 13
Monita, a three-year-old, is afraid of going to the park because she had had an accident there. Which part of Monita's brain is most involved in this case? A. Inferior colliculus B. Nucleus accumbens C. Amygdala D. Cerebellum
C. Amygdala
Which of the following is a physical science? A. Psychokinesis B. Astrology C. Astronomy D. Genetics
C. Astronomy
Which of the following is considered impractical for large-scale studies? A. Surveys B. Questionnaires C. Behavioral measures D. Case studies
C. Behavioral measures
_____ memories are memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something. A. Semantic B. Recovered C. False D. Working
C. False
Which of the following holds true for a minimally conscious person? A. Inability to exhibit intentional thought B. Inability to track a person with eyes C. Inability to communicate D. Ability to show voluntary behavior
C. Inability to communicate
Which of the following is NOT among the three types of intelligence proposed by Sternberg? A. Analytical B. Practical C. Logical D. Creative
C. Logical
Which of the following is most likely to increase the risk of stillbirth? A. Prescription drugs taken during pregnancy B. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking C. Lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid in the mother's diet D. Developing an infection during pregnancy
B. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking
___________ refers to practices that appear to be and claim to be science, but in fact do not use the scientific method to come to their conclusions. A. Antiscience B. Pseudoscience C. Bioscience D. Ethnoscience
B. Pseudoscience
41. In which of the following stages of the general adaptation syndrome does the body extend its effort to manage a threat by diverting resources from the maintenance of normal bodily functions? A. Exhaustion B. Resistance C. Tranquility D. Alarm
B. Resistance
______ can be defined as those studies in which participants do not know the experimental condition (group) to which they have been assigned. A. Case studies B. Single-blind studies C. Interviews D. Descriptive studies
B. Single-blind studies
Which of the following fetal reactions indicates attention, interest, or orienting response on the part of the fetus? A. Increased rate of neuron development B. Slowed heart rate C. Turning over of the fetus D. Greater frequency of kicking
B. Slowed heart rate
______________ can be best defined as the study of how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. A. Clinical psychology B. Social psychology C. Educational psychology D. Industrial psychology
B. Social psychology
______________ seeks to understand people in terms of large-scale social forces and with a focus on groups rather than individuals. A. Archaeology B. Sociology C. Literature D. Psychology
B. Sociology
_____________ is a statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean. A. Normal distribution B. Standard deviation C. Frequency D. Accuracy
B. Standard deviation
In which of the following approaches to psychology was introspection the primary research method used to understand thoughts and behavior? A. Psychophysics B. Structuralism C. Empiricism D. Behaviorism
B. Structuralism
______________ believed that a detailed analysis of experience as it happened provides the most accurate glimpse into the workings of the human mind. A. Socialists B. Structuralists C. Behaviorists D. Functionalists
B. Structuralists
_____ occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions from someone else or some other source. A. Implanting B. Suggestibility C. Absent-mindedness D. Anterograde amnesia
B. Suggestibility
Which of the following terms can be defined as a statistic that compares two means to see whether they could come from the same population? A. F-test B. T-test C. Arithmetic mean D. Interquartile mean
B. T-test
66. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of emotion-focused coping? A. Exercising self-control B. Taking assertive action C. Seeking social support D. Accepting responsibility
B. Taking assertive action
Peter takes an intelligence test that yields a different IQ score each time he takes it. Which of the following does this fact most indicate? A. The test does not have internal reliability. B. The test does not have test-retest reliability. C. The test has construct validity. D. The test has predictive validity.
B. The test does not have test-retest reliability.
Who among the following developed the concept of mental age? A. Charles Spearman B. Theodore Simon and Alfred Binet C. Robert Sternberg and Howard Gardner D. John Carroll
B. Theodore Simon and Alfred Binet
Which of the following is true about theories? A. Theories cannot explain facts. B. Theories organize and explain what we have observed. C. Theories prevent people from making observations. D. Theories, in science, are nothing more than mere guesses.
B. Theories organize and explain what we have observed.
From the following, identify an accurate statement about case studies. A. They do not involve observations that stretch for over a year. B. They are based on one-on-one relationships. C. They involve collecting data about different legal cases that are under trial. D. They involve scientific experimentations on different groups of animals.
B. They are based on one-on-one relationships.
teratogen is: A. a brain region responsible for the ability to speak. B. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development. C. a weak brain synapse that disappears at around age six. D. a vital nutrient that helps a fetus develop properly.
B. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development.
Fibers from one motor unit A. are clustered together within one fascicle of the muscle. B. are dispersed throughout most of the muscle.
B. are dispersed throughout most of the muscle.
Glial cells differ from neurons in that they A. are larger and capable of meiosis. B. are smaller and capable of mitosis. C. are found only in the CNS. D. are found only in the PNS. E. transmit nerve impulses much more slowly.
B. are smaller and capable of mitosis.
What instrument is most effective for pressure-temperature sterilization? A. oven B. autoclave C. water-bath D. Bunsen burner E. incubator
B. autoclave
The monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts is termed as: A. intelligence. B. awareness. C. wakefulness. D. memory.
B. awareness.
Bevin and Essien's obstetrician tells them that their baby has entered the fetal stage. The key event that distinguishes this stage from the embryonic stage is the development of ___________ in their baby. A. brain B. bone cells C. limbs D. external genitalia
B. bone cells
Raven's Progressive Test is a commonly used measure for ______. A. verbal intelligence B. fluid intelligence C. numerical ability D. crystallized intelligence
B. fluid intelligence
To reduce the patient's risk of infection, you should assist the physician with applying all of the following prior to the procedure except A. sterile gloves. B. foot covers. C. sterile gown. D. mask.
B. foot covers.
John is a heavy binge drinker who has trouble with planning, working memory, and abstract thinking. Scanning of John's brain would reveal that he has a damaged: A. parietal lobe. B. frontal lobe. C. occipital lobe. D. temporal lobe.
B. frontal lobe.
One of the reasons you might struggle to lift a heavy object with your arm fully extended is because A. in extension, the proximity of Z discs to thick filaments restricts the sliding movement within sarcomeres. B. full extension results in decreased overlap between thick and thin filaments in the muscle. C. in that posture, some myosin heads overlap actin in the wrong orientation and tug actin in the wrong direction. D. motor neurons cannot release as much ACh in that posture
B. full extension results in decreased overlap between thick and thin filaments in the muscle.
Using a HEPA filter in a vacuum or furnace is an example of which microbial control method? A. physical agent B. mechanical method C. chemical agent D. gases E. ionizing agent
B. mechanical method
55. Stress-related cortisol release causes hippocampal dendrites to shrink, which can interfere with __________. A. vision B. memory C. reasoning D. hearing
B. memory
As compared to babies of healthy mothers, babies whose mothers suffered from certain infections when they were pregnant were _____________. A. more likely to develop advanced language skills B. more likely to develop schizophrenia C. less likely to develop an immune response D. less likely to engage in peer conflicts as children
B. more likely to develop schizophrenia
Which of the following is a component of crystallized intelligence? A. Using spatial visualization in problem-solving B. Using abstract reasoning in problem-solving C. Using cultural knowledge in problem-solving D. Using pattern recognition in problem-solving
C. Using cultural knowledge in problem-solving
Which of the following is a component of the newest version of the Stanford-Binet intelligence tests? A. Intrapersonal processing B. Long-term memory C. Visual-spatial processing D. Kinesthetics
C. Visual-spatial processing
What is the difference between the WISC and the WAIS? A. WISC considers abstract intelligence, while WAIS considers kinesthetic intelligence. B. WISC is culturally fair while WAIS is not. C. WISC is for children while WAIS is for adults. D. WISC is used with individuals who are not native speakers of English.
C. WISC is for children while WAIS is for adults.
Which type of memory can retain about seven bits of information for a short while and aids in solving an immediate problem? A. Sensory memory B. Long-term memory C. Working memory D. Procedural memory
C. Working memory
A power stroke involves A. an actin molecule pulling a myosin molecule toward the M-line. B. a thin filament shortening in length and thereby shortening the sarcomere. C. a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. D. a thick filament pushing an actin filament towards the nearest Z-line.
C. a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
In terms of the nature-nurture debate, psychologists' contemporary view is that human behavior is: A. mostly a product of biology, inborn tendencies, and genetically based traits. B. mostly a product of environmental experience. C. a product of the interdependence between biology and experience. D. solely a product of ancestral influences.
C. a product of the interdependence between biology and experience.
"ROY G. BIV" is an example of a(n) _____________ that helps one remember the colors of the rainbow—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. A. antonym B. alliteration C. acronym D. synonym
C. acronym
For some people, LSD use can lead to panic and negative experiences known as: A. euphoria. B. spiritual experiences. C. bad trips. D. bulimia nervosa.
C. bad trips.
According to evolutionary psychology, language and science are examples of _____________. A. chance mutations B. natural selection C. by-products of adaptation D. softwiring
C. by-products of adaptation
The epineurium is composed of A. dense regular connective tissue. B. simple squamous epithelium. C. dense irregular connective tissue. D. areolar connective tissue. E. pseudostratified nonkeratinized epithelium.
C. dense irregular connective tissue.
77. The ___________ states that social support is beneficial to mental and physical health whether or not a person is under stress. A. GAS model B. buffering hypothesis C. direct effects hypothesis D. physiological reactivity model
C. direct effects hypothesis
A graph of frequency scores is known as a _____________. A. continuation B. tabulation C. distribution D. correlation
C. distribution
Intellectual honesty, which is the third scientific attitude, ensures that scientists A. remain skeptical of new findings. B. do not accept true data as results. C. do not represent false data as true. D. do not reject false results.
C. do not represent false data as true.
A study was conducted in various cities around the world to determine the driving abilities of people of different age groups. The study found that older adults are better drivers than young adults. The results of this study can be regarded as a ______. A. hypothesis B. theory C. doctrine D. tenet
C. doctrine
Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ______________. A. individuation B. object permanence C. egocentrism D. animistic thinking
C. egocentrism
Of the following, ____________ is the first processing stage in long-term memory. A. storage B. retrieval C. encoding D. consolidation
C. encoding
According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ is a temporary store for information that will become long-term memories of specific events. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. episodic buffer D. visuospatial sketch pad
C. episodic buffer
A(n) ______ consists of participants who receive the treatment or whatever is thought to change behavior. A. social group B. control group C. experimental group D. peripheral group
C. experimental group
Having close, intimate friends during adolescence is more likely to be associated with _____________. A. poorer performance in school B. more conflicts with authority figures C. feelings of self-worth in adulthood D. more conflicts with parents
C. feelings of self-worth in adulthood
A baby begins to move its limbs in the ____________ stage of development. A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. blastocyst
C. fetal
Becky, who is pregnant, will most likely feel the fetus moving for the first time at about ____________ after conception. A. one to two months B. two to three months C. four to six months D. seven to eight months
C. four to six months
Electrical synapses involve coupling of neurons by A. synaptic clefts. B. desmosomes. C. gap junctions. D. satellite cells.
C. gap junctions.
Erik Erikson defined ______________ as the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it. A. pruning B. rewiring C. intimacy D. object permanence
C. intimacy
______________ can be best defined as medicine men or women who treat people with mental problems by driving out their demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers. A. Hunters B. Chiefs C. Shamans D. Laggards
C. Shamans
The intelligence test developed by Lewis Terman is known as the __________. A. SAT-Quantitative test B. Kaufman-Assessment Battery for Children C. Stanford-Binet test D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales
C. Stanford-Binet test
____________, the retention of memory over time, is the third stage of long-term memory formation. A. Consolidation B. Encoding C. Storage D. Retrieval
C. Storage
Which are the reservoirs that store the calcium required for muscle contraction? A. Synaptic vesicles B. Synaptic clefts C. Terminal cisternae D. Peroxisomes E. Mitochondria
C. Terminal cisternae
Lee, who is thirteen, is experiencing new growth of facial and pubic hair, a deepening of his voice, and a widening of his shoulders. Which of the following hormones is responsible for these developments? A. Leptin B. Estrogen C. Testosterone D. Oxytocin
C. Testosterone
Which of the following is true about people who sleepwalk? A. People who sleepwalk do not engage in activities that normally occur during wakefulness. B. People who sleepwalk are easy to rouse. C. People who sleepwalk are likely to be acting out a dream. D. People who sleepwalk do not remember having been up.
D. People who sleepwalk do not remember having been up.
______ can be defined as measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state. A. Interviews B. Questionnaires C. Behavioral measures D. Physiological measures
D. Physiological measures
Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature? A. Parathyroid B. Adrenaline C. Alveolar D. Pituitary
D. Pituitary
______________ psychology is also known as folk psychology. A. Research B. Clinical C. Scientific D. Popular
D. Popular
______________ psychology shares with humanism a belief that psychology should focus on studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning. A. Health B. Developmental C. Gestalt D. Positive
D. Positive
18. The outcome of which of the following response mechanisms determines whether an emotional response might occur in an individual? A. Reflected appraisal B. Cognitive appraisal C. Archival appraisal D. Primary appraisal
D. Primary appraisal
63. Which of the following coping strategies is one most likely to employ when he or she views the stressor as one that can be directly dealt with? A. Emotional disclosure B. Emotion-focused coping C. Distancing D. Problem-focused coping
D. Problem-focused coping
100. ______ refers to the science of how psychological factors relate to immune changes. A. Neuroanatomy B. Neuropharmacology C. Psychonueroendrocrinology D. Psychoneuroimmunology
D. Psychoneuroimmunology
102. Which of the following is a function of cytokines? A. Regulating digestion B. Regulating respiration C. Regulating blood circulation D. Regulating immune response
D. Regulating immune response
_____ interference occurs when new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information. A. Long-term B. Output C. Proactive D. Retroactive
D. Retroactive
What part of memory stores limited information long enough to remember a phone number before one dials it? A. Sensory memory B. Implicit memory C. Long-term memory D. Short-term memory
D. Short-term memory
Which of the following types of scientific studies helps in avoiding the possibility that participants will behave in a biased way? A. Case-control studies B. Case studies C. Descriptive studies D. Single-blind studies
D. Single-blind studies
Which of the following is associated with crystallized intelligence rather than with fluid intelligence? A. Speed of learning B. Abstract reasoning C. Pattern recognition D. Size of vocabulary
D. Size of vocabulary
Which of the following terms best represents the view that biological systems involved in thought and behavior—genes, brain structures, brains cells, etc.—are inherited but are still open to modification from the environment? A. Genetic constitution B. Hardwiring C. Mind-body dualism D. Softwiring
D. Softwiring
Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication. A. rewired B. migrated C. myelinated D. pruned
C. myelinated
During playtime, Jamal's mother hid his toy under a blanket. Jamal, who is 9 months old, reacted to this by looking for his toy under the blanket. According to Piaget, Jack has developed ___________. A. seriation B. transduction C. object permanence D. hypothetico-deductive reasoning
C. object permanence
The ancient Chinese made connections between a person's bodily organs and their emotions. According to these connections, the ______________ housed ideas and intelligence. A. heart B. liver C. spleen D. kidneys
C. spleen
Which of the following terms refers to synthetically produced compounds that produce long-lasting excitation of the sympathetic nervous system that keeps one motivated and elevates mood? A. Opioids B. Caffeine C. Nicotine D. Amphetamines
D. Amphetamines
______ is a synthesized form of the derivative of the grain fungus ergot. A. Ecstasy B. Cocaine C. Marijuana D. LSD
D. LSD
Studies in mice show that there is substantial increase in the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid with intracellular fluid during sleep that may reflect how sleep allows for the cleansing of _____. A. cellular proteins B. neural anti-bodies C. digestive enzymes D. cerebral toxins
D. cerebral toxins
In correlational designs, the basic question is: A. What is X an example of? B. What is variable X? C. How does X result in Y? D. Is X related to Y?
D. Is X related to Y?
92. What is the result of extended periods of sympathetic arousal on an individual? A. It decreases the chance of fatty buildup in an individual. B. It leads to decreased heart rate and blood pressure over extended periods. C. It protects arteries by reducing their elasticity. D. It can make an individual ill.
D. It can make an individual ill.
Which of the following is true about implicit memory? A. It is the memory for the experiences one has had. B. It refers to memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared. C. It is the conscious recalling of facts and events. D. It cannot be directly recalled.
D. It cannot be directly recalled.
Which of the following is true of human brain development? A. It is complete during the embryonic stage. B. It is complete during the fetal stage. C. It is complete at birth. D. It continues after birth.
D. It continues after birth.
Identify a characteristic of creative intelligence. A. It involves judging and evaluating information. B. It includes the ability to solve problems of everyday life efficiently. C. It involves comparing and contrasting information. D. It includes the ability to come up with fresh and useful ideas for solving problems.
D. It includes the ability to come up with fresh and useful ideas for solving problems.
Psychologists use a standardized reference when diagnosing psychological disorders called _____________. A. the Interpretation of Dreams B. the American Psychological Association Guide to Mental Disorders (APAGMD) C. Dr. Freud's Guide to Mental Illnesses D. the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
D. the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
Epigenetics is the study of how ____________. A. a genetic disorder is passed on to sons but not to daughters B. an individual gets affected by a recessive disorder C. a dominant gene becomes resistant to change D. the environment affects gene expression
D. the environment affects gene expression
Which of the following theories answers the question "How intelligent are you?"? A. The theory that considers the analytic, creative, and practical intelligence as distinct B. The theory that focuses on seven different primary mental abilities of a person C. The theory that considers multiple abilities to assess different aspects of intelligence D. The theory that considers intelligence as a single, general capacity
D. The theory that considers intelligence as a single, general capacity
Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy? A. 1 to 2 drinks per day is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. B. A maximum of 4 drinks per month is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. C. 1 drink on an occasional basis is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. D. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
D. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
The endoneurium is composed of A. dense regular connective tissue. B. simple squamous epithelium. C. dense irregular connective tissue. D. areolar connective tissue. E. pseudostratified nonkeratinized epithelium.
D. areolar connective tissue.
The psychological process that binds concepts together is termed as: A. consolidation. B. encoding. C. retrieval. D. association.
D. association.
A(n) _____________ is a chain of linkages between related concepts. A. parallel distributed processing B. tensor product network C. neural network D. associative network
D. associative network
Meg easily recalls which route she took this morning to the salon that is three blocks away. This kind of recalling involves _______________ processing. A. structural B. phonological C. effortful D. automatic
D. automatic
Which of the following microbial forms have the highest resistance to physical and chemical controls? A. naked viruses B. protozoan cysts C. fungal spores D. bacterial endospores E. yeast
D. bacterial endospores
According to Binet's mental-age scale, a mentally challenged girl's mental age would be __________. A. equal to her intelligence quotient B. higher than her intelligence score C. inversely proportional to her intelligence ratio D. below her chronological age
D. below her chronological age
During their studies in 2009, Aberg and colleagues found positive correlation between ______________ and better cognitive scores. A. vision B. muscular strength C. size of the anterior lobe D. cardiovascular fitness
D. cardiovascular fitness
Surfactants work by A. coating the organism, preventing interaction with its environment. B. blocking transport into the organism. C. blocking transport out from the organism. D. disrupting membrane integrity. E. All of the choices are correct.
D. disrupting membrane integrity.
45. For over a month, Timothy studies day and night in order to perform well in his final exams, which are fast approaching. Though he does quite well in his exams, Timothy takes ill shortly after his exams are over. According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) model, Timothy shows signs of __________. A. resistance B. alarm C. coping D. exhaustion
D. exhaustion
The characteristic of muscle that allows it to be passively stretched is A. conductivity. B. elasticity. C. excitability. D. extensibility. E. contractility.
D. extensibility.
If Gary is a binge drinker, it means that he can have at least ________ drinks in a row. A. two B. three C. four D. five
D. five
According to Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence, ___________ involves how fast you learn new things. A. crystallized intelligence B. creative intelligence C. emotional intelligence D. fluid intelligence
D. fluid intelligence
The _____________ are the last areas of the brain to fully develop, and they continue to mature until late adolescence or early adulthood. A. abducens nuclei B. medulla oblongata C. globose nuclei D. frontal lobes
D. frontal lobes
A motor unit within the powerful quadriceps muscle would A. contain several motor neurons. B. be much like those in the eye muscles. C. generally contain less than ten fibers. D. generally contain several hundred fibers.
D. generally contain several hundred fibers.
Erik Erikson defined _______________ as the creation of new ideas, products, or people. A. pruning B. neural migration C. prenatal programming D. generativity
D. generativity
During the development of a fetus, the ___________ develops about a week after the brain. A. skull B. liver C. intestine D. heart
D. heart
Anita has trained herself well to be less self-conscious and less anxious than what she previously was. This is due to the fact that she is: A. very attentive. B. minimally conscious. C. low on self-consciousness. D. highly mindful.
D. highly mindful.
The _____________ is a region of the brain that plays an important part in attention, appropriate social behavior, impulse control, and working memory. A. renal cortex B. adrenal cortex C. cell cortex D. prefrontal cortex
D. prefrontal cortex
According to Piaget, animistic thinking is a characteristic of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. preoperational
D. preoperational
According to Piaget, egocentrism is a characteristic of the _____________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. preoperational
D. preoperational
The tendency to preferentially recall items at the beginning of a list is known as the: A. continuity effect. B. intermediate effect. C. recency effect. D. primacy effect.
D. primacy effect.
In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young boys tended to become ______________ young adults. A. self-doubting B. extremely emotional C. anxious D. self-assured and flexible
D. self-assured and flexible
Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are topics most likely to be studied by _____________. A. geneticists B. cognitive psychologists C. neurologists D. social psychologists
D. social psychologists
sentence phase
3 years and up
Thalamus
process and relay nerve responses
algorithms
process of set rules that will eventually come to the right answer
association cortex
regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex functions
phoneme
smallest unit of sound with meaning, single letters, consonant blends (th, sh)
short-term memory
stores information for a short time (or while manipulating information), can move to LTM with practice and rehearsal, 12-30 second duration
functional fixedness
tendency to use familiar objects in familiar ways rather than creative ways
episodic memory
type of long term memory, " I remember that one time when I fell off a bike"
semantic memory
type of long term memory, "I remember what a bike is"
declaritive memories
type of memory is that the "knowing what"
intelligence quotient
umber representing a persons reasoning ability
extinction
unlearning the conditioned response, removal of the stimulus
Short term memory
unrehearsed info lost in 15-30 seconds
Short Term Memory
unrehearsed information that is lost in about 30 seconds; "use it or lose it"
ch 4 vocab
Sensation the stimulation of our sense organs by the outer world. Eye are sensitive to light waves, ears to sounds, skin to touch and pressure, tongues to taste, and noses to odors. Perception the act of organizing and interpreting sensory experience. Sensory adaptation the process by which our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses. Transduction the conversion of physical into neural information. Cells in the retina change light waves to neural energy, when hair cell in the inner ear change sound waves to neural energy, when chemicals in the air bind to receptors in the nose, when food chemicals stimulate taste buds on tongue, and when pressure and temperature stimulate nerve cells in skin. Absolute threshold the lowest intensity level of a stimulus we can detect half of the time. Signal detection theory the viewpoint that both stimulus intensity and decision-making processes are involved in the detection of stimulus. Difference threshold the smallest amount of change between two stimuli that a person can detect half of the time. Weber's law the laws of just noticeable differences in sensory perception go back Ernst Weber, who in 1834 discovered that the size of the JND is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus. Cornea a clear, hard covering that protects the lens. Pupil the opening in the iris through which light enters the eye Iris the colored part of the eye, adjusts the pupil to control the amount of light entering. Function of the eye -sense visual stimuli. -transduce physical energy into neural information. Lens the structure that sits behind the pupil: it bends the light rays that enter the eye to focus image on the retina. Rods play a key role in night vision, as they are most responsive to dark-and-light contrast. They work well at low illumination. Cones responsible for color vision and are most functional in conditions of bright light. Fovea a spot on the back of the retina, contains the highest concentration of cones in the retina. We see images with the greatest clarity when they are focused on the fovea. Visual acuity our ability to see clearly, depends on our cones. Ganglion cells the axons of which make up the optic nerve. Optic nerve transmits signals from the eye to the brain. Optic chiasm the point at which strands of the optic nerve from half of each eye cross over the opposite side of the brain. Feature detectors neurons analyze the retinal image and respond to specific aspects of shapes, such as angles and movements. Perceiving motion we perceive movement when an image moves across the retina. Apparent motion tricking our retinas that thinking something is moving when it is not. Depth perception the ability to see things in three dimensions and to discriminate what is near from what is far. Binocular depth cues aids to depth perception that rely on input from both eyes. One key binocular cue to depth comes from the fact that the eyes are separated by few inches, so images from each are separated by few inches, so the images from each eye provide slightly different viewpoints. The difference, or binocular disparity in these retinal images plays a key role in our ability to perceive depth Monocular depth cues aids to depth of perception that do not require two eyes (allow one eye to perceive some depth). Linear perspective involves parallel lines that converge, or some together, the farther away they are from viewer. The more they converge, the greater distance we perceive. Atmospheric perspective comes from looking across a vast space into the distance in the outdoors. Perceptual constancy the brain's ability to preserve perception of objects in spite of changes in retinal image when an object changes in position or distance from the viewer. Size constancy we see things as the same size regardless of the changing size of the image on the retina, because we know what the size of the object is. Similarity a Gestalt law that says we tend to group like objects together in visual perception. Continuity a Gestalt law that says we see points or lines in such a way that they follow a continuous path. Proxmity a Gestalt law that says we tend to group objects together that are near one another. Law of closure the tendency to perceive a whole object in the absence of complete information. Bottom-up procssing the idea that perception is a process of building a perceptual experience from smaller pieces. Top-down processing perception on the whole based on our experience and expectations, which guide our perception of smaller elemental features of stimulus. Color spectrum the spectrum of color visible to humans ranges from 350, which most of us perceive to be the color violet, to 750 nm, which most of us perceive as red. Light that we perceive as green is at 550 nm. Afterimages visual images that remain removal of the stimulus. Color blindness a weakness or deficiency in the perception of certain color, usually resulting from an inherit pigment deficiency in the photoreceptors. Sound's loudness in descibels (dB), starting with 0, which is the threshold for normal human hearing. The scale has no upper limit but sounds above 150 to 170 dB are seldom registered anywhere. Frequency measured in units called hertz (Hz), which is how many times the wave cycles per second. Range of human pitch perception ranging from 20 Hz to about 20,000 Hz, but most people can not hear sounds at either extreme. Tympanic membrane eardrum, sounds vibration travel though it. the sound waves on the tympanic membrane set into motion the bones of the middle ears; the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. These bones do more than just vibrate, however: they amplify the waves, so that they have more than 20 times the energy they had entering the ear. Semicircular canals the structures of the inner ear involved in maintaining balance. Cochlea a bony tube, curled like a snail's shell and filled with fluid. Bodily senses senses based in the skin, body, or any membrane surface, which include knowing where our body part are. Mechanorecptors receptor cells in the skin that are sensitive to different tactile qualities, such as shape, grooves, vibrations, and movements. Nociceptors pain receptors from the skin that are sensitive to heat, cold, chemical irritation, and pressure. Gate control theory of pain the spinal cord regulates the experience of pain by either opening or closing neural channels, called gates, which transmit pain sensations to the brain. Controlling pain in addition to thought and feeling that control the experience of pain, our bodies have natural pain killer call endorphins (stimulating the release of neurotransmitters that interfere with pain messages in the spinal cord and brain. Olfactory bulb a forebrain structure that send information either directly to the smell-processing areas in the cortex or indirectly to the cortex by way of the thalamus. Paillae texture structures on surface of the tongue; they contain thousands of taste buds. Taste buds structures inside the paillae of the tongue; they contain taste receptor cells. Taste receptors cells sensory receptors for taste that reside in the taste bud. Synesthesia occurs when a person experiences sensation in one sense when a different sense is stimulated.
retrograde
can't remember old stuff
T/F Voltage-gated sodium channels at a neuron's initial segment are triggered to open when the membrane becomes more positive.
TRUE
T/F When a skeletal muscle fiber is at rest, there is more sodium outside the cell as compared to the sarcoplasm.
TRUE
emmetropia
normal vision
If a test is equally valid for different groups and they still score differently on it, it is likely that __________. A. the test is fair but not standardized B. the test may be fair but is definitely biased C. the test is unfair but definitely standardized D. the test may be unfair but it is not biased
D. the test may be unfair but it is not biased
Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ___________. A. egocentrism B. animistic thinking C. object permanence D. theory of mind
D. theory of mind
localizing sound
Detect time difference between two ears
Alcohols A. denature proteins when in a 50-95% alcohol-water solution. B. disinfect items soaked in alcohol. C. are skin degerming agents. D. at 50% or higher concentrations dissolve cell membrane lipids. E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.
Hydrogen peroxide is A. sporicidal. B. fungicidal. C. bactericidal. D. virucidal. E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.
Which may occur as a result of muscle atrophy? A. Reduction in muscle size B. Fibers become weaker C. Muscle loses tone D. Fibers waste away and die E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following items are typically irradiated in order to kill microbes? A. cured meats B. human tissues such as heart valves and skin C. operating room air D. surgical gloves E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.
Of the two types of synapses, based on mode of communication, which is less common but allows faster signal transmission? A. Chemical synapse B. Mechanical synapse C. Physical synapse D. Magnetic synapse E. Electrical synapse
E. Electrical synapse
In general, a skeletal muscle is composed of a: connective tissue sheaths b: nerves c: arteries d: veins e: muscle fibers A. a, b, c, e B. a, b, d, e C. b, c, d, e D. a, b, c, d E. a, b, c, d, e
E. a, b, c, d, e (all of the above)
Electrons are ejected from atoms in cells when organisms are exposed to A. desiccation. B. ultraviolet light. C. ethyl alcohol. D. hydrogen peroxide. E. gamma rays and X rays.
E. gamma rays and X rays.
Physical agents for controlling microbial growth include all the following except A. ultraviolet radiation. B. boiling water. C. HEPA filters. D. pasteurization. E. hydrogen peroxide.
E. hydrogen peroxide.
Based on function, the vast majority of neurons are A. sensory neurons. B. motor neurons. C. unipolar neurons. D. bipolar neurons. E. interneurons.
E. interneurons.
All the following act as surfactants except A. detergents. B. soaps. C. quaternary ammonia. D. alcohols. E. iodine.
E. iodine.
A nerve A. contains a single axon. B. is found only in the CNS. C. carries only sensory information. D. carries information only toward the PNS. E. is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons.
E. is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons.
The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the _____ division. A. motor B. cranial C. ganglial D. efferent E. sensory
E. sensory
epigenetic changes
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence
One of the most crucial factors in the development of fatigue appears to be a depletion of ATP.
FALSE
T/F A microorganism that is not motile and has stopped metabolizing could be considered dead.
FALSE
T/F A neuropeptide is a molecule that is synthesized from an amino acid by the removal of a carboxyl group and the addition of another small functional group such as an amine group.
FALSE
T/F A subthreshold stimulus evokes only a small muscle twitch instead of a full tetanic contraction.
FALSE
T/F A tumor can occur in any tissue within the CNS.
FALSE
T/F Anterograde transport is the movement of materials from synaptic knobs to the cell body.
FALSE
T/F Bacteriostatic agents kill bacterial cells.
FALSE
T/F In general, fast-twitch fibers generate less power than slow-twitch fibers.
FALSE
T/F In the CNS all axons are myelinated, but in the PNS some are myelinated and some are unmyelinated.
FALSE
T/F Isopropyl alcohol wiped across a skin site can sterilize it.
FALSE
T/F Myosin kinase catalyzes the transfer of Pi from creatine phosphate to ADP.
FALSE
T/F The metabolic reactions within fast-twitch fibers derive much of their energy from aerobic respiration.
FALSE
T/F The return of a contracted muscle fiber to its resting length is an active (energy requiring) process.
FALSE
T/F The size of an EPSP is independent of the amount of excitatory neurotransmitter that is released by the presynaptic cell.
FALSE
T/F Transmission of nerve impulses along myelinated axons requires more energy than transmission along unmyelinated axons.
FALSE
Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis?
Hallucination
negative reinforcement
consequence taken away
central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord
lymbic system
contains areas which govern emotions such as laughter, crying, sexuality, feeding, and aggression -Amygdala (involved with the experiencing of emotions.)
Elaborative Rehearsal
deep processing//relating new info to old info and memory//Mnemonic Devices
Elaborative rehearsal
deep type of rehearsal, relating new info to old info, mnemonics,
continuous reinforcement
delivered every time response occurs
automatic attention
demonstration of reaction time of a task and is often used to illustrate nature of automatic processing
If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n):
depressant
Purity/Timbre
determined by combination of wave patterns sound quality
Wave length
determines pitch, distance between peaks
neural impulse
electrical signal traveling down the axon
PET (portion emission tomography)
Sees where in the brain things are happening
Weeks 5&6
Sensation (a physical process) we can measure it stimulation of our sense organs by features of the outer world the activation of sensory receptors by external physical stimulus energy conversion of that energy into a neural impulse Perception (a mental process) differ bc personal experiences and beliefs how your brain org and interprets sensory info in a meaningful way meaning that our brain creates the human brain is designed to find meaningful patterns our sensory and perceptual processes work together to help us make sense of what we are experiencing Depth Inversion Effect our visual system assumes objects are convex, especially for more familiar things, like faces Sensory Receptors specialized neurons( transduce environmental energy into impulse) in the PNS sense organs that send messages to the CNS via sensory pathways eyes, ears, nose, skin, taste buds take info but doesn't introduce meaning into it. puts pieces together but doesn't translate it Bottom-Up Processing Physical no-brainer process analysis begins with sense receptors that send pieces info up to the brain, which then puts all the pieces together to create meaning sensation TRANSDUCES a physical signal into a neural impulse the brain can understand and interpret Transduction conversion of environmental energy into neural impulses the brain can understand Sensory Adaptation (TEST) BRAIN NOT INVOLVED bottom-up process in which sensitivity decreases when an object constantly stimulates our senses sensory receptors become physically exhausted allows us to use selective attention efficiently *YOUR PERCEPTION FOLLOWS YOUR ATTENTION IF NOT PAYING ATTENTION TO SOMETHING YOU WILL NOT PERCEIVE IT* Top-Down Processing (Perception) existing expectations (biases) influence the interpretation of sensations to happen in a personally meaningful way not always the same for everyone Construction our brains construct our perceptions using our personal experiences, expectations, beliefs and the context (framing) based on the context perception is abt meaning Habituation (TEST) it is a perceptual process of adaptation BRAIN stops paying attention to consistently present or consistently repeated stimuli ALWAYS HAPPENS AFTER SENSORY ADAPTATION can happen bc brain says so or bc adaptation Perceiving Light visual stimuli Brightness (wave's amplitude) dim light = low amplitude bright light = high amplitude Colors (wave's length) reds = long wavelength blues = short wavelength perceptual women see color better than men bc gatherers in the past Psychology of Color Vision human eye = 7,000,000 colors color can affect your productivity and your mood yellow = irritable bc fatiguing for receptors green = relaxation bc easier on the eyes red = appetite blue = suppresses appetite pink = associated with fragility Color Perception Simplified sunlight ( visible light) shines on the apple the apple's surface absorbs all of the wavelengths except red; those are reflected to the human eye the eye receives the reflected wavelengths and sends a red color message to the brain black absorbs all of the colors. no colors reflected the colors you see are the wavelengths that are reflected white means all the colors are reflected sunlight contains all the wavelengths of all colors equally Visual Accommodation the process by which the lens changes shape to help focus near versus far objects onto the retina as you get older the lens gets harder look far = lens relaxes look close = it tightens Retina light sensitive surface on the back of the eye where light gets focused. sends neural impulses to the brain Photoreceptor Layer transduces the light stimuli into neural impulses visual sensory receptor account for nearly 3/4 of all human sensory receptors Rods (sensory receptor) photoreceptors responsible for noncolor and dim light vision Amplitude = process brightness Cones (Color Cone sensory receptor) photoreceptors responsible for color and acuity (sharpness). doesn't work in the dark. wavelength Iris colored muscle arnd the pupil Pupil hole that admits light into the eye Lens accommodation supplies fine focus Fovea area of maximum acuity, cone concentration, center of focus, on the retina where all the cones gathered up rods= on edge What happens? 1. pupil admits light into the eye 2. retina receives light and light gets focused 3. fovea in retina is what has rods and cones.get to work. is it amplitude or wavelength? Optic Nerve bundle of retinal cell axons that carries the neural impulses from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain (and what happens there?) Receptor in the Human Retina Number: Cones = 6 million Rods = 120 million Location in Retina: Cones= center rods= periphery sensitivity in dim light: Cones= low rods= high color sensitive: cones= yes rods= no The "Blind Spot" hole in the retina where photoreceptor axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve insensitive to light (no rods or cones- it's a hole) a small object that falls on the blind spot is "invisible" what do you see instead? brain makes up stuff based on context. it's in the periphery with the rods Trichromatic Theory (TEST) says that the patterns of neural activity in 3 different cone types in the retina create normal color perception takes place in retina red green blue each cone fires at different frequencies to make a color if perfect color it fires with more frequency Afterimage if stare at red afterimage will be green bc exhausted red sensory adaptation means fatiguing message (reason of afterimages) adaptation plus opponent process= afterimages! Opponent Process Theory FOUR primary colors red-green blue-yellow HAPPENS IN THE BRAIN 2nd place once light in retina brain divides them into pairs LGN cell sends info of color to brain and tells red not green or blue not yellow when one color is activated, the opponent is inhibited in that cell's point in visual space OP happens in the LGN of the thalamus, NOT in the retina LGN Cell The lateral geniculate nucleus is a relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway. It receives a major sensory input from the retina. The LGN is the main central connection for the optic nerve to the occipital lobe, particularly the primary visual cortex. Perceptual Organization organization the visual world into separate entities object discrimination foraging, adaptive survival, natural selection sex-linked inheritance Colorblindness can't see any colors Monochromats either have no cones, cones that aren't working, or damage to neural pathways for color-processing Color Deficiency red-green or blue-yellow deficiency can't see brightness differences cannot distinguish opponent pairs Change Blindness a phenomenon of selective attention we can only pay attention to a fraction of sensory input at any given moment recall that unattended stimuli never enter awareness only what we ATTEND gets stored in memory Wavelength Frequency pressure waves in air measured in hertz (Hz) - waves per second Pitch- frequency of wave high pitches= high frequency low pitch= low frequency High amplitude= high volume Threshold the smallest amount of stimulus needed for you to hear it above 80 decibels= damage to hearing Pinna Captures Waves part of ear sticking outside of the head acts like funnel captures pressure waves in air and funnels then into the auditory canal which = rest auditory system Auditory Canal funnels waves that come from the Pinna Tympanic Membrane in the eardrum tightly stretched skin that vibrates when air pressure waves strike it. Vibration sets middle earlobes into movement. They amplify it. Ossicles amplify waves Cochlea snail-shaped structure filled with fluid; transduction happens in here. Organ of Corti on the basilar membrane inside the cochlea pressure waves set basilar membrane in motion Hair Cells on the basilar membrane bend and fire with the motion Auditory Nerve collection of hair cell axons that takes signals to brain Taste (Gustation) taste buds (receptors) papillae (house the taste buds) 5 primary tastes: 1. umami (MSG)- protein 2. sour - ripeness 3. salty - minerals 4. bitter - poison avoidance? 5. sweet - calories Olfaction airborne molecules dissolved in mucus in the nose then attach to the olfactory receptors then trigger a neural impulse Olfactory Pathway olfactory receptors = neural impulse = olfactory nerve = olfactory bulbs (brain) signals don't go to thalamus instead reach olfactory bulbs which part of limphic system. Also associated with memory. Sensory Interaction "flavor" includes both taste and smell. Why does this happen? food selection quality reduces food poisoning recruits odor memory Somesthetic Senses "body senses" skin sense kinesthetic sense vestibular senses Skin Sense touch pain temperature pressure all of these have receptors in the skin Pain Receptors receptors for pain (nociceptors) free nerve endings networked in the skin respond to intense pressure, heat, acids send neural impulses through sensory pathways to CNS brain created "pain" perception Gate-Control Theory addresses both sensory(physical) and cognitive(comes from brain) factors of pain pain involves an emotional, top-down component spinal cord contains pain "gates" "gate" opens when small fibers are activated nociceptor signals (tissue damage) - nociceptor up to brain cognitive signals from unpleasant emotions- from brain down open pain gates emotions can increase pain gates with fear Stopping Pain "gate" closes when large fibers are activated sensory signals other than nociceptors cognitive signals from pleasurable emotions and thinking chemicals- endorphins and their agonists "kill" pain by blocking the pain signals from entering the brain endorphins naturally decrease brain WHOLE BRAIN PROCESSES PAIN Kinesthetic Sense your "activity" sense tells you the location of your individual body parts in relation to the ground and each other mostly located in joint tissues proprioceptors Vestibular Sense "whole body" sensations of motion, balance, position arise from fluid motion in inner ear vestibular canals Sensory Conflict Theory when visual info conflicts with vestibular info, dizziness, nausea, etc., may happen. Perceptual Organization Again top-down process (individualized by experience) how your brain makes sense of sensations makes the world meaningful sometimes "hides" certain changes in stimuli so that they continue to appear constant to you (and therefore make sense) Perceptual Constancy the tendency to perceive objects as unchanging even when they actually change at the sensation level works only when the entire scene (context) changes simultaneously ex: blind spot if everything I see affected the same way then I wouldn't know change happened Color Constancy in sunlight all wavelengths are approximately equal in intensity in fluorescent light, blue wavelengths are more intense perceptually? stays constant but actual physical sensation change sensationally? change perceiving familiar objects as having a consistent color, even when a changing light source changes the wavelengths that are reflected TERM Purkinje Shift (TEST) DEFINITION when getting dark you lose long waves first and then short waves last one lose is blue cones quit working and rods take over LOCATION TERM Brightness Constancy DEFINITION the apparent brightness of an object stays the same even when the luminance(intensity of reflected light) changes perception doesn't change when intensity changes. sensational change. LOCATION Size constancy size constancy is the tendency to interpret a familiar object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its retinal size (which gets smaller with distance) Perceptual Size brain magnifies things it thinks are far away Shape Constancy the tendency to perceive the shape of a familiar object as being constant, even when its retinal shape changes Perception of Depth images on the retina are 2-D so how do we perceive 3-D (depth)? Answer: CUE Approach CUE Approach we learn the connection between cues and depth through experience, yileding 3-D perceptions Depth Perception divided into 2 types binocular and monocular Binocular depth cues that involve comparing the left and right eye images (2 eyes) Monocular depth cues that appear in the image in either the left or right eye Monocular Cues (pictorial depth cues) cues for perceiving depth based on one eye Ponzo Illusion (TEST) capitalizes on the brain's use of distance cues to distort size perception *brain magnifies objects based on context Muller-Lyer Illusion culture more common in industrialized societies Moon Illusion (TEST) comparison with horizon objects leads to the subjective magnification of moon the higher it is, the smaller it looks when the brain sees something distant it magnifies it Binocular Cues cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes 1.retinal disparity- images from the two eyes differ closer the object, the larger the disparity disparity contributes to depth perception 2.convergence neuromuscular cue your eyes turn inward (converge) to view a close object brain converts muscular tension in eye into depth perception Perceptual Set (perceptual expectancy) the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences influence that peception Linear Perspective the perception that parallel lines converge Relative Size looking at 2 objects we expect to be a similar size, the one that looks smaller will be judged to be farther away Interposition objects closer to us may block part or our view of more distant objects (skyscrapers) Aerial Perspective "relative clarity." we can see nearby objects more clearly than one far away Texture Gradient texture or grain of an object appears finer as distance increases Motion Parallax perceptions of objects in motion where close objects appear move faster than far objects Remember (TEST) all sensory info goes to the thalamus first except for smell sensory conflict theory when visual info conflicts with vestibular info, dizziness, nausea, etc., may happen. why would your brain do this to you?
Syntax
Sentence structure
T/F Endocannabinoids are neuromodulators that decrease neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons.
TRUE
T/F Glial cells help maintain the structure of synapses and they can modify neural transmission.
TRUE
T/F In the hierarchy of skeletal muscle fiber components, the myofibril is made up of myofilaments.
TRUE
T/F Ionizing radiation is more effective than non-ionizing radiation in killing microbes.
TRUE
T/F Myosin light-chain phosphatase is an enzyme that dephosphorylates the myosin heads in smooth muscle, which stops ATPase activity and fosters relaxation of smooth muscle.
TRUE
example of chunking
abcfbitntirsmtvsuvcbs -->> abc-fbi-tnt-irs-mtv-suv-cbs
surface
actual form of the sentence understanding someones words and sentence that they are saying
Iris
adjusts how much light is let in by expansion and contraction
fixed ratio
after fixed number of responses
pupil
after light enters the eye it passes through the-
variable ratio
after vary number of responses
Sensory Memory
all info is lost within a second or so; represent information, briefly hold it for processing;
Intensity
amount of energy in the light, perceived as brightness
cognitive learning theory
an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning
motor cortex
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
Fovea
an area of maximum activity, cone concentration, on the retina
stimulus
any type of object, experience, event that causes a response.
false consensus effect
application to self other judgement, assuming most people have the same views as me
sensory cortex
area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
unconditioned response
automatic response to stimuli
Forebrain
The largest and most complicated region of the brain, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.
trichromatic theory of color vision
The theory that there are three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responds primarily to a specific range of wavelengths (color)
HW 5
What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations, and operant conditioning involves learning based on consequences. In Pavlov's classic experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a conditioned stimulus (CS). By pairing a flashing light with a loud noise, a researcher has taught a rat to exhibit a fear response to the light. In this study, the rat's conditioned response (CR) is the fear response. Thorndike's law of effect states that the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood of that behavior's being repeated. Which of the following best describes how operant conditioning works? Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. What is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment? Negative reinforcement seeks to increase the frequency of a behavior, and punishment seeks to decrease the frequency of a behavior. Which of these techniques would work best to change a behavior? Orin's parents bought him a new toy truck for being nicer to his little sister. Which of the following scenarios best depicts variable-ratio reinforcement? Dexter continues to put money into slot machines because he never knows how many pulls of the arm it will take to win the jackpot. Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following? Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models. The phrase "use it or lose it" is particularly relevant to neural processes in that synaptic connections will lose strength if they are not used regularly, and we may forget information. Ted wants to teach his dog, Bailey, to "wave goodbye." He begins to reward Bailey every time he lifts his paw in the air. Then, Ted rewards Bailey any time he lifts his paw and moves it even slightly. Finally, he rewards him only when he makes a full waving motion. Which of the following techniques is Ted using with Bailey? shaping _______________ is the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others. Modeling Which of the following are all external rewards for behavior? candy, money, praise "Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior but also for those who watch." This statement is most closely linked to the theory of social learning. Imprinting is the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth. Which theorist proposed the concept of latent learning? Edward Tolman Konrad Lorenz studied imprinting extensively in birds. Which of the following statements about mirror neurons is false? Mirror neurons are located in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex. Behavior modification techniques have been particularly effective in getting people to quit smoking. There are several possible means by which ______ facilitates learning, but one of the main mechanisms involved is the spontaneous replay and consolidation of daily events. sleep Julie works at a factory that produces toy clowns. As the toy clowns come down the assembly line it is Julie's job to add a red nose to each clown as the last step in completing each toy. For every 100 clowns Kelly completes, she receives $10.00, which is a(n) positive reinforcement. To increase productivity, the clown factory decides to have a contest. The person who completes the most clowns on Monday does not have to come to work on Tuesday. The factory is using __________ as a motivator. negative reinforcement The clown factory's bosses do not like laziness. If a worker completes fewer than 20 toys during the morning hours, they do not get to take a lunch break. This behavioral tactic is an example of ___________. negative punishment The clown factory's bosses also do not like mistakes. If a worker forgets to put a nose on a clown, the bosses publicly scold the worker. This behavioral tactic is an example of __________. positive punishment As you can see from the examples above, the clown factory's bosses use _________ to increase behaviors they like and ________ to decrease behaviors they do not like. reinforcement; punishment Behavior that is rewarded some but not all of the time is on a __________ schedule of reinforcement. intermittent The ____________ schedule of reinforcement reinforces behavior only after a specific number of responses are made. fixed ratio Edwin Employer pays his workers at 5:00 p.m. every Friday. Edwin is using which schedule of reinforcement to reward his employees? Fixed interval The reinforcement schedule that typically yields the highest response rate is the ___________ schedule of reinforcement. variable ratio Professor McMann loves to give pop quizzes in his psychology class. Students are always studying for this class because they never know when Professor McMann will give the next quiz. Sometimes he gives a pop quiz every other class session. Sometimes he gives a pop quiz every third session, and sometimes he even gives a pop quiz every class session. Professor McMann is using which schedule of reinforcement to keep his students studying? Variable interval What is a neutral stimulus? a stimulus that doesn't cause a response unless it is associated with a UCS A child sees her lunch box and then feels hunger pangs. In this example, the hunger pangs are a(n) CR. How does food in the mouth cause a dog to salivate? by stimulating a reflexive response How is the neutral stimulus related to the CS? The neutral stimulus becomes the CS once conditioning has occurred. Alika is allergic to grass. Whenever he would sit on the grass, his skin would break out in hives that made him feel very itchy. Now, if you just say the word "grass" to him, he starts to feel itchy. In this example, grass is a(n) CS. A cold wind blowing in my face makes me shiver. In this example, shivering is a(n) UCR Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? -getting an allowance after completing chores -getting spanked for running in the street -getting relief from pain after taking an aspirin Positive reinforcement ____________ and negative reinforcement ________________. strengthens behavior by adding a stimulus; strengthens behavior by removing a stimulus Which of the following is an example of positive punishment? getting spanked for running in the street John lost his wallet. He hopes it is somewhere in his bedroom. He has searched for it but the room is so messy he hasn't found it and can't be sure it is there. If John stops leaving his room in a mess in the future, then losing his wallet has functioned as a negative punishment. Molly lives in the desert but wants to be a surfer. Her father promised her that if she gets straight A's on her next report card, the family will vacation on the coast and she can learn to surf. If Molly gets straight A's on her next report card, then the surfing vacation has functioned as positive reinforcement. Larry is a chain smoker who just flew 10 hours straight from Honolulu to Sydney, Australia. When he gets off the plane, he lights up as soon as he finds a smoking area so his terrible cravings will disappear. In this example, smoking is a negative reinforcement.
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Which of the following statements is true about identical twins? A. Twins are identical mainly due to dizygotic fertilization. B. In the womb, up to 5% of identical twins develop their own placenta. C. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg. D. Identical twins turn out to be vastly different from each other in their personalities, intelligence, illness, and disease histories. C. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg. The _____________ is the first major organ to form in a developing fetus. A. heart B. brain C. liver D. kidney B. brain During the development of a fetus, the ___________ develops about a week after the brain. A. skull B. liver C. intestine D. heart D. heart The ____________ stage of development begins at conception and lasts for two weeks. A. embryonic B. fetal C. germinal D. cephalocaudal C. germinal When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting single cell is known as a(n) _________. A. zygote B. fetus C. blastocyst D. embryo A. zygote Which of the following occurs by day seven after conception? A. The sex of the embryo is determined and appropriate genitalia develop. B. Major organs like the heart, kidneys, and the brain begin to develop. C. The sperm attaches itself to the female and egg and forms a zygote. D. The blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall. D. The blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall. Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development—from the earliest stage to the latest stage? A. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage B. Embryonic stage, germinal stage, fetal stage, zygote C. Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage, zygote D. Fetal stage, zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage A. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage The formation of the brain, spinal cord, heart, ears, eyes, and palate takes place in the ___________ stage of development. A. cephalocaudal B. fetal C. embryonic D. germinal C. embryonic The ___________ takes the longest amount of time to develop. A. heart B. intestine C. liver D. central nervous system D. central nervous system The second stage of prenatal development begins at about two weeks after conception. At this point, the growing bundle of cells is called a(n) __________. A. blastocyst B. embryo C. fetus D. zygote B. embryo The key event that distinguishes the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage, is the formation of the ___________. A. bone cells B. zygote C. brain D. blastocyst A. bone cells Bevin and Essien's obstetrician tells them that their baby has entered the fetal stage. The key event that distinguishes this stage from the embryonic stage is the development of ___________ in their baby. A. brain B. bone cells C. limbs D. external genitalia B. bone cells Karen has been using her stethoscope for many days to listen to her fetus' heartbeat. Today, for the first time, she detected her fetus' heart beat. Karen must be at least _____________ weeks pregnant. A. two B. five C. six D. eight D. eight Find the correct statement about the embryonic stage: A. It begins immediately after the zygote divides. B. It begins when the fertilized egg is a single-celled zygote. C. It starts at the moment of implantation. D. It is marked by the formation of the major organs. D. It is marked by the formation of the major organs. In which of the following stages of prenatal development does the formation of arms and legs occur? A. Germinal stage B. Embryonic stage C. Fetal stage D. Blastocyst stage B. Embryonic stage The ______________ stage of prenatal development begins 8 weeks after conception. A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. blastocyst C. fetal Between 8 and 12 weeks into development, ____________. A. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope B. the vision of the fetus is fully developed C. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain of the fetus are completely developed D. the taste buds of a fetus are completely developed A. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope A baby begins to move its limbs in the ____________ stage of development. A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. blastocyst C. fetal Becky, who is pregnant, will most likely feel the fetus moving for the first time at about ____________ after conception. A. one to two months B. two to three months C. four to six months D. seven to eight months C. four to six months Tevy and Gellert are convinced that their baby will be able to recognize their voices and familiar songs at birth if they begin singing and talking to their baby before it is born. At which stage of prenatal development should Tevy and Gellert expect their baby to be able to respond to these sounds? A. Blastocyst stage B. Embryonic stage C. Fetal stage D. Zygote stage C. Fetal stage A fetus begins to respond to sound around _____________ weeks after conception. A. 8 B. 12 C. 18 D. 26 D. 26 By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, ___________. A. the head of the fetus has grown to 70% of its adult weight B. the vision of the fetus is fully developed C. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain are complete D. the taste buds of a fetus look very much like an adult's D. the taste buds of a fetus look very much like an adult's Which of the following fetal reactions indicates attention, interest, or orienting response on the part of the fetus? A. Increased rate of neuron development B. Slowed heart rate C. Turning over of the fetus D. Greater frequency of kicking B. Slowed heart rate Which of the following reactions displayed by a fetus indicates fear or distress? A. Decreased blood pressure B. Increased rate of pruning C. Increased heart rate D. Increased rate of neuron development C. Increased heart rate Babies born prematurely—who would otherwise still be developing in the womb—prefer ______________ flavors to other flavors. A. sweet B. salty C. sour D. bitter A. sweet The sense that is least well developed in the fetus is ___________. A. taste B. vision C. hearing D. touch B. vision Which of the following statements is true regarding fetal vision? A. Vision gets fully developed during the germinal stage. B. By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, the vision of the fetus is very much like that of an adult. C. At birth, infants are far-sighted. D. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb. D. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb. Infants cannot see as well as adults until they are at least ___________ months old. A. two B. four C. six D. eight C. six teratogen is: A. a brain region responsible for the ability to speak. B. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development. C. a weak brain synapse that disappears at around age six. D. a vital nutrient that helps a fetus develop properly. B. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development. Which of the following is true about pregnancy sickness? A. The body has its own built-in toxin detector called pregnancy sickness. B. Pregnancy sickness is worst during the second trimester of pregnancy. C. Foods such as cheese and mushrooms help reduce pregnancy sickness. D. Pregnancy sickness is also known as "evening sickness." A. The body has its own built-in toxin detector called pregnancy sickness. ____________ can be defined as the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health. A. Prenatal programming B. Neuron migration C. Pruning D. Generativity A. Prenatal programming Pregnancy sickness occurs most commonly with exposure to foods susceptible to molds and to ____________ substances. A. sweet B. spicy C. salty D. bitter D. bitter Epigenetics is the study of how ____________. A. a genetic disorder is passed on to sons but not to daughters B. an individual gets affected by a recessive disorder C. a dominant gene becomes resistant to change D. the environment affects gene expression D. the environment affects gene expression If a mother contracts an infection, such as flu, at four to six months of pregnancy, this can increase the chance that the child will develop _____________ later in life. A. schizophrenia B. Huntington's disease C. anorexia nervosa D. anemia A. schizophrenia Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy? A. 1 to 2 drinks per day is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. B. A maximum of 4 drinks per month is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. C. 1 drink on an occasional basis is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. D. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. D. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Which of the following is most likely to cause mental retardation, low birth weight, and behavioral problems to a developing baby? A. Anorexia nervosa B. Diarrhea C. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) D. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) C. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) Which of the following is most likely to increase the risk of stillbirth? A. Prescription drugs taken during pregnancy B. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking C. Lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid in the mother's diet D. Developing an infection during pregnancy B. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking Mothers who _______________ are more likely to have infants who are temperamentally "difficult" and "fussy." A. are depressed or anxious B. develop infections such as the flu towards the end of their pregnancy C. consume less than the required amount of folic acid D. develop gestational diabetes A. are depressed or anxious A pediatrician is assessing nine-month-old Chiara's motor development, which involves observing changes in Chiara's _____________. A. physical movement and body control B. emotional relationships with her parents and siblings C. peer relationships and status D. ability to see clearly and to recognize numbers A. physical movement and body control By ____________ months, many babies can sit by themselves, without any help. A. two B. three C. four D. six D. six Which of the following senses develops to a greater extent after birth as compared to the fetal stage? A. Vision B. Hearing C. Taste D. Smell A. Vision Which of the following senses is almost fully developed at birth? A. Vision B. Hearing C. Touch D. Smell B. Hearing By age ____________, a child's vision becomes similar to an adult's. A. 1 or 2 B. 3 or 4 C. 5 or 6 D. 8 or 9 B. 3 or 4 Gibson and Walk's classic visual cliff experiment on infants was designed to assess infants' ____________. A. brain-to-eye size ratio B. ability to recognize faces C. ability to detect colors D. depth perception D. depth perception With learning and experience certain synaptic connections become stronger, whereas those that do not receive stimulation from the environment die off. This process is known as ___________. A. cognitive programming B. pruning C. rewiring D. enriching B. pruning Which of the following is true of human brain development? A. It is complete during the embryonic stage. B. It is complete during the fetal stage. C. It is complete at birth. D. It continues after birth. D. It continues after birth. Which of the following statements is true about pruning? A. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia. B. Pruning is usually independent of the quality of the environment in which the brain develops. C. Neural pruning results in the huge increase in the number of neurons and stimulates the unused neurons. D. Normal and enriched environments create less developed neural connections. A. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia. Gray matter is a measure of the number of ___________. A. axons B. myelins C. neurons D. lobes C. neurons Which of the following statements is true regarding gray matter? A. Increase in gray matter volume suggest pruning. B. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence. C. Gray matter continues to grow into one's 40s. D. Gray matter consists of axons and myelin. B. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence. Which of the following statements is true regarding white matter? A. White matter is made up of the axons and myelin. B. White matter starts to decline in adolescence. C. Development of white matter is completed in the embryonic stage. D. White matter is a measure of the number of neurons. A. White matter is made up of the axons and myelin. Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________. A. gray matter B. number of neurons C. number of axons D. myelin D. myelin Which of the following terms refers to the fatty insulation that makes nerve impulses travel faster? A. Plasmalogen B. Cephalin C. Myelin sheath D. Choline C. Myelin sheath As compared to nonmusicians, musicians have _________. A. larger cerebellums B. fewer neurons C. thinner corpus callosum D. more white matter A. larger cerebellums As compared to musicians, nonmusicians have ___________. A. larger cerebellums B. more neurons C. thinner corpus callosum D. fewer synapses C. thinner corpus callosum Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training? A. It reduces neural activity in the hippocampus. B. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood. C. The earlier the musical training begins, the lesser is the degree of activation of the left-auditory cortex. D. It has always caused brain growth. B. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood. Jean Piaget pioneered theories in ____________ development. A. emotional B. cognitive C. language D. moral B. cognitive Hey this is who I'm studying for the PLT! Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of Piaget's principles of cognitive development, from earliest to latest? A. Preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational B. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational C. Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor D. Sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational B. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational Eniko is currently 8 months old. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, she is in the ______ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational A. sensorimotor According to Piaget, mastering object permanence is the hallmark of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. sensorimotor D. preoperational C. sensorimotor When a child recognizes that objects continue to exist, even when they are no longer in sight, they have mastered the concept that Piaget referred to as: A. object permanence. B. object conservation. C. pruning. D. reversibility. A. object permanence. In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Formal operational A. Sensorimotor During playtime, Jamal's mother hid his toy under a blanket. Jamal, who is 9 months old, reacted to this by looking for his toy under the blanket. According to Piaget, Jack has developed ___________. A. seriation B. transduction C. object permanence D. hypothetico-deductive reasoning C. object permanence Which of the following is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development? A. Object permanence begins to develop during this stage. B. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage. C. Children gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems during this stage. D. This stage is marked by the development of the ability to reflect upon one's thinking. B. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage. According to Piaget, animistic thinking is a characteristic of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. preoperational D. preoperational According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational B. preoperational Entrance into Piaget's preoperational stage of development is marked by ____________. A. emergence of symbolic thought B. development of abstract reasoning C. an understanding of conservation D. the ability to reason scientifically A. emergence of symbolic thought According to Piaget, egocentrism is a characteristic of the _____________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. preoperational D. preoperational With reference to the stages of cognitive development introduced by Piaget, which of the following statements is true regarding the preoperational stage? A. During this stage children develop scientific reasoning and hypothesis-testing skills. B. This stage is characterized my mastering object permanence. C. Typically, children between the ages of 6 months to 1 year are in this stage. D. During this stage children cannot recognize that amounts stay the same when shapes change. D. During this stage children cannot recognize that amounts stay the same when shapes change. Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ______________. A. individuation B. object permanence C. egocentrism D. animistic thinking C. egocentrism When asked where the sun goes at night, 4-year-old Kiet explains to his dad that it goes to sleep. Later that day, Kiet gets upset because he believes his sister's glass contains more juice than his glass. Both glasses actually contain the same amount of juice, but Kiet is confused because of the tall and thin shape of his sister's glass. From these instances, we can say that Kiet is in the ____________ stage of Piaget's cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operations D. formal operations B. preoperational Four-year-old Edana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Edana is demonstrating ____________ in this scenario. A. matter conservation B. animistic thinking C. egocentrism D. social referencing B. animistic thinking Which of the following is an example of animistic thinking? A. A child believes that a tree is smiling and waving its limbs. B. A child is unable to distinguish between the names of two animals. C. A child cannot recognize that quantities remain the same even when shapes change. D. A child realizes that objects still exist even when they are not being sensed. A. A child believes that a tree is smiling and waving its limbs. _____________ is the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and not see things from another person's perspective. A. Egocentrism B. Object permanence C. Animistic thinking D. Pruning A. Egocentrism ____________ is the ability to recognize that when some properties (such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as mass) remain constant. A. Egocentrism B. Object permanence C. Animistic thinking D. Conservation D. Conservation Three-year-old Devesh gets upset because he believes his sister's glass has more juice than his glass does. Both of them have the same amounts of juice but Devesh is confused because of the difference in the shape of their juice glasses. According to Piaget, this would be an example of Devesh's: A. egocentrism. B. animistic thinking. C. lack of conservation. D. lack of understanding of object permanence. C. lack of conservation. According to the Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children between the age of 6 to 11 are in the ______________ stage. A. preoperational B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. sensorimotor C. concrete operational During Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, called the concrete operational stage (ages 6-11), children ____________. A. gain the ability to systematically solve problems without resorting to trial and error B. gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems C. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events D. develop the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed C. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events According to Piaget, children acquire the ability to conserve during the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. concrete operational C. preoperational D. formal operational B. concrete operational According to Piaget, in the ______________ stage of cognitive development, logic is limited to what a child can directly observe. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. preoperational D. concrete operational D. concrete operational Which of the following statements is true regarding the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. Typically, children between ages 2 and 4 are in this stage. B. During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes. C. According to Piaget, this is the last stage of cognitive development. D. During this stage, children learn the concept of object permanence. B. During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes. Which of the following statements is true regarding the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. During this stage formal logic becomes possible. B. This is the second stage of cognitive development. C. Typically, children between the ages of 2 to 4 years are in this stage. D. During this stage children learn the concept of object permanence. A. During this stage formal logic becomes possible. In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does abstract and scientific reasoning develop? A. Formal operational B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Sensorimotor A. Formal operational Twelve-year-old Allen argues that, "If Shamus is a man, and all men are mortal, then Shamus is mortal." Based on the information given in this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true about Allen? A. Allen is in the concrete operational stage of development of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. B. In this stage, Allen's logic remains concrete and limited to objects that he directly observes. C. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. D. Allen can perform mental operations—on real, or concrete, objects and events—but still has trouble with abstract ideas and reasoning. C. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. The term ______________ refers to our knowledge and ideas of how other people's minds work. A. cognitive programming B. pruning C. theory of mind D. animistic thinking C. theory of mind Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ___________. A. egocentrism B. animistic thinking C. object permanence D. theory of mind D. theory of mind Quinn, who is in pre-school, was the only child to see the teacher take crackers out of the cracker box and fill the box with potato chips instead. When asked what the other children will expect to find in the cracker box, Quinn says "potato chips." This response is evidence that Quinn lacks: A. object permanence. B. conservation. C. theory of mind. D. egocentrism. C. theory of mind. Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz Dilemma" to assess ___________. A. the development of moral reasoning in children B. the physical development of children less than 5 years of age C. the cognitive ability of children D. the development of linguistic ability in children A. the development of moral reasoning in children According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, ____________ level is the least developed level of moral reasoning. A. concrete operational B. preconventional C. formal operational D. postconventional B. preconventional Johnny says he will not drive above the speed limit simply because he does not want to pay the cost of a speeding ticket. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Johnny is operating at the _____________ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. A. sensorimotor B. preconventional C. concrete operational D. preoperational B. preconventional According to Kohlberg, how would a child whose thought is at the conventional level of moral reasoning respond to the Heinz dilemma? A. "Heinz should steal the drug! Who cares?" B. "Heinz should not steal the drug because he will be caught and sent to jail." C. "Heinz should steal the drug and not worry about punishment because it is the right thing to do." D. "Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong." D. "Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong." When Cathy was asked to respond to the Heinz dilemma developed by Kohlberg, she said, "Although it is legally wrong, Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife's life. But he also has to be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be." According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, Cathy is at the _______________ stage of moral development. A. postconventional B. preconventional C. concrete operational D. preoperational A. postconventional According to Kohlberg, a person who is at the ______________ level of moral development acknowledges both the norm and the law, but argues that there are universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules. A. concrete operational B. preconventional C. functional operational D. postconventional D. postconventional According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is based on: A. avoidance of punishments. B. the social consequences of an action. C. universal moral principles. D. individual moral temperaments C. universal moral principles. Which of the following is the level of moral reasoning which, as proposed by Kohlberg, appears to be limited to Western cultures? A. Functional operational level B. Postconventional level C. Preoperational level D. Conventional level B. Postconventional level According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable. A. difficult B. conventional C. slow-to-warm-up D. easy D. easy According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which of the following statements is true regarding the difficult child? A. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations. B. The difficult child is happy most of the time. C. The difficult child is predictable in daily functions D. The difficult child is mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating. A. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations. According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the _____________ child is mildly intense in his or her reactions to new situations and mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating. A. difficult B. conventional C. slow-to-warm-up D. easy C. slow-to-warm-up Some animals, especially birds, follow and imitate the first large creature they see immediately after birth. This behavior is called ____________. A. pruning B. imprinting C. animistic thinking D. egocentrism B. imprinting In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers. A. cognition B. imprinting C. attachment D. sublimation C. attachment Nine-month-old Terrell is screaming and crying because his mother has dropped him off at the day care. He displays this distress each time she leaves him. Terrell is likely experiencing _____. A. preoperational thinking B. secure attachment C. object permanence D. separation anxiety C. object permanence Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment with a procedure known as the ____________. A. prison study B. obedience experiment C. strange situation D. line judgment task C. strange situation According to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants often show little to no distress in separation episodes, and when the mother returns, the infants tend to ignore and avoid her, focusing instead on something else in the room. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disoriented D. insecure-disorganized B. insecure-avoidant With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ________________ infants cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and show difficulty in returning to play. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disorganized D. insecure-disoriented A. insecure-resistant With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants show odd, conflicted behaviors in the strange situation. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disoriented D. insecure-attached C. insecure-disoriented With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, the _____________ classification is considered the most insecure because the infant's fear of their attachment figure inhibits the development of a strategy for effective regulation of stress. A. insecure-attached B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-resistant D. insecure-disorganized D. insecure-disorganized Harry Harlow said that _____________ is as essential a function of nursing in humans as is nutrition. A. contact B. protection C. attention D. training A. contact Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not. A. cried less B. gained significantly more weight C. slept significantly more D. fell ill more frequently B. gained significantly more weight _______________ is a movement disorder caused by brain damage at birth. A. Schizophrenia B. Bipolar disorder C. Cerebral palsy D. Osteoporosis C. Cerebral palsy By the age of ______________, babies can discriminate between fearful and happy faces. A. 2 years B. 3 months C. 1 year D. 7 months D. 7 months Nine-year-old Jen has learnt to control her tears when she is in a social gathering. She also knows when it is appropriate to smile in public. Based on this information, it can be said that Jen has _____________. A. developed social referencing B. achieved object permanence C. developed emotional competence D. mastered animistic thinking C. developed emotional competence Children begin to interact socially during play at about age ____________. A. two B. three C. four D. five B. three In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young girls tended to become _____________ young women. A. self-assured and flexible B. highly career oriented C. anxious and self-doubting D. emotionally sterile and calculating C. anxious and self-doubting In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young boys tended to become ______________ young adults. A. self-doubting B. extremely emotional C. anxious D. self-assured and flexible D. self-assured and flexible One longitudinal study evaluated 1,000 New Zealand children over an 18-year period to try to understand what childhood temperament predicts about adult personality and behavior. Eighteen years after the initial assessment, the individuals whose parents had classified them as undercontrolled at age 3 were likely to _____________. A. be nonassertive and over anxious B. engage in thrill-seeking behaviors C. suffer from prolonged depression D. attempt suicide B. engage in thrill-seeking behaviors Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about age 11 or 12 and lasting until around age _____________. A. 15 B. 18 C. 22 D. 25 B. 18 The __________________ glands are also called gonads. A. parathyroid B. adrenaline C. sex D. alveolar C. sex On average, girls reach puberty at about age ______________. A. 9 B. 11 C. 13 D. 15 B. 11 On average, boys reach puberty at about age ______________. A. 9 B. 11 C. 13 D. 15 C. 13 Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature? A. Parathyroid B. Adrenaline C. Alveolar D. Pituitary D. Pituitary The female gonads are called _____________. A. vagina B. fallopian tubes C. ovaries D. uteri C. ovaries The male gonads are called ______________. A. testes B. thymus C. penises D. adrenals A. testes Lee, who is thirteen, is experiencing new growth of facial and pubic hair, a deepening of his voice, and a widening of his shoulders. Which of the following hormones is responsible for these developments? A. Leptin B. Estrogen C. Testosterone D. Oxytocin C. Testosterone ____________ is the sex hormone that initiates the growth of breasts, widening of hips, and increase in body fat in girls. A. Testosterone B. Estradiol C. Leptin D. Oxytocin B. Estradiol _____________ marks the beginning of adolescence. A. Symbolic thinking B. Puberty C. Animistic thinking D. Egocentrism B. Puberty Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence? A. In boys, the event that signals readiness to reproduce is menarche. B. Boys are not able to engage in scientific reasoning and hypothesis testing. C. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is. D. Boys and girls do not gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems. C. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is. The _____________ are the last areas of the brain to fully develop, and they continue to mature until late adolescence or early adulthood. A. abducens nuclei B. medulla oblongata C. globose nuclei D. frontal lobes D. frontal lobes Which of the following occurs after the frontal lobes have developed more fully? A. Animistic thinking increases. B. Heart rate decreases. C. Scientific thinking becomes possible. D. The possibility of developing anorexia nervosa increases. C. Scientific thinking becomes possible. Which of the following statements is true about brain development during adolescence? A. Brain development starts in adolescence, with the frontal lobes being the first part of the brain to develop. B. The brain develops more myelin around the axons as well as more neural connections. C. Animistic thinking begins during adolescence. D. Egocentrism is the hallmark of brain development in adolescence. B. The brain develops more myelin around the axons as well as more neural connections. Myelination proceeds from the _____________ during the period from childhood to adolescence. A. bottom of the brain to the top B. top of the brain to the bottom C. frontal lobes to the back of the brain D. back of the brain to the frontal lobes D. back of the brain to the frontal lobes Which of the following statements is true regarding myelination? A. The process of myelination is complete before the age of 10. B. Myelination proceeds from the front of the brain to the back. C. The rate and locations of myelination differs between boys and girls. D. In boys, the increased white matter organization occurs in the right hemisphere. C. The rate and locations of myelination differs between boys and girls. Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which: A. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. B. children develop egocentrism. C. the size of the frontal lobe increases. D. new synapses are formed in order to accommodate newer knowledge and scientific thought. A. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. Philip Shaw and colleagues in 2006 demonstrated that the brains of highly intelligent children, as compared to the brains of children with average intelligence, have a _____________. A. thicker frontal cortex at age seven B. thinner cortex at age nine C. thicker frontal cortex at midadolescence D. thinner cortex at age nineteen C. thicker frontal cortex at midadolescence During complex and demanding tasks, teens ________________. A. distribute the workload evenly throughout the brain B. overload their frontal lobes C. distribute the workload evenly between abducens nucleus and globose nucleus D. overload their flocculonodular lobe B. overload their frontal lobes With the onset of puberty and adolescence, children begin to focus on ____________. A. egocentrism B. developing their animistic thinking C. the questions of who they are D. motor skills C. the questions of who they are Having close, intimate friends during adolescence is more likely to be associated with _____________. A. poorer performance in school B. more conflicts with authority figures C. feelings of self-worth in adulthood D. more conflicts with parents C. feelings of self-worth in adulthood In the teen years, _____________ start to replace parents as a source of identification. A. teachers B. seniors C. siblings D. peers D. peers According to Erik Erikson, a(n) _____________ is an opportunity for adaptive or maladaptive adjustment. A. identity crisis B. sensorimotor stage C. pruning D. neural migration A. identity crisis Arnett calls the phase between adolescence and young adulthood ____________, which spans the ages 18-25 years. A. primary adulthood B. emerging adulthood C. early adulthood D. preliminary adulthood B. emerging adulthood Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication. A. rewired B. migrated C. myelinated D. pruned C. myelinated During their studies in 2009, Aberg and colleagues found positive correlation between ______________ and better cognitive scores. A. vision B. muscular strength C. size of the anterior lobe D. cardiovascular fitness D. cardiovascular fitness Which among the following is the clearest marker of reaching adulthood? A. Animistic thinking B. Having a child C. Symbolic thinking D. Graduating B. Having a child According to Erik Erikson, during one's 20s, the primary conflict is between ___________. A. intimacy and isolation B. career and family C. integrity and despair D. generativity and stagnation A. intimacy and isolation Erik Erikson defined ______________ as the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it. A. pruning B. rewiring C. intimacy D. object permanence C. intimacy Which are the biggest predictors of hearing loss? A. Social class and gender B. Profession and social class C. Ethnicity, cultural environment, and gender D. Age, gender and profession C. Ethnicity, cultural environment, and gender According to Jung, individuation is the process by which: A. a person's personality becomes whole and full. B. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. C. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. D. the individual becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others and does not contribute in a productive way to society or family. A. a person's personality becomes whole and full. Erik Erikson proposed that in midlife one confronts the crisis between ____________. A. career and family B. intimacy and isolation C. generativity versus stagnation D. creativity and conventionality C. generativity versus stagnation Erik Erikson defined _______________ as the creation of new ideas, products, or people. A. pruning B. neural migration C. prenatal programming D. generativity D. generativity According to Erik Erikson, parenting, starting a business, and creating a work of art are examples of ____________. A. neural migration B. generativity C. individuation D. stagnation B. generativity According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when: A. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others. B. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. C. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. D. events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health. A. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others. Which of the following is true about late adulthood? A. Late adulthood begins around age 55. B. The numbers of neurons (gray matter) increases in late adulthood. C. The older brain does not change as rapidly as the younger brain, but it remains dynamic. D. The kind of memory involved in processing and maintaining information while making decisions strengthens in late adulthood. C. The older brain does not change as rapidly as the younger brain, but it remains dynamic.
ch 6 cont
Which of the following views did psychologist Ernest Hilgard subscribe to? A. Under hypnosis, thoughts, feelings, and drives that threaten the waking mind come to the fore. B. Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input. C. Hypnotized individuals actually involve in role-playing by behaving the way they think a hypnotized person would behave. D. Hypnosis does not alter consciousness, nor do hypnotized individuals give up control of their behavior. B. Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input. What does neuroscientific research on hypnosis indicate? A. It is a heightened state of imagination. B. It is more like role-playing. C. It is a real activity that the brain experiences. D. Hypnotized individuals do not give up control of their behavior. C. It is a real activity that the brain experiences. What did research by neuroscientist Amir Raz and colleagues reveal? A. Highly hypnotizable people had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning B. Highly hypnotizable people had more activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning C. Less hypnotizable people were able to suppress the Stroop effect D. Both the highly hypnotizable and less hypnotizable people could remain resistant and show the same activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning A. Highly hypnotizable people had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning What were the results of the experiments conducted on participants who were variously administered mild pain, imagined pain, and hypnotized pain? A. Participants reported actually feeling pain only for real pain. B. Participants reported actually feeling pain for both real and hypnotically induced pain. C. Participants reported not feeling pain for hypnotically induced pain. D. Participants reported feeling pain for imagined pain. B. Participants reported actually feeling pain for both real and hypnotically induced pain. _____ is an unpleasant side effect that alcohol withdrawal creates for an alcoholic. A. Leptokurtic reaction B. Circadian dysrhythmia C. Excessive sleepiness D. Delirium tremens D. Delirium tremens Which of the following symptoms of alcohol withdrawal can be best described as convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus? A. Hallucinations B. Insomnia C. Tremors D. Seizures A. Hallucinations Which of the following can be best described as a condition that results from habitual use or physical and psychological dependence on a substance? A. Hallucinations B. Addiction C. Stroop effect D. Hypnosis B. Addiction Salim likes to have coffee. He has begun to consume several cups of coffee even when he has nothing much to keep himself busy. He says that coffee keeps his spirits up by alleviating boredom. This indicates that Salim A. has kept himself away from an overdependence on coffee. B. has developed a psychological dependence on coffee. C. has developed a physical dependence on coffee. D. is experiencing withdrawal symptoms. B. has developed a psychological dependence on coffee. If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n): A. depressant. B. vasodilator. C. corticosteroid. D. opioid. A. depressant. Which of the following is the most widely used depressant? A. Morphine B. Analgesic C. Alcohol D. Coffee C. Alcohol The legal limit of blood alcohol concentration for driving in all states of the United States is ________ BAC. A. 0.1 B. 0.03 C. 0.05 D. 0.08 D. 0.08 John is a heavy binge drinker who has trouble with planning, working memory, and abstract thinking. Scanning of John's brain would reveal that he has a damaged: A. parietal lobe. B. frontal lobe. C. occipital lobe. D. temporal lobe. B. frontal lobe. If Gary is a binge drinker, it means that he can have at least ________ drinks in a row. A. two B. three C. four D. five D. five When mild to moderate alcohol consumption is said to be beneficial, it suggests that no more than ________ drinks a day appears to provide protective effects on the ________. A. four; general health B. one; physical health C. two; cardiovascular system D. three; psychological system C. two; cardiovascular system Which of the following is commonly used as a prescription sedative? A. Nitroglycerin B. Hydrocodone C. Benzodiazepines D. Serotonin C. Benzodiazepines Which of the following is used in anesthesia to pacify people during certain medical procedures? A. Vasodilators B. Benzodiazepines C. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D. Barbiturates D. Barbiturates Which of the following can be classified as an opioid? A. Pentobarbital B. Morphine C. Chlordiazepoxide D. Diazepam B. Morphine Prescription cough medicines today often include _______, a safer alternative to heroin. A. amphetamine B. barbital C. codeine D. diazepam C. codeine The natural painkiller in the human body is: A. melatonin. B. endorphin. C. serotonin. D. epinephrine. B. endorphin. The world's most commonly consumed psychoactive drug is: A. barbiturate. B. cocaine. C. caffeine. D. opium. C. caffeine. Which of the following can occur as a consequence of mild-to-moderate intake of tea and energy drinks? A. Increased heart rate B. Better motor coordination C. Decreased alertness D. Nausea A. Increased heart rate Mary is a coffee lover. However, heeding her friend's advice, she resolves to stop her coffee consumption for good. Mary is most likely to show the withdrawal effect of: A. increased energy. B. elated mood. C. headache. D. increased concentration. C. headache. Which of the following is true of nicotine? A. It reduces heart rate. B. It relaxes the autonomic nervous system. C. It arouses the skeletal muscles. D. It increases respiration rate. D. It increases respiration rate. Which of the following is a powerful stimulant that is more difficult to quit and also reduces blood supply to skin tissue? A. Nicotine B. Caffeine C. Endorphin D. Heroin A. Nicotine How does cocaine induce a sense of exhilaration? A. By decreasing the activity of the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain B. By producing a long but mild sense of euphoria C. By increasing the higher social regulatory functions of the cerebral cortex D. By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses D. By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses Which of the following terms refers to synthetically produced compounds that produce long-lasting excitation of the sympathetic nervous system that keeps one motivated and elevates mood? A. Opioids B. Caffeine C. Nicotine D. Amphetamines D. Amphetamines Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis? A. Hallucination B. Nausea C. Hypersomnia D. Narcolepsy A. Hallucination Which of the following is also known as the love drug? A. Opium B. Ecstasy C. Cocaine D. LSD B. Ecstasy According to new research, which drug is found to be effective for treating post-traumatic stress disorder? A. Cocaine B. LSD C. MDMA D. Heroin C. MDMA Which of the following terms refers to a class of marijuana-like chemicals produced by human bodies? A. Antibodies B. Endocannabinoids C. Free radicals D. Antioxidants B. Endocannabinoids Which of the following is a hallucinogen that is also recommended and prescribed for people who suffer chemotherapy-related nausea or the involuntary weight loss due to AIDS? A. Dextroamphetamine B. Oxycodone C. Marijuana D. Ecstasy C. Marijuana ______ is a synthesized form of the derivative of the grain fungus ergot. A. Ecstasy B. Cocaine C. Marijuana D. LSD D. LSD Altered visual perceptions such as seeing the tracks that your hand makes when you move it through the air usually happens when one ingests: A. lysergic acid diethylamide-25. B. methamphetamine. C. methylenedioxymethamphetamine. D. amphetamine sulfate. A. lysergic acid diethylamide-25. For some people, LSD use can lead to panic and negative experiences known as: A. euphoria. B. spiritual experiences. C. bad trips. D. bulimia nervosa. C. bad trips. Which of the following refers to the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms that is found to trigger fairly stable spiritual insights? A. Ecstasy B. Psilocybin C. Morphine D. LSD B. Psilocybin
Select all the features you would expect in a nerve fiber that conducted signals slowly, such as those that control gastric secretions and other functions that are not urgent. _____ Small diameter _____ Unmyelinated _____ Large diameter _____ Myelinated
__X__ Small diameter __X__ Unmyelinated _____ Large diameter _____ Myelinated
Select all that are true when a muscle fiber is at rest. _____ There is a charge difference across the sarcolemma. _____ Sodium-potassium pumps are active. _____ Calcium is stored in the sarcoplasm. _____ ACh receptors are open.
__X__ There is a charge difference across the sarcolemma. __X__ Sodium-potassium pumps are active. _____ Calcium is stored in the sarcoplasm. _____ ACh receptors are open.
blocking
a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it (tip of the tongue)
Absent-Mindedness
a lapse in attention that results in memory failure
Conditioned Response
a learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon 1.Dendrites get input 2.info from dendrites goes to cell body 3. action potential occurs 4. action potential travels axon to synapse
Reuptake
a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron
refractory period
a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
Sense
a system that translates information from outside the nervous system into neural activity
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Ear canal
a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear
phoneme
basic units of sound: one letter
temporal theory of hearing
basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as external stimulus, pitch determined by the rate at which it vibrates
twin/adoption study
behavioral genetic research strategy that involves comparing the similarities of identical twin pairs adopted into different families, to determine the genetic contribution to a given trait
basilar membrane
bends after transduction occurs
Lens
bends light rays through accommodation
lens
bends light through accommodation
anterograde
can't make new memories
recognition
cant do fill in the blank but can answer multiple choice
optic nerve
carries output from receptors through optic chasm into CNS
Sensory Nerves
carry out put from sensory receptors to CNS
glial cells
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
Baddeley's model
central exclusive, visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, phonological loop, episodic buffer
perceiving pitch
certain frequencies activate areas of auditory cortex
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
Behaviorist Theory
children can learn language the way they learn any other skill, reinforcement and punishment
word
combinations of morpheme
Words
combinations of morphemes
divided attention (multitasking)
concentrating on more than one activity at the same time, rapidly shifting attention between one task and another
tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)
is a form of neurostimulation which uses constant, low current delivered to the brain area of interest via electrodes on the scalp. It was originally developed to help patients with brain injuries such as strokes
Suggestability
example: seeing a police lineup and being given biased comments from the officer to the victim to form a memory of the suspect committing a crime that they might not have;
blocking
failure to retrieve information available in memory tip of tongue and repression
Blocking
failure to retrieve information that is available in memory//// tip of the tongue and repression
hyperopia
farsightedness
fixed interval
first response after fixed time passed
ratio interval
first response after some vary amount of time
Transience
forgetting over time
transience
forgetting over time
transience
forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
terminal branches of axon
form junctions with other cells
auditory cortex
gets the info from the auditory nerve
retrieval
getting that information back out ex. recalling the dwarfs names to get it out of storage
Positive Punishment
give a discouraging consequence (asking someone for help and them saying no)
High pitch
has a short wavelength
HM 1950
hippo-campus removed; cannot form new memories
non associative learning
impact of one stimulus with a natural response
Bandura's Bobo Doll Study
indicated that individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments
misinformation effect
influence of misleading information
Visual Memory Code
information as images
Encoding
information is put into memory
explicit
intentionally try to remember consciously aware of doing
Explicit Memory
intentionally try to remember; consciously aware of doing;
explicit memory
intentionally trying to remember, consciously aware of doing
Depth Cues
linear perspective, texture gradient, relative size
phrases and sentences
made up of words
Perception
making sensation into meaningful experiences
Change Blindness
missing changes in environment due to inattentional blindness;
Change blindness
missing changes to environment due to inattentional blindness
motor pathway
nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of efferent neurons(send signal from CNS)
retroactive
new information hurts the recall of old information learning new phone number makes you forget your old one
hindsight bias
now that you know certain information you can't remember your point of view without that information
latent learning
occurs in the absence of reinforcement not demonstrated until later
Simplicity
organize stimulus in a way that gives us simplest possible outcome
Chunking
organizing information into meaningful groups
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
Unconditional Stimulus
original input that always elicits the same unlearned response
unconditional stimuli
original input that always leads to same unconditioned response
serial position
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
cortex
outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input
escape conditioning
pain or some other averse stimulus removed by fleeing
avoidant conditioning
pain or some other averse stimulus; anticipated then removed by fleeing
covert attention
paying attention to something I'm not actively looking at
Likelihood
perceive objects in way physical experience tells us is most likely
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
deep structure
understand the meaning of the sentence
implicit
unintentional recognition influence of prior experience priming
Implicit Memory
unintentional recognition; influence of prior experiences; priming;
reflex
unlearned, involuntary response
Top Down Processing
using knowledge and past experience to recognize stimuli, useful when stimulus is ambiguous; expectancies, schemas, and motivation all affect top down processing;
History of IQ testing
very controversial unethical for immigrates
Semantic
what I know
mental sets
you stick with an old strategy even though a new one might work better
Ivan Pavlov
physiologist, studied the digestive system of dogs, pavlov's dogs, "discovered" classical conditioning
Primacy and Recency
remember first and last thing you were told to remember most
Intelligence
set of cognitive skills, that include abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving and the ability to acquire knowledge
syntax
set of rules that determines how words are combined to make sentences
grammar
set of structural rules governing laws of composition in any given language
maintenance processing
shallow processing repetition, short term
stimulus discrimination
stimuli different enough from CS so that it does not elicit CR
stimulus generalization
stimuli similar enough to conditioned stimulus to elicit conditioned response
stimulus generalization
stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR
Retrieval Cues
stimuli that help us remember and recognize info
retrieval cues
stimuli that helps us remember and recognize information
Bottom Up Processing
stimulus first organized into basic features, looks at features first then analyzes;
shallow processing
structural encoding was it capital
corpus callosum
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
ossicles
three tiny bones in the middle ear
nativist theory
language development is an innate, biological capacity
absent mindedness
lapse of attention resulting in memory failure
vicarious conditioning
learn consequence of action by watching others
Classical Conditioning
learning from the relationship between stimuli; (Pavlov studied dogs digestive system for this)
observational learning
learning new behaviors by observing others
T/F Soaps and detergents are very effective as sterilants.
FALSE
babbling
6 months mama and dada and other short sounds
T/F Graded potenials generally occur only on the axon of a neuron.
FALSE
2 word stage
18-24 months
Chapter 4 terms
Dualism the mind is physically distinct from the brain Attention conscious awareness, being able to focus selectively on some things and avoid focusing on others Automatic tasks that are so well learned that we do them out much attention Controlled slower than automatic processing, but it helps people perform in complex or novel situation Shadowing a participant wears headphones that deliver one message to one ear and and a different message to another. the person is asked to repeat the message but can only say the message they were listening to Freudian slip occurs when an unconscious thought is suddenly expressed at an inappropriate time or in an inappropriate social context Global workspace model posits that consciousness Aries as a function of which brain circuits are active Persistent vegetative state people who are in comas after brain injuries. they have sleep/wake cycles- they open their eyes and appear to be awake, close their eyes and appear to be asleep- but don't respond to their surroundings and when this condition lasts longer than a month Minimally conscious state people with brain injuries are able to make deliberate movements such as following an object with their eyes. may try to communicate Brain death irreversible loss of brain function Suprachiasmatic nucleus information about light detected by the eyes is sent to a smaller region of the hypothalamus called the ________ Pineal gland this region then sends signals to a tiny structure cAlled the ------- Melatonin a hormone that travels through the blood stream and affects various receptors in the body including the brain alpha waves when people really focus their attention on something or when they close their eyes and relax brain activity slows and becomes more regular Beta waves the EEG shows sensory activity as short, frequent, irregular brain signals K-complexes large waves, some researchers believe that these bursts are signals from brain mechanisms involved with shutting out the external world and keeping people asleep Delta waves large, regular brain patterns, very hard to wake ppl up and they are disoriented Slow-wave sleep delta waves,ery hard to wake ppl up and they are disoriented Rapid eye movements REM sleep, eyes dart back and forth rapidly beneath closed eyelids Paradoxical sleep sleeping body with active brain Pseudoinsomnia ppl dream they rant sleeping, EEG will indicate sleep but if you rouse them they would have claimed to be awake REM behavior disorder opposite of narcolepsy, the normal paralysis that accompanies REM sleep is disabled, sufferers act out dreams while sleeping, often striking their partners. mostly seen in elderly males, no cure Somnambulism sleepwalking, relatively common behavior occurs during slow wave sleep typically within 1st 2 hours of falling asleep. Unihemispherical sleep cerebral hemispheres take turns sleeping Restorative theory sleeping allows the body and brain to rest and repair itself Microsleeps in which they fall asleep during the day for periods ranging from a few secs to a min Circadian rhythm theory proposes that sleep has evolved to keep animals quiet and inactive during times of the day when there is greatest danger, usually when its dark The manifest content the dream they way the dreamer remembers it Latent content hidden meaning go your dreams Posthypnotic suggestion the hypnotist suggests that the listener will experience change in memory, perception, or voluntary action. accompanied by the instruction to not remember the suggestion Sociocognitive theory of hypnosis hypnotized people behave as they expect hypnotized people to behave, even if those expectations are faulty Neodissociation theory of hypnosis acknowledges the importance of social context to hypnosis but views the hypnotic state as an altered state Hypnotic analgesia a form of pain reduction Concentrative meditation you focus your attention on one thing such as your breathing pattern, a mental image or specific phrase Mantra breathing pattern, mental image, or specific phrase Mindfulness meditation you let your thoughts flow freely, paying attention to them but trying not to react to them Zen/yoga most forms of meditation popular in the west are meant to expand the mind, bring about feelings of inner peace, and help people deal with the tensions and stresses in their lives ... ... Transcendental meditation (TM) involves meditating with great concentration for 20min twice a day. benefits include lower blood pressure, fewer reports of stress, and changes in the hormonal responses underlying stress Runner's high one min they're in pain and feeling fatigued and the next they are euphoric and feeling a glorious release of energy Religious ecstasy religious ceremonies often decrease awareness of the external world and create feelings go euphoria Flow particular kind of experience that is so engrossing and enjoyable that it is worth doing for the its own sake even though it may have no consequences outside itself Psychoactive drugs mind-altering substances that people typically take for recreational purposes. change brains neurochemistry by activating neurotransmitter system either by imitating the brain's natural neurotransmitters Stimulants drugs that increase behavioral and mental activity. heighten central nervous system also activate sympathetic nervous system Depressants reduce behavioral and mental activity by depressing the central nervous system, alcohol, anti-anxiety drugs Opiates herion, morphine, and codeine. relieve pain Hallucinogens produce alterations in cognition, mood, and perception Lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD) made from a chemical found in certain. types of fungus called ergot, lasts 12 hrs. changes sensory experiences and can produce extreme hallucinations good and bad Psilocybin mushrooms produces hallucinogenic effects, have been used in various religious rites Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) produces a relaxed mental state , an uplift or contented mood, and some perceptual and cognitive distortions Cannabinoid receptors appears to adjust mental activity and perhaps alter pain perception, large concentration in the hippocampus may partly explain why marijuana impairs memory Tolerance a person needs to consume more of a particular substance to achieve the same effects Withdrawal a physiological and psychological state characterized by feelings of anxiety, tension, and craving for the addictive substance theta waves stage 1 light sleep, if woken up will deny you were sleeping
Elaborative Rehearsal
deep processing relating new/old info and memory Mnemonics
Which of the following is a marker of Stage 2 sleep? A. K-complexes B. Transient activations C. Vertex waves D. Small amplitude delta frequency waves
A. K-complexes
Which of the following most affects the human potential for learning? A. Intuition B. Intelligence C. Emotion D. Inhibition
B. Intelligence
Which of the following best describes Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence? A. Intelligence comprises three different factors: practical, creative and analytic. B. Intelligence comprises into two parts: fluid and crystalline. C. Intelligence is a function of eight distinct skills. D. Intelligence is a generalized entity comprising different components.
B. Intelligence comprises into two parts: fluid and crystalline.
Sensory nerves
carry output from sensory receptors to CNS
______________ coined the term psychophysics. A. Carl Jung B. Wilhelm Wundt C. Gustav Fechner D. G. Stanley Hall
C. Gustav Fechner
Which functional class of neurons lies entirely within the central nervous system? A. Bipolar neurons B. Sensory neurons C. Interneurons D. Unipolar neurons E. Motor neurons
C. Interneurons
Which of the following is true about retrieval as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. It refers to the knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill one learns. B. Psychologists describe two kinds of retrieval process: automatic processing and effortful processing. C. It is the recovery of information stored in memory. D. It is the third stage of long-term memory formation.
C. It is the recovery of information stored in memory.
Which of the following is true about sensory memory? A. Knowledge of how to ride a bike is stored in sensory memory. B. It is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand. C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time. D. It can be transferred to long-term memory if it is practiced.
C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time.
Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus? A. Dendrite B. Axon C. Soma D. Axon hillock E. Telodendrion
C. Soma
According to the studies in mice, what effect did sleep deprivation have on them? A. There was no effect on the neurons. B. The growth of neurons increased. C. The growth of new neurons was inhibited. D. The neurons started behaving erratically.
C. The growth of new neurons was inhibited.
The world's most commonly consumed psychoactive drug is: A. barbiturate. B. cocaine. C. caffeine. D. opium.
C. caffeine.
T/F Microbicidal agents are sterilants.
FALSE
___________ sciences study humans both as individuals and as groups. A. Chemical B. Biological C. Physical D. Social
D. Social
Episodic
"I remember when..."
inattentional blindness
"blind" to unattended info
Inattentional Blindness
"blind" to unattended information;
H.M. (Henry Molaison)
"man frozen in time" couldn't create new memories,
Immediate Memory Span
-4-9 (typically 7 plus or minus 2 items/words/letters/numbers) -Duration 12-30 seconds without rehearsal
1 word stage
1 year
Reinforcer
a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response
The legal limit of blood alcohol concentration for driving in all states of the United States is ________ BAC.
0.08
Perception Process
1. Neural sensation processed in thalamus 2. sensory information is organized and meanings are formulated
Sound terms
A _______ is a wiggle in time, because it needs time to go back and forth. vibration A wave is defined as "a wiggle in time and space." Why? Because it must travel from one place to another. How are vibrations described? By frequency—how frequently vibratory motion occurs. How are waves described? By frequency, speed, amplitude, and wavelength. Define amplitude. Distance from the midpoint to the crest or trough. Define frequency. Number of to-and-fro vibrations in a given time unit: 1 vibration per second = 1 Hertz. Define period. The time it takes for a complete vibration to occur. What is the unit for period? Time, usually a second. Period = ? 1/frequency Wave ______ describes how fast a distrubrance moves through a medium speed T or F: Wave speed is related to both the frequency and wavelength of a wave. True. A wave with wavelength 1 meter and frequency of 1 Hz has a speed of ? 1 m/s What are the names of the two common types of waves that differ because of the direction in which the medium vibrates compared with the direction of travel? Longitudinal and Transverse waves. Sound travels in ________ waves. longitudinal Sound creates vibrating compressions and ________ through air. rarefactions What is the speed of sound? 340 m/s Define refraction. The bending of wave due to the change in the medium and/or speed of the wave. When do sound waves refract? (2) When parts of the wave fronts travel at different speeds. When air near the ground is warmer or cooler than above. What is the Doppler effect? The change in frequency as measured by an observer due to the motion of the source or listener. ________ changes in regards of motion to the source. Wavelength When a fire truck passes, the frequency of waves received by an observer ______ as a sound source approaches. Wave frequency ______ as the source recedes. increases, decreases Describe the two cones of a shockwave. A high pressure cone with its apex at the box. A low pressure cone with its apex at the tail. The vibrations along a transverse wave move in a direction ____________ to the wave. perpendicular T or F: The Doppler effect occurs only for sound. False, also for light. What does natural frequency depend on? elasticity shape of object When does resonance occur? Whenever successive impulses are applied to a vibrating object in rhythm with its natural frequency. What are the two types of interference? constructive and deconstructive What happens with constructive interference? Crest of one wave overlaps crest of another wave, adding to a wave of increased amplitude. What happens with destructive interference? Crest of one wave overlaps the trough of another, amplitude effects are reduced. Describe longitudinal waves. Slinky wave; waves moves right and left, direction of vibration is in the same direction as the wave. Describe transverse waves. Wave moves up and down, motion of the string is perpendicular to the direction of wave. What is forced vibration? Setting up of vibration in an object by a vibration force Factory floor vibration caused by running of heavy machinery is an example of ________ vibration. forced __________ waves appear as if the string is making an almond loop. Standing What are nodes? The ends of the wave, and areas on the wave with no motions (where it overlaps back and forth). The doppler effect is the change in frequency as measured by an observer due to the motion of the ____ ( in light) or _____ (sound). source, listener Frequency of waves received by an observer _______ as a sound source approaches, wave frequency _______ as the source recedes. increases, decreases The vibrations along a transverse wave move in a direction ___________ to the wave. perpendicular T or F: Interference affects both sound and light. True. When a fire engine approaches you, the frequency of sound _________. increases T or F: The doppler effect occurs for both sound and light. True. Can light travel in a vacuum? Why or why not? Yes. Light is a vibration of nonmaterial electric and magneticfields, a vibration of pure energy. What is amplitude? The distance from the midpoint to the crest or the trough of the wave. The _________ of a wave matches the frequency of its vibrating source. frequency The frequency of a wave matches the frequency of its vibrating source. Is this true of light or sound waves? Both. The speed of periodic wave motion is related to which to components of the waves? Frequency and wavelength! When we measure how much time passes between the arrival of one crest and the arrival of the next one, what are we observing? Period! The the distance between crests is the ___________. wavelength The speed of a wave = ? wavelength/period or frequency x wavelength Period is the _______ of frequency. inverse Right-angled, or sideways motion, is called _____ motion. transverse Waves in the stretched strings of musical instruments on the surfaces of liquids are _________ waves. transverse Electromagnetic waves are _________ waves. transverse T or F: Both transverse and longitudinal waves transfer energy from left to right. True. A ____________ wave is one in which the direction of wave travel is along the direction in which the source vibrates. longitudinal The ______________ of a sound wave is the distance between successive compressions or, equivalently, the distance between successive rarefactions. wavelength Sound waves of frequencies lower than 20 Hz are called _______ waves, and those of frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz are called _________ wave. infrasonic, ultrasonic T or F: We can hear infrasonic waves, but not ultrasonic waves. False, cannot hear either. Most sound is transmitted through air. Can other substances transmit sound? Any elastic substance can! Air is a _____ conductor of sound compared with solids and liquids. poor The transmission of sound requires a ___________. medium Sound requires ____ to travel from one place to another time T or F: The speech of sound does not depend on loudness or frequency, it depends on wind conditions, temperature, and humidity. True. All sounds travel at _______ speeds in a given medium. the same How does water vapor in the air affect the speech of sound? Increases it slightly. The reflection of sound is called a(n) _____. echo Sound reflects from a smooth surface the same way that light does. What is this mean? The angle of incidence (angle between the direction of the sound and the normal to the reflecting surface) is equal to the angle of reflection. Sometimes, when sound reflects from the walls, ceiling, and floor of a room, the surfaces are too reflective and the sound becomes garbled. What is this called? Reverberation. What happens when reflective surfaces are too absorbent of sound? The sound level is low and the room may sound dull and lifeless. When does refraction occur? When sound continues through a medium and bends. When do sound waves bend? When parts of the wave fronts travel at different speeds. Does the refraction of sound occur underwater? Yes. T or F: The speed of sound does not vary with temperature underwater. False, it does. How does swinging on a swing illustrate resonance? When pumping a swing, you pump in rhythm with the natural frequency of the swing. Timing. Even small pumps, or pushes, if delivered in rhythm with the frequency of the swinging motion produce large amplitudes. If tuning forks are not adjusted for matched frequencies, the timing of pushes is off. What does this inhibit? Resonance. T or F: Resonance is restricted to wave motion. False, it is not. Cavalry troops marching across a footbridge near Manchester, England, in 831 inadvertently caused the bridge to collapse. How? They marched in rhythm with the bridge's natural frequency. When the crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another, what happens? Individual effects add together-- constructive interference. When the crest of one wave overlaps the trough of another, what happens? Their individual effects are reduced-- destructive interference. T or F: Interference is a property of all wave motion, whether the waves are water waves, sound waves, or light waves. True. ___________ sound interference is at the heart of antinoise technology. Destructive How is sound interference demonstrated in a monaural signal? When one speaker is sending a compression of sound, the other is sending a rarefaction. Describe "beats." When two tones of slightly different frequencies are sounded together, a fluctuation in the loudness of the combined sounds is heard; the sound is loud, faint, then load, the faint, so on. The periodic variation of loudness is referred to as "beats." How is the use of beats incorporated into tuning a piano? A piano turner listens for beats produced between a standard tuning fork and those of a particular string on the piano. When the frequencies are identical, the beats disappear. What happens in a standing wave? The nodes are stationary. Where do antinodes occur? Halfway between nodes. How are standing waves produced? When two sets of waves of equal amplitude and wavelength pass through each other in opposite directions. Incident and reflected waves interfere to produce a _________ wave. standing T or F: Standing waves can only be produced with transverse vibrations. False, transverse or longitudinal What is an increase in light frequency called? Why? Blueshift, increase is toward a higher frequency (blue end of spectrum). What is a decrease in light frequency called? Why? Redshift, increase is toward a lower frequency (red end of spectrum). When the source of waves travels as fast as the waves it produces, what happens? A wave barrier is produced. What causes a "sound barrier"? The waves overlap to produce a barrier of compressed air on the leading edges of the wings and on other parts of the aircraft. When the bug swims faster than wave speed, it produces a pattern of overlapping waves. What do the overlapping waves form? A V shape, called a bow wave, which appears to be dragging behind the bug.. The bug is swimming faster than wave speed. How is a shock wave produced? By overlapping spheres that form a cone. Overlapping at the edges occurs only when the bug swims _______ than wave speed. faster The conical shell of compressed air that sweeps behind a supersonic aircraft reaches listeners on the ground below, and the sharp crack they hear is a _____. sonic boom Why don't we hear a sonic boom from subsonic aircrafts? Only when the craft moves faster than sound do the waves overlap to reach the listener in a single burst. Describe the composition of a shock wave. One high pressure cone generated at the bow of the supersonic aircraft and a low-pressure cone that follows toward (or at) the tail of the aircraft. How do the two cones of a shock wave factor into sonic booms? Between these two cones, the air pressure rises sharply to above atmospheric pressure, then falls below atmospheric pressure before sharply returning to normal beyond the inner tail cone This overpressure, suddenly followed by underpressure, intensifies the sonic boom. What is the distinction between supersonic and ultrasonic? Supersonic has to do with speed, ultrasonic has to do with frequency. A shockwave and its resulting sonic boom are swept continuously _____ an aircraft that is traveling faster than sound. behind What determines the pitch of a note? fundamental frequency Partial tones that are whole multiples of the fundamental frequency are called ____________. harmonics
Pons
A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain controls sleep and arousal
Punishment
A consequence that DECREASES the likelihood of a behavior.
Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. tl;dr: does body maintenance and emotion
Kohler's Chimps
A researcher gave chimps a few objects and food that was not easily accessible. The chimps used the items around them in order to figure out a way to gain access to the food. This is an example of insight.
Carlos is oblivious of what his classmates are doing while taking a test at school. However, when his friend sneezes loudly, he immediately notices. What does this illustrate? A. Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation. B. It is possible for us to be aware of all material at all times. C. All of us can do more than one thing at a time without compromising our performance on either task. D. Consciousness causes us to react to all stimuli.
A. Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation.
Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new words and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language? A. Growth of new neurons B. Elimination of obsolete neurons C. Increase in the activity of the parietal lobe D. Weakening synaptic connections
A. Growth of new neurons
Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis? A. Hallucination B. Nausea C. Hypersomnia D. Narcolepsy
A. Hallucination
Which of the following symptoms of alcohol withdrawal can be best described as convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus? A. Hallucinations B. Insomnia C. Tremors D. Seizures
A. Hallucinations
Which of the following refers to a phenomenon by which one fails to notice unexpected objects in her or his surroundings? A. Inattentional blindness B. Subliminal perception C. Change phenomenon D. Visual masking
A. Inattentional blindness
Which of the following statements is true about pruning? A. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia. B. Pruning is usually independent of the quality of the environment in which the brain develops. C. Neural pruning results in the huge increase in the number of neurons and stimulates the unused neurons. D. Normal and enriched environments create less developed neural connections.
A. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia.
Which of the following creates gaps in attention and perception? A. Selective attention B. Sustained attention C. Continuous attention D. Persistent attention
A. Selective attention
Which of the following best describes sustained attention? A. The ability to maintain focused awareness on a target or an idea B. The ability to direct one's sense organs to form a complete perspective C. The ability to respond simultaneously to multiple task demands D. The neural process that enhances one's involuntary reflexes
A. The ability to maintain focused awareness on a target or an idea
Which area in the brain gets subdued as a result of hypnosis that does not let a person experience pain? A. The cortical area B. The autonomous nervous system C. The axons D. The hypothalamus
A. The cortical area
Nathan's uncle asks him whether Chihuahua is to dog as flamingo is to bird. Which of the following statements is true about this scenario? A. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence. B. This problem can be answered by Nathan using raw mental ability and abstract reasoning. C. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence Nathan's ability to answer this problem. D. Nathan's ability to answer this problem does not depend on his learning and education.
A. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence.
What stage does wakefulness without awareness suggest? A. Vegetative B. Drowsiness C. Lucid dreaming D. Comatose
A. Vegetative
The net energy yield from one glucose molecule through the process of glycolysis is A. 2 ATP. B. 6 ATP. C. 30 ATP. D. 36 ATP.
A. 2 ATP.
For relaxation to occur, A. ACh receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close. B. ACh receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum open. C. ACh receptors open and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close. D. ACh receptors open and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum open.
A. ACh receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close.
_____ is a form of forgetfulness that involves attention as well as memory. A. Absent-mindedness B. Repression C. Interference D. Blocking
A. Absent-mindedness
Which occurs first? A. Absolute refractory period B. Relative refractory period
A. Absolute refractory period
Who is credited with developing the first test of intelligence? A. Alfred Binet B. Sigmund Freud C. Charles Spearman D. John Carroll
A. Alfred Binet
In a test, a child is asked to decipher the meaning of an uncommon word from its context in a sentence. What is the child being tested for? A. Analytical intelligence B. Practical intelligence C. Creative intelligence D. Fluid intelligence
A. Analytical intelligence
Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 male and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity. How can Sarah ensure that the results of her study are more accurate? A. By ensuring that the sample accurately represents people of different ethnicities B. By increasing the number of men in the sample C. By increasing the number of women in the sample D. By ensuring that a higher number of Asian Americans are included in the sample
A. By ensuring that the sample accurately represents people of different ethnicities
7. How do psychologists measure stress as a stimulus? A. By quantifying the number of stressors a person experiences during a given period B. By assessing the intensity of the most impactful stressor C. By assessing the intensity of all the stressors one experiences in a given period of time D. By assessing how one appraises a stressful situation
A. By quantifying the number of stressors a person experiences during a given period
What was Lewis Terman's contribution to intelligence testing? A. He translated Binet's test for American students and established national norms for the test. B. He developed the concept of mental age and formulated a system to calculate intelligence. C. He theorized that intelligence has multiple components and devised a system of nomenclature. D. He developed the first intelligence test based on the multiple abilities theory of intelligence.
A. He translated Binet's test for American students and established national norms for the test.
Which of the following holds true regarding hypnosis? A. Hypnotized people are in reality awake. B. Hypnotized people are in reality asleep. C. Hypnotized people have voluntary control over their own behavior. D. Hypnotized people retain critical faculties of mind.
A. Hypnotized people are in reality awake.
Which letter is associated with the light band and contains thin filaments only? A. I B. A C. M D. Z E. H
A. I
______________ memory is a brief visual record left on the retina of the eye. A. Iconic B. Implicit C. Echoic D. Working
A. Iconic
______ can be defined as a set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge. A. Intelligence B. Creativity C. Proposition D. Behavior
A. Intelligence
28. Which of the following is true of the catecholamine nonrepinephrine? A. It activates the sympathetic response to make the body ready for action. B. It decreases the heart rate and the rate of respiration. C. It tells the pituitary when to release various hormones. D. It ensures that glucose is available for fuel in the bloodstream.
A. It activates the sympathetic response to make the body ready for action.
______ represents a false dichotomy because our thoughts, feelings, and ideas result from the functioning of the brain. A. Mind-body dualism B. The tabula rasa concept C. Gestalt psychology D. Positive psychology
A. Mind-body dualism
Which protein makes up the thick filaments? A. Myosin B. Actin C. Tropomyosin D. Troponin E. Myopathy
A. Myosin
What modern view of psychological disorders developed at the end of the 1800s? A. Psychological disorders are a form of illness that should be diagnosed and treated. B. Psychological disorders are actually thought disorders, rather than instances of spirit possession caused by witchcraft. C. Psychological disorders are mood disorders and should be treated by psychoanalysis. D. Psychological disorders have medical causes and should be treated by trephination.
A. Psychological disorders are a form of illness that should be diagnosed and treated.
82. Joe, a young stock broker, has recently suffered a severe setback in his trade. Despite his loss, he has managed to find a positive meaning in the situation by considerting this as a learning experience. Considering these characteristics, which personality trait is Joe exhibiting? A. Resilience B. Grit C. Anxiety D. Introversion
A. Resilience
Which of the following statements is true regarding the ancient views on psychology? A. The ancient Chinese made connections between a person's bodily organs and their emotions. B. The earliest cultures to seek natural explanations for disorders were the ancient Americans. C. The ancient Chinese (2,600 BCE) believed in supernatural explanations of psychological disorders. D. Frenchman Philip Pinel was the first to write about a man suffering from a phobia of heights—what we now call acrophobia.
A. The ancient Chinese made connections between a person's bodily organs and their emotions.
Which of the following is true about pregnancy sickness? A. The body has its own built-in toxin detector called pregnancy sickness. B. Pregnancy sickness is worst during the second trimester of pregnancy. C. Foods such as cheese and mushrooms help reduce pregnancy sickness. D. Pregnancy sickness is also known as "evening sickness."
A. The body has its own built-in toxin detector called pregnancy sickness.
Which of the following best describes cognitive fixation? A. The inability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective B. The ability to methodically develop step-by-step methods to solve a problem C. The ability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective D. The inability to methodically develop step-by-step methods to solve a problem
A. The inability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective
Identify an accurate statement about scientific theories. A. They are not facts. B. They do not generate any expectations. C. They are merely guesses and observations. D. They should not be tied to real evidence.
A. They are not facts.
Which of the following best describes the global workspace of consciousness? A. When the various sensory elements get integrated. B. When the mind is awake but not very aware. C. When different sensory elements work one at a time. D. When the mind withholds information needed to do complex tasks such as reasoning, comprehension, and learning.
A. When the various sensory elements get integrated.
Who is credited with developing the concept of sleep debt? A. William Dement B. Nathan Kleitman C. Eugene Aserinsky D. Sigmund Freud
A. William Dement
A study was conducted by a group of researchers in Asian cities to determine the driving abilities of people of different age groups. The study found that older adults are better drivers than young adults. Another group of researchers conducted the same study in North American cities to determine if they could duplicate the results of the first study. In this scenario, the scientific method followed by the second group of researchers can be termed as ______. A. interpretation B. prediction C. observation D. replication
A. interpretation
According to Erik Erikson, during one's 20s, the primary conflict is between ___________. A. intimacy and isolation B. career and family C. integrity and despair D. generativity and stagnation
A. intimacy and isolation
The main explanation for the ______________ effect is that the items at the beginning of a list are quickly rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory storage. A. primacy B. recency C. halo D. intermediate
A. primacy
In the context of word-recall studies, ______ is the deepest level of processing. A. semantic processing B. automatic processing C. structural processing D. phonemic processing
A. semantic processing
Participants in studies of __________________ are asked to think about the meaning of the words. A. semantic processing B. automatic processing C. effortful processing D. phonemic processing
A. semantic processing
Ravi is a participant in a cognitive experiment, but he does not know if he is in the experimental group or the control group. The researchers, however, are aware of the condition to which he has been assigned. The study in which Ravi is participating is called a(n) ___________. A. single-blind study B. double-blind study C. survey D. inteview
A. single-blind study
The most abundant form of smooth muscle is A. single-unit, which is also known as visceral smooth muscle. B. cardiac muscle, which is also known as visceral smooth muscle. C. multiunit, which is also known as visceral smooth muscle. D. multiunit, which is also known as varicose muscle. E. single-unit, which is also known as somatic nervous system muscle.
A. single-unit, which is also known as visceral smooth muscle.
In a mixed nerve A. some axons transmit sensory information and others transmit motor information. B. individual axons transmit both sensory and motor information. C. chemical synapses occur along with electrical synapses. D. astrocytes are interspersed with ependymal cells.
A. some axons transmit sensory information and others transmit motor information.
A representative sample is a: A. subset of a population that truly reflects the characteristics of that population. B. randomly generated series of numbers that help researchers select people to participate in a study. C. research method that employs such techniques as interviewing and surveying. D. selected group of people whom the researcher can easily persuade to participate in a study.
A. subset of a population that truly reflects the characteristics of that population.
78. People who believe they have some control over their illness: A. survive longer and are less stressed. B. have more random moods of depression. C. have higher stress hormone levels. D. exhibit fewer problem-focused coping skills.
A. survive longer and are less stressed.
Babies born prematurely—who would otherwise still be developing in the womb—prefer ______________ flavors to other flavors. A. sweet B. salty C. sour D. bitter
A. sweet
The male gonads are called ______________. A. testes B. thymus C. penises D. adrenals
A. testes
When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting single cell is known as a(n) _________. A. zygote B. fetus C. blastocyst D. embryo
A. zygote
Cerebrum
Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body
What does mindfulness meditation encourage? A. Attention to the details of past experience B. Attention to the details of momentary experience C. Diverting selective attention toward thoughts D. Maintaining a consistent behavioral response during multi-tasking
B. Attention to the details of momentary experience
Which of the following acts as a stage for the main event of the brain at a given moment in time? A. Memory B. Consciousness C. Perception D. Cognition
B. Consciousness
11. In the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), which of the following life changing value corresponds to the life event of death of a spouse? A. 70 units B. 100 units C. 80 units D. 90 units
B. 100 units
Which of the following statements is true regarding the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. Typically, children between ages 2 and 4 are in this stage. B. During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes. C. According to Piaget, this is the last stage of cognitive development. D. During this stage, children learn the concept of object permanence.
B. During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes.
Which of the following is also known as the love drug? A. Opium B. Ecstasy C. Cocaine D. LSD
B. Ecstasy
Which of the following terms refers to a class of marijuana-like chemicals produced by human bodies? A. Antibodies B. Endocannabinoids C. Free radicals D. Antioxidants
B. Endocannabinoids
How many stages are there to non-REM sleep? A. Three B. Four C. Five D. Six
B. Four
Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training? A. It reduces neural activity in the hippocampus. B. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood. C. The earlier the musical training begins, the lesser is the degree of activation of the left-auditory cortex. D. It has always caused brain growth.
B. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood.
Which of the following is the level of moral reasoning which, as proposed by Kohlberg, appears to be limited to Western cultures? A. Functional operational level B. Postconventional level C. Preoperational level D. Conventional level
B. Postconventional level
Alisha is employed as an air traffic controller. Which of the following abilities would be vital for Alisha? A. The ability to individually respond to specific auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli B. The ability to consistently maintain a behavioral response for continuous and repetitive activity C. The capacity to maintain quick and enhanced behavioral responses to involuntary stimuli D. The capacity for mental flexibility that allows her to shift the focus of attention and move between tasks which have different cognitive requirements
B. The ability to consistently maintain a behavioral response for continuous and repetitive activity
On average, girls reach puberty at about age ______________. A. 9 B. 11 C. 13 D. 15
B. 11
Which of the following can lead one to consciously attend to something? A. When neurons from one region of the brain work together B. When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together C. When neurons from many distinct brain regions work independently D. When neurons from one region of the brain work independently
B. When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together
Arnett calls the phase between adolescence and young adulthood ____________, which spans the ages 18-25 years. A. primary adulthood B. emerging adulthood C. early adulthood D. preliminary adulthood
B. emerging adulthood
72. As indicated by research, which of the following physiological changes are seen when a confession occurs? A. An increase in sympathetic nervous system activation making a person revert to an excited state B. A decrease in sympathetic nervous system activation making a person revert to a relaxed state C. A decrease in sympathetic nervous system activation making a person revert to an excited state D. An increase in sympathetic nervous system activation making a person revert to a relaxed state
B. A decrease in sympathetic nervous system activation making a person revert to a relaxed state
To remember the four bases found in DNA—thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine—Luke makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letters for his words, repeating to himself, "The Girl Ate Cookies." Which of the following did Luke use in this scenario? A. The method of loci B. A mnemonic device C. Chunking D. Rhyming
B. A mnemonic device
Which is the neurotransmitter that causes the release of calcium ions from reservoirs within the muscle cell and thereby initiates the steps of contraction? A. Acetylcholinesterase B. Acetylcholine C. Serotonin D. Norepinephrine
B. Acetylcholine
40. (p. 450) During which stage of Hans Seyle's general adaptation syndrome is the sympathetic nervous system activated? A. Resistance B. Alarm C. Exhaustion D. Denial
B. Alarm
________________ is a degenerative disease marked by progressive cognitive decline with symptoms including confusion, memory loss, mood swings, and eventual loss of physical function. A. Down's syndrome B. Alzheimer's disease C. Schizophrenia D. Bipolar disorder
B. Alzheimer's disease
Which of the following is true about behavioral measures? A. Behavioral measures are more susceptible to social desirability bias than are self-report measures. B. Behavioral measures provide more objective measurements because they come from a trained outside observer. C. Behavioral measures do not allow people to modify their behavior even if they know they are being observed. D. Behavioral measures are not very time-intensive as collecting behavioral data does not take a long time.
B. Behavioral measures provide more objective measurements because they come from a trained outside observer.
______________ asserts that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives. A. Structuralism B. Behaviorism C. Socialism D. Functionalism
B. Behaviorism
______________ can be best defined as the study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought. A. Clinical psychology B. Biological psychology C. Social psychology D. Educational psychology
B. Biological psychology
______ can be defined as the inability to retrieve some information that one once stored—say, a person's name or an old phone number. A. Suggestibility B. Blocking C. Absent-mindedness D. Interference
B. Blocking
What procedure does William Stern use to determine a person's intelligence score? A. Multiplying mental age by chronological age and subtracting the intelligence quotient B. Dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100 C. Multiplying mental age with chronological age and dividing it by 100 D. Dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by the intelligence quotient
B. Dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100
What does the AIM theory argue? A. Conflicting impulses, thoughts, feelings, and drives that threaten the waking mind are released as a visual compromise. B. Dreams are devoid of meaning and a result of random brain activity. C. Dreams are not very different from everyday thinking. D. All dreams operate at a single level, and not multiple levels.
B. Dreams are devoid of meaning and a result of random brain activity.
______________ memory is short-term retention of sounds. A. Procedural B. Echoic C. Explicit D. Working
B. Echoic
______ is a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables. A. Sample size B. Effect size C. Z-value D. A self-report
B. Effect size
In which of the following stages of prenatal development does the formation of arms and legs occur? A. Germinal stage B. Embryonic stage C. Fetal stage D. Blastocyst stage
B. Embryonic stage
____________ is the sex hormone that initiates the growth of breasts, widening of hips, and increase in body fat in girls. A. Testosterone B. Estradiol C. Leptin D. Oxytocin
B. Estradiol
15. Identify a major limitation of measuring stress using the Hassles and Uplists Scale. A. It is cumbersome to use and administer. B. It does not consider the differences in people's emotional responses to stressors. C. It overrates the impact of minor irritations on depression. D. It overemphasizes the differences in perception among people.
B. It does not consider the differences in people's emotional responses to stressors.
19. Which of the following is true of secondary appraisal? A. It involves an internal physiological process in an individual that occurs during a stressful situation. B. It involves a self-assessment of the resources available to cope with stress. C. It is an assessment of what a situation means to an individual. D. It involves not showing any emotion for an event that is personally irrelevant to an individual.
B. It involves a self-assessment of the resources available to cope with stress.
94. How does sustained activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis affect the immune system? A. It triggers the production of certain immune cells. B. It leads to a sustained release of cortisol. C. It makes a person less susceptible to diseases. D. It leads to significant and substantial reductions in anxiety, depression, and fear.
B. It leads to a sustained release of cortisol.
Which of the following holds true when the retina of the eyes detect light in the morning? A. It stimulates the supraoptic nucleus. B. It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus. C. It stimulates the nucleus accumbens. D. It stimulates the dorsomedial nucleus.
B. It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the newest versions of WAIS and WISC? A. Processing speed B. Kinesthetics C. Perceptual reasoning D. Verbal comprehension
B. Kinesthetics
Which of the following is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development? A. Object permanence begins to develop during this stage. B. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage. C. Children gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems during this stage. D. This stage is marked by the development of the ability to reflect upon one's thinking.
B. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage.
Which of the following is an example of an adaptive behavior? A. Learning advanced calculus B. Learning to brush your teeth C. Learning a new language D. Learning to knit
B. Learning to brush your teeth
Which of the following is an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy? A. Chang says, "I am going to buy my mother a sweater for her birthday" but ends up buying her a scarf. B. Margaret says, "I am going to hate this party!" and then has a bad time at the party because she refuses to interact with anyone. C. Sharon says, "I want you to buy the diamond ring right away," and her husband buys it. D. Dominique says, "I am going to make the best pie anyone has ever eaten!" and ends up making a bad pie.
B. Margaret says, "I am going to hate this party!" and then has a bad time at the party because she refuses to interact with anyone.
Which statement is consistent with the current understanding of neural tissue? A. A person is born with all of the neurons they will ever have. B. Most neurons formed in fetal development last a lifetime, but some brain regions in adults can generate new neurons. C. Neurons are constantly dying and being replaced throughout all regions of the brain. D. Stem cells in the brain become glia, which can later become neurons if there is a need for them to do so.
B. Most neurons formed in fetal development last a lifetime, but some brain regions in adults can generate new neurons.
Which division of the nervous system shows a greater capacity for regeneration? A. CNS B. PNS
B. PNS
_____________ is a well-known model of memory storage that integrates associative and neural networks. A. Cybernetics B. Parallel distributed processing C. Dynamic systems processing D. Brainstorming
B. Parallel distributed processing
Which of the following indicates that a test demonstrates predictive validity? A. Paul's scores improve each time he takes a particular aptitude test. B. People who score high on a particular test tend to earn more in the future. C. Timothy's score on a particular IQ test did not change over ten years. D. Debbie did badly on an IQ test because it required some knowledge of algebra.
B. People who score high on a particular test tend to earn more in the future.
___________ is a kind of implicit memory that occurs when recall is improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli. A. Encoding B. Priming C. Effortful processing D. Retrieving
B. Priming
The nervous system controls the activity of muscles and glands. Muscles and glands can generate changes and are therefore called A. afferents. B. effectors. C. stimuli. D. visceral.
B. effectors.
Which of the following refers to practical intelligence? A. The ability to compare and contrast information B. The ability to solve problems of everyday life C. The ability to come up with fresh and innovative ideas D. The ability to evaluate the worth of information
B. The ability to solve problems of everyday life
44. What happens in the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) model to an animal exposed to a stressor? A. The animal is able to overcome the threat by maintaining a positive mental state. B. The animal's body diverts resources from the maintenance of normal body functions to fight the threat. C. The sustained release of cortisol from the adrenal glands protects the animal's body from the stress. D. The animal wears out the resources that help it sustain a resistance to threats.
B. The animal's body diverts resources from the maintenance of normal body functions to fight the threat.
Which of the following statements would be true about a sleeping person? A. The mind cannot distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli. B. The mind can distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli. C. The mind does not respond to any kind of stimuli. D. The sleeping state is akin to being in a preconscious state.
B. The mind can distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli.
As the RN, you cleanse the urethral opening with an iodine swab. Which of the following terms most appropriately describes this method of microbial control? A. disinfectant B. antiseptic C. decontaminant D. sterilant
B. antiseptic
Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. What was the experimental group in Dr. Adriana's study? A. The players who wore red uniforms made from the old material B. The players who wore blue uniforms made from the new material C. The players who scored more goals D. The players who could not score any goals, irrespective of the color of their uniforms
B. The players who wore blue uniforms made from the new material
Why are women more likely to be affected by insomnia? A. They are less likely to cope with medical conditions. B. They are more likely to be iron deficient. C. They are more likely to consume alcohol. D. They are more prone to sleep less than two to four hours a day for two weeks or more.
B. They are more likely to be iron deficient.
Which is not a type of neuronal pool? A. Converging B. Triangular-pre-discharge C. Diverging D. Parallel-after-discharge E. Reverberating
B. Triangular-pre-discharge
When a muscle is isometrically contracted, its length _______ change. A. does B. does not
B. does not
When does an individual attain a flow state? A. When he/she is barely awake or aware but shows some deliberate movements. B. When he/she thrives in his/her ability to rise to the occasion of challenging tasks. C. When he/she is barely able to maintain focused awareness on a target. D. When he/she recollects material that is potentially accessible but not currently available to awareness.
B. When he/she thrives in his/her ability to rise to the occasion of challenging tasks.
"Intermediate fiber" is another name for A. a fast-twitch, glycolytic fiber. B. a fast-twitch, oxidative fiber. C. a slow-twitch, glycolytic fiber. D. a slow-twitch, oxidative fiber.
B. a fast-twitch, oxidative fiber.
Most current diagnoses of intellectual disability emphasizes on __________. A. a person's IQ scores B. a person's everyday abilities C. a person's academic performance D. a person's verbal intelligence
B. a person's everyday abilities
A motor unit consists of A. multiple motor neurons and multiple muscle fibers. B. a single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls. C. multiple motor neurons and the one muscle fiber they control. D. one synaptic terminal button, a cleft, and an acetylcholine receptor. E. an end plate, a T-tubule, and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
B. a single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls.
50. The process by which the human body achieves stability through physiological change is known as __________. A. kinetics B. allostasis C. metabolism D. homeostasis
B. allostasis
Aricept and Reminyl are two medications that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because they: A. facilitate in reconstructing the hippocampus. B. boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. C. thicken the cortex of the frontal lobes. D. prevent deterioration of the temporal lobes.
B. boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
To initiate a smooth muscle cell contraction, calcium enters the cell and binds to A. troponin, which then activates myosin light-chain kinase. B. calmodulin, which then binds to and activates myosin light-chain kinase. C. a myosin head, which then activates calmodulin. D. myosin light-chain kinase, which then hydrolyzes ATP. E. a phosphatase, which then removes the tropomyosin blockade.
B. calmodulin, which then binds to and activates myosin light-chain kinase.
The type of muscle fibers that are striated, form Y-shaped branches, and are joined by intercalated discs are A. skeletal. B. cardiac. C. smooth. D. voluntary. E. skeletal and voluntary.
B. cardiac.
Few of the patients undergoing treatment for phobic disorder agree to participate in a clinical trial of a new antidepressant medication. The patients are randomly divided into two groups. Both groups receive pills to be taken on a daily basis, but only one of the groups receives pills with the newly produced active ingredients. The other group's pills contain no active ingredients. In this study, the group that receives the pills that do not contain the active ingredients is called the _________. A. treatment group B. control group C. social group D. experimental group
B. control group
Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that: A. repetition of experiences can actually lead to synaptic death. B. conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition. C. the neuronal basis for memory in lower animals is extremely different than that of humans. D. repeated experience does not strengthen long-term potentiation.
B. conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition.
Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence. A. amorphous B. crystallized C. alternative D. fluid
B. crystallized
Vocabulary tests are measures of __________. A. kinesthetics B. crystallized intelligence C. abstract reasoning D. fluid intelligence
B. crystallized intelligence
One longitudinal study evaluated 1,000 New Zealand children over an 18-year period to try to understand what childhood temperament predicts about adult personality and behavior. Eighteen years after the initial assessment, the individuals whose parents had classified them as undercontrolled at age 3 were likely to _____________. A. be nonassertive and over anxious B. engage in thrill-seeking behaviors C. suffer from prolonged depression D. attempt suicide
B. engage in thrill-seeking behaviors
A drug that inhibited acetylcholinesterase would result in A. a failure to stimulate the muscle due to decreased ACh release. B. enhanced stimulation of the muscle due to decreased ACh breakdown. C. enhanced stimulation of the muscle due to enhanced ACh release. D. poor muscle stimulation due to enhanced ACh breakdown.
B. enhanced stimulation of the muscle due to decreased ACh breakdown.
Behaviorism is an extreme form of _____________. A. functionalism B. environmentalism C. structuralism D. empiricism
B. environmentalism
An advantage of naturalistic observation is that it: A. allows researchers to learn from the lives of historically important people. B. gives researchers a look at real behavior in the real world. C. makes it easier for researchers to manage large numbers of participants. D. allows researchers to ask people directly or indirectly what they think or feel.
B. gives researchers a look at real behavior in the real world.
Topics in ______________ psychology range from studies of how stress is linked to illness and immune function to research on the role of social factors in how people interact with health care professionals. A. cognitive B. health C. forensic D. educational
B. health
A ____________ is a specific, informed, and testable prediction of what kind of outcome should occur under a particular condition. A. theory B. hypothesis C. replication D. variable
B. hypothesis
According to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants often show little to no distress in separation episodes, and when the mother returns, the infants tend to ignore and avoid her, focusing instead on something else in the room. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disoriented D. insecure-disorganized
B. insecure-avoidant
Potassium has a higher concentration A. inside the cell versus outside the cell, and sodium is also more concentrated inside versus outside the cell. B. inside the cell versus outside the cell, whereas sodium has a higher concentration outside versus inside the cell. C. outside the cell versus inside the cell, and sodium is also more concentrated outside versus inside the cell. D. outside the cell versus inside the cell, whereas sodium has a higher concentration inside versus outside the cell.
B. inside the cell versus outside the cell, whereas sodium has a higher concentration outside versus inside the cell.
Both ____________ and ____________ involve specific questions, usually asked in precisely the same way to each respondent. A. case studies; interviews B. interviews; surveys C. double-blind studies; case studies D. surveys; double-blind studies
B. interviews; surveys
The iris of the eye contains A. skeletal muscle. B. multiunit smooth muscle. C. single-unit smooth muscle. D. cardiac muscle.
B. multiunit smooth muscle.
Smooth muscle tissue in which cells are individually sent signals to contract (rather than contracting in unison) is referred to as A. single-unit. B. multiunit.
B. multiunit.
In Carroll's classification, sequential reasoning for fluid intelligence, reading and spelling are a part of __________. A. emotional intelligence B. narrow intelligence C. abstract intelligence D. kinesthetic intelligence
B. narrow intelligence
In a myelinated axon, the greatest concentration of voltage-gated ion channels is in the A. myelinated regions. B. neurofibril nodes.
B. neurofibril nodes.
Diah says, "I know his name! He's married to that famous actress, and he was in all those action movies! His name begins with an A!...I just cannot remember it!" Diah is experiencing: A. divided attention. B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. C. proactive interference. D. repression.
B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
Which of the following is commonly used as a prescription sedative?
Benzodiazepines
How does cocaine induce a sense of exhilaration?
By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses
Which of the following is the most widely used depressant? A. Morphine B. Analgesic C. Alcohol D. Coffee
C. Alcohol
Twelve-year-old Allen argues that, "If Shamus is a man, and all men are mortal, then Shamus is mortal." Based on the information given in this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true about Allen? A. Allen is in the concrete operational stage of development of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. B. In this stage, Allen's logic remains concrete and limited to objects that he directly observes. C. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. D. Allen can perform mental operations—on real, or concrete, objects and events—but still has trouble with abstract ideas and reasoning.
C. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
What does the test to study sustained attention of people require them to do? A. Shift their focus of attention and move between tasks that have different cognitive requirements B. Respond discretely to specific visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli C. Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time D. Respond to multiple task demands simultaneously
C. Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time
Which of the following is a hallucinogen that is also recommended and prescribed for people who suffer chemotherapy-related nausea or the involuntary weight loss due to AIDS? A. Dextroamphetamine B. Oxycodone C. Marijuana D. Ecstasy
C. Marijuana
Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has? A. The serial-position effect B. The Stroop effect C. The cocktail party effect D. Perceptual constancy
C. The cocktail party effect
Which of the following tests, upon research, yielded classic scientific evidence for selective attention? A. The Stroop test B. The right-left orientation test C. The dichotic listening test D. The trail marking test
C. The dichotic listening test
Which of the following is an alternate way to pay back sleep debt used by many people? A. Increased alertness during the following day B. Enhanced memory C. Use of nicotine D. Careful and vigilant driving habits
C. Use of nicotine
Which of the following best describes the circadian rhythm? A. Variations in physiological processes that exclude the sleep-wake cycle B. Variations in physiological processes that cycle longer than 48 hours C. Variations in physiological processes that cycle within approximately a 24-hour period D. Variations in physiological processes that take more than once a year to complete one cycle
C. Variations in physiological processes that cycle within approximately a 24-hour period
Prescription cough medicines today often include _______, a safer alternative to heroin. A. amphetamine B. barbital C. codeine D. diazepam
C. codeine
Which of the following age groups is most influenced by technology? A. Infants B. Babies C. Adolescents D. Elderly adults
C. Adolescents
38. What are the three stages of Hans Seyle's general adaptation syndrome (GAS)? A. General arousal, arousal, and sympathetic arousal B. Glucocorticoid response, adrenal response, and sympathetic arousal C. Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion D. Fight, flight, and freeze
C. Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
37. Which of the following was Hans Selye's hypothesis about he effects of long-term stress? A. Stress causes a specific set of physiological changes depending exclusively on the type of elicitor. B. Prolonged exposure to stress produces physical reactions that differ from person to person. C. All stress causes a set of generalized, nonspecific set of changes in the body. D. All stress occurs when the body reacts to changes that are specialized in nature.
C. All stress causes a set of generalized, nonspecific set of changes in the body.
Behavioral responsiveness is not the only determining factor of an individual's capacity to communicate with other people. B. An individual in a vegetative state cannot react to any stimulus from the environment. C. Behavioral non-responsiveness cannot be the sole determinant of one's ability to interact with the world. D. An individual in a vegetative state can show signs of awareness without wakefulness.
C. Behavioral non-responsiveness cannot be the sole determinant of one's ability to interact with the world.
Which is correct regarding the rate of microbial death? A. Cells die at increasingly greater rates. B. Only older cells die in a culture. C. Cells in a culture die at a constant rate. D. Upon contact with the control agent, all cells die at one time. E. Cells become metabolically inactive, but are never killed.
C. Cells in a culture die at a constant rate.
Which of the following was used as a new metaphor for the human mind in cognitive psychology? A. Light switch B. Camera C. Computer D. Transmitter
C. Computer
97. Frida is a huge fan of French fries, but she cannot have them in combination with tomato ketchup. She feels nauseated by the taste of tomato ketchup, so much so, that when Frida is offered French fries nowadays even without the ketchup, she still refuses to have them as she feels nauseated and vomits. Which of the following terms best describes Frida's condition? A. Generalized phobia B. Bait shyness C. Conditioned taste aversion D. Shaped result
C. Conditioned taste aversion
______________ psychologists treat and assess relatively healthy people and assist them with career and vocational interests. A. Cognitive B. Health C. Counseling D. Clinical
C. Counseling
______ created new intelligence tests to measure adult intelligence. A. Lewis Terman B. William Stern C. David Wechsler D. Raymond Cattell
C. David Wechsler
Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to conduct a research on how reasoning skills or emotional skills change with age? A. Clinical psychologist B. Behavioral psychologist C. Developmental psychologist D. Educational psychologist
C. Developmental psychologist
In the United States, the first practitioner of moral treatment of the mentally ill was _____________. A. René Descartes B. Sigmund Freud C. Dorothea Dix D. John Locke
C. Dorothea Dix
______________ has long emphasized the interdependence of body and mind. A. Philosophy of empiricism B. Gestalt psychology C. Eastern philosophy D. Developmental psychology
C. Eastern philosophy
73. Which of the following refers to strategies that are similar to emotion-focused coping? A. Emotional disclosure B. Autosuggestion C. Emotion regulation D. Empathic concern
C. Emotion regulation
______________ are examples of behavioral adaptations. A. Chance mutations B. Softwirings C. Emotions D. Habits
C. Emotions
Which choice correctly orders the connective tissue wrappings of a nerve, beginning at the outermost layer? A. Perineurium -> epineurium-> endoneurium B. Perineurium -> endoneurium-> epineurium C. Epineurium -> perineurium-> endoneurium D. Epineurium -> endoneurium-> perineurium E. Endoneurium -> perineurium -> epineurium
C. Epineurium -> perineurium -> endoneurium
Tevy and Gellert are convinced that their baby will be able to recognize their voices and familiar songs at birth if they begin singing and talking to their baby before it is born. At which stage of prenatal development should Tevy and Gellert expect their baby to be able to respond to these sounds? A. Blastocyst stage B. Embryonic stage C. Fetal stage D. Zygote stage
C. Fetal stage
______________ intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. A. Crystallized B. Alternative C. Fluid D. Amorphous
C. Fluid
______ is a disorder on the X chromosome, resulting in the abnormal development of a gene involved in neural development. A. Down syndrome B. Asperger's syndrome C. Fragile X syndrome D. X-linked hypophoshatemia
C. Fragile X syndrome
Which of the following theorists theorized that intelligence consists of eight distinct capacities? A. Alfred Binet B. Robert Sternberg C. Howard Gardner D. Ivan Pavlov
C. Howard Gardner
16. Which of the following is true of primary appraisal? A. It refers to physiological changes that occur in an individual when he or she is exposed to stressful situations. B. It involves an evaluation of resources by an individual to manage stressful situation or the feelings it generates. C. It involves a quick assessment of the meaning of a given environmental event for an individual. D. It involves being devoid of emotions for an event that is personally irrelevant to an individual.
C. It involves a quick assessment of the meaning of a given environmental event for an individual.
13. Which of the following is an advantage of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure stress? A. It considers the fact that people view similar events differently. B. It takes into account the trivial and routine tasks that usually wear a person out. C. It is easy for psychologists to administer and score. D. It considers the differences in people's emotional responses to stressors.
C. It is easy for psychologists to administer and score.
What did studies on the effects of ancient calming techniques by psychologists and neuroscientists indicate? A. Mental life and neural structure share an interdependent but not a dynamic relationship. B. Mental life and neural structure do not function interdependently. C. Mental life and neural structure share a dynamic interdependence. D. Mental life and neural structure, though interrelated, do not witness any changes throughout life.
C. Mental life and neural structure share a dynamic interdependence.
Which of the following is an indication of whether all of the research on a topic has or has not led to consistent findings and of the size of an experimental effect? A. Nocebo B. Micro-analysis C. Meta-analysis D. Placebo
C. Meta-analysis
Which of the following terms refers to the fatty insulation that makes nerve impulses travel faster? A. Plasmalogen B. Cephalin C. Myelin sheath D. Choline
C. Myelin sheath
Which of the following is associated with fluid thinking? A. Size of vocabulary B. General knowledge C. Pattern recognition D. Cultural habits
C. Pattern recognition
Which of the following fields is considered a "parent" of the discipline of scientific psychology? A. Literature B. Physics C. Philosophy D. Chemistry
C. Philosophy
Which of the following is true of the differences between science and pseudoscience? A. Science uses statistics to express research data, whereas pseudoscience does not. B. The content area studied in science is narrow, whereas it is very vast in pseudoscience. C. Science encourages open skepticism of its findings, whereas pseudoscience does not. D. Science makes no real advances in knowledge, whereas pseudoscience does.
C. Science encourages open skepticism of its findings, whereas pseudoscience does not.
Which of the following occurs after the frontal lobes have developed more fully? A. Animistic thinking increases. B. Heart rate decreases. C. Scientific thinking becomes possible. D. The possibility of developing anorexia nervosa increases.
C. Scientific thinking becomes possible.
During a quiz, Nick is asked to state the capital city of Idaho. Which of the following memory types is most likely to aid him in retrieving the answer? A. Episodic memory B. Procedural memory C. Semantic memory D. Sensory memory
C. Semantic memory
The portion of the nervous system that has voluntary control over skeletal muscles is the _____________ division. A. autonomic motor B. somatic sensory C. somatic motor D. visceral sensory
C. somatic motor
What do all glial cells have in common? A. They help to transmit the nerve signals. B. They transfer blood to the various neurons. C. They assist neurons in their respective functions. D. They all attack pathogens. E. They absorb extra blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
C. They assist neurons in their respective functions.
The chemical agent that produces highly reactive hydroxyl-free radicals and also decomposes to O2 gas is A. cidex. B. cationic detergents. C. hydrogen peroxide. D. chlorhexidine. E. iodophors.
C. hydrogen peroxide.
According to the nature-only view, who we are comes from: A. environmental forces. B. our experiences. C. inborn tendencies and genetically based traits. D. introspection and analysis.
C. inborn tendencies and genetically based traits.
The _____________ is the middle score, which separates the lower half of scores from the upper half. A. range B. mode C. median D. mean
C. median
Psychology is most accurately defined as the _____________. A. study of people through description and analysis of past events and artifacts B. study of people in terms of large-scale social forces and with a focus on groups rather than individuals C. scientific study of thought and behavior D. scientific study of human culture and origins
C. scientific study of thought and behavior
With the onset of puberty and adolescence, children begin to focus on ____________. A. egocentrism B. developing their animistic thinking C. the questions of who they are D. motor skills
C. the questions of who they are
48. Homeostasis is best described as the idea that: A. all organisms produce the same coping mechanism to confront changes in the internal and external environment. B. organisms operate at a steady baseline state, unless provoked by some stressor, which cannot make them return to the same state after the stress. C. unless provoked, all organisms operate at an even-keeled baseline state and return to the same state after stress. D. the body achieves stability through change.
C. unless provoked, all organisms operate at an even-keeled baseline state and return to the same state after stress.
Continuous conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along A. myelinated axons. B. dendrites. C. unmyelinated axons. D. axons in the PNS. E. axons in the CNS.
C. unmyelinated axons.
organ of corti
Center part of the cochlea, containing hair cells, canals, and membranes
autonomic nervous system
Controls activities outside of conscious control such as digestion, organs, glands, etc.
What is the outcome of the study conducted by Watson and Stayer? A. 52% of the population can switch from tasks without any performance decrements. B. 67% of the cell phone users keep their cell phones next to their beds. C. 4.4% of the population checks their phones even when they are not ringing. D. 2.5% of the population can multi-task without any performance decrements.
D. 2.5% of the population can multi-task without any performance decrements.
Which of the following enables the occurrence of a conscious experience? A. A static connection between the brain's various processing areas B. A weak connection between the brain's various processing areas C. A random connection between the brain's various processing areas D. A strong connection between the brain's various processing areas
D. A strong connection between the brain's various processing areas
What does the AIM stand for? A. Activation, intensity, and mechanism B. Ambiguity, intensity, and movement C. Alertness, integration, and mechanism D. Activation, input, and mode
D. Activation, input, and mode
Which of the following holds true of an individual during the different stages of sleep? A. An individual in Stage 2 experiences no K-complexes. B. An individual in Stage 4 sleep experiences more sleep spindles than Stage 3. C. An individual in Stage 3 experiences more K-complexes than Stage 2. D. An individual in Stage 3 sleep experiences fewer sleep spindles than Stage 2.
D. An individual in Stage 3 sleep experiences fewer sleep spindles than Stage 2.
Which of the following can be considered a key element of consciousness? A. Intuition B. Knowledge C. Optimism D. Attention
D. Attention
How does cocaine induce a sense of exhilaration? A. By decreasing the activity of the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain B. By producing a long but mild sense of euphoria C. By increasing the higher social regulatory functions of the cerebral cortex D. By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses
D. By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses
Which of the following is a characteristic of children with chronic sleep disturbances? A. Improved cognitive development B. Increased neural connectivity in the brain C. Growth of neurons in key memory areas of the brain D. Decreased neural connectivity in the brain
D. Decreased neural connectivity in the brain
_____ is an unpleasant side effect that alcohol withdrawal creates for an alcoholic. A. Leptokurtic reaction B. Circadian dysrhythmia C. Excessive sleepiness D. Delirium tremens
D. Delirium tremens
With each progressive cycle, the REM periods A. show negligible fluctuations. B. are shorter. C. become nil. D. are longer.
D. are longer.
Bob finds it easier to concentrate on his studies when he finds the topic interesting. He is engrossed to such an extent that he does not even realize that the television has been turned to the maximum volume. However, if the topic does not interest him, he tends to get distracted at the drop of a hat. Which of the following theories explains Bob's behavior? A. The psychoanalytic theory B. Baddeley's theory C. The cognitive load theory D. The perceptual load theory
D. The perceptual load theory
Which of the following refers to the manifest content of a dream? A. The unconscious part B. The hidden part C. The subliminal part D. The superficial part
D. The superficial part
According to the research that studied people new to meditation, compared to a control group, novices who underwent an 8-week meditation training program showed a(n): A. decrease in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing. B. increase in growth of brain tissues associated with spatial visualization. C. decrease in growth of brain tissues associated with spatial visualization. D. increase in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing.
D. increase in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing.
According to Kohlberg, how would a child whose thought is at the conventional level of moral reasoning respond to the Heinz dilemma? A. "Heinz should steal the drug! Who cares?" B. "Heinz should not steal the drug because he will be caught and sent to jail." C. "Heinz should steal the drug and not worry about punishment because it is the right thing to do." D. "Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong."
D. "Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong."
Typically, the resting membrane potential of a neuron is A. 7 V. B. 700 mV. C. -7 V. D. -70 mV. E. 0 mV.
D. -70 mV.
The legal limit of blood alcohol concentration for driving in all states of the United States is ________ BAC. A. 0.1 B. 0.03 C. 0.05 D. 0.08
D. 0.08
A fetus begins to respond to sound around _____________ weeks after conception. A. 8 B. 12 C. 18 D. 26
D. 26
Which psychologist coined the term preconscious? A. Piaget B. Skinner C. Erikson D. Freud
D. Freud
Which of the following early approaches to psychology focused on why and how people think and feel? A. Socialism B. Behaviorism C. Structuralism D. Functionalism
D. Functionalism
Mehroof, 20 years of age, suffers an accident which causes him to lose consciousness. He is declared to be in a comatose state. Which of the following can be useful in detecting the degree of his coma? A. Stroop test B. Rancho Coma Scale C. MRI test D. Glasgow Coma Scale
D. Glasgow Coma Scale
______________ allow us to determine how likely it is that two or more samples came from the same population. A. Predictive inferences B. Statistical inferences C. Descriptive statistics D. Inferential statistics
D. Inferential statistics
____________ is the ability to store and use information. A. Amnesia B. Retrieval C. Schema D. Memory
D. Memory
Which of the following is one of Howard Gardner's eight forms of intelligence? A. General intelligence B. Analytical intelligence C. Crystallized intelligence D. Spatial intelligence
D. Spatial intelligence
When one plots intelligence scores on a graph, one sees a very clear bell curve, with most people falling in the middle and a few people at the high and low ends of the curve. Which of the following is true for the bell curve? A. Exceptionally gifted people will make up the middle section of the bell curve. B. The middle section, which has the majority of people, indicates the highest intelligence. C. People with mental retardation are represented at both extremes of the curve. D. The curve indicates that relatively few people are exceptionally gifted.
D. The curve indicates that relatively few people are exceptionally gifted.
How can the term measures be best defined in the context of psychological research? A. They are the steps taken to ensure that a study provides unbiased results. B. They are the steps taken to ensure that experimenters do not control the outcome of a study. C. They are the tools and techniques used to modify the results of a study. D. They are the tools and techniques used to assess thought or behavior.
D. They are the tools and techniques used to assess thought or behavior.
Choose the answer that correctly lists, in chronological order, the events involved in synaptic transmission. a: A nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob. b: Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft. c: A nerve impulse begins in the postsynaptic cell. d: Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the postsynaptic cell. e: A voltage change occurs in the postsynaptic cell. A. a, c, b, d, e B. a, b, e, d, c C. c, b, d, e, a D. a, b, d, e, c E. c, a, b, d, e
D. a, b, d, e, c
Early humans, as hunter-gatherers, did not know when they would find food. If they found fat, they ate it, because fat could be stored in the body and used later when food might be scarce. For this reason, humans evolved to like fat. Human cravings have not changed much, even though our environments have. So our preference for fatty foods can be attributed to _____________. A. softwiring B. differential selection C. collective efficacy D. adaptation
D. adaptation
39. The ______ stage is the phase of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome in which all of the body's resources respond to a perceived threat. A. exhaustion B. resistance C. tranquility D. alarm
D. alarm
Trephination involves: A. recruiting large numbers of individuals to participate in clinical trials of controversial pharmaceuticals. B. associating a previously neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus to create a desired response. C. studying large groups of individuals from various cultures to determine similarities and differences across these cultures. D. drilling a small hole in someone's skull for medical reasons or to release demons thought to possess the person.
D. drilling a small hole in someone's skull for medical reasons or to release demons thought to possess the person.
Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when all of a sudden something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information. A. iconic B. semantic C. implicit D. echoic
D. echoic
Developmental psychology can be best described as the study of: A. how we perceive information, how we learn and remember, how we acquire and use language, and how we solve problems. B. the links among brain, mind, and behavior. C. the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought. D. how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span.
D. how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span.
26. The ___________ links the nervous system to parts of the endocrine system relevant to emotions. A. temporal lobe B. hippocampus C. thalamus D. hypothalamus
D. hypothalamus
The body's biological clock is located in the: A. pituitary gland. B. pineal gland. C. thalamus. D. hypothalamus.
D. hypothalamus.
Explicit memory refers to: A. something people know or remember but do not consciously know that they remember it. B. knowledge people hold for almost any behavior or physical skill they learn. C. knowledge that can be improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli. D. memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared.
D. memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared.
absent-mindedness
Forgetting caused by lapses in attention
What did research by neuroscientist Amir Raz and colleagues reveal?
Highly hypnotizable had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning
ch 5 vocab
Human development the study of change and continuity in an individual across the life span. Germinal stage the first prenatal stage of development, which begins at conception and last 2 weeks. Zygote the single cell that results when a sperm fertilizes an egg. Embryo A developing organism from 2 weeks until about 8 weeks after conception. Embryonic stage the second prenatal, from 2 weeks to weeks after conception, when all major organs form. Fetal stage the third prenatal stage, which begins with the formation of bone cells 8 weeks after conception and end at birth Prenatal programming the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health. Teratogens substances that can cause permanent damage to the developing embryo or fetus. Temperament the biologically based tendency to behave in particular ways from very early in life. High heart rate in a 36 week old fetus foreshadowed less predictable eating and sleeping habits and 3 and 6 months after birth. A high heart rate also predicted a less emotional infant at 6 months after birth. Fine motor skills the coordination of many smaller muscles, along with information from the eyes, in the service of some task. Fine motor development shows up, for example, in children's drawing skills. Pruning the degradation of synapses and dying off of neurons that are not strengthened by experience, which is the nature's way of making the brain more efficient. J.E. Richard find that the brain is becoming more organized and efficient during the first 6 months of life, and this increased brain organization leads to increased ability to pay attention and focus on one thing during the first year of life. Jean Piaget's principles of cognitive development the cognitive development from birth throughout childhood outline stages at which certain cognitive capacities appear. Relying primarily on observation of his own 3 children, he outlined 4 phases of cognitive development from birth through adolescence, which he called the sensorimotor. Sensorimotor stage Piaget's first stage of cognitive development (ages 0-2), when infants learn about the world by using their senses by moving their bodies. Object permanence the ability to realize that objects still exist when they not being sensed. Preoperational stage the second major stage of cognitive development (age 2-5), which begins with the emergence of symbolic thought. The cognitive limitations of the preoperational stage include animistic thinking, egocentrism and lack of conservation. Animistic thinking the idea that inanimated object are alive. Egocentrism the tendency to view the world only from one's own perspective. Conservation the ability to recognize that, when some properties (such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as volume) remain constant). Concrete operational stage Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, which spans ages 6-11, during which the child can perform mental operations, such as reversing on real objectives or events. Formal operational stage Piaget's final stage of cognitive development, from age 11 or 12 through adulthood, when formal logic is possible. Zone of proximal development Lev Vygotsky, the distance between what a child can learn alone and what that child can learn assisted by someone else, usually an adult. Theory of mind ideas and knowledge about how other people's minds work Lawrence Kohlberg studied the development of moral reasoning in children and adults by giving them a moral dilemma and recording the reasons they provided for their responses. Their responses were less important to him than was the reasoning behind them. Preconventional level the first level of Kohlberg' theory of moral reasoning, focusing on avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards. Conventional level the second level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, during which the person value caring, trust, and relationships as well as the social order and lawfulness. Postconventional level the third level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, in which the person recognizes universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules. Easy child predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable (about 40% of children fell in this category). Difficult child unpredictable in daily functions, is unpredictable in daily functions, is unhappy most of the time, and is slow to adapt to new situations (10% fell into this category). Slow-to-warm-up child mildly intense in his or her reactions to new situations and mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating (10% fell into this category). Imprinting the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of caregiver very soon after birth. Attachment the strong emotional connection that develops early in life between infants and their caregivers. Separation anxiety the distress reaction babies show when they are separated from their primary caregivers (typically shown at around 9 months of age). Insecure resistant an insecure-resistant infant can not be comforted by the mother on reunion and shows difficulty in returning to play. Some babies actively resist contact with the parents at this stage, and other act more passive. The infant's resistance and distress during the reunion may reflect the infant's lack of confidence in being comforted (~10% to 15% of infants). Insecure-disorganized/disoriented these infants show odd, conflicted behaviors in the strange situation. They might approach the mother on reunion, but they do so with their heads averted. Or they might freeze in place for 50 seconds in the mother's presence. These infants are frightened and are afraid of their parents. Social referencing the ability to make use of social and emotional information from another person-especially a caregiver-in an uncertain situation. Emotional competence the ability to control emotions and to know when it is appropriate to express certain emotions. Peer interaction children begin to interact socially during play at about age 3. By mid-to late childhood, peer are probably an even bigger influence than parents on a child's development. Adolescence the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about 11 or 12 and lasting until around age 18. Puberty the period when sexual maturation begins; it marks the beginning of adolescence. Menarche the first menstrual period. Sperarche the first ejaculation. Neural synchrony the ability of certain types of brain wave to work together to allow for coordinated activity in the brain, also increases through adolescence and possibly into early adulthood. Abnormal neural synchrony appear to play a role in such disorders as autism and schizophrenia Synaptic pruning rarely used synapses are allowed to die off to make the brain more efficient. Gonads the sex glands, a testis or ovary. Erik Erikson's model of personality development 1. Infancy (hope) basic trust vs basic mistrust. 2. Early childhood (will) autonomy vs shame and doubt. 3. Play age (purpose) initiative vs guilt. 4. School age (competence) industry vs. inferiority. 5. Adolescence (fidelity) identity vs identity confusion. 6. Young adulthood (love) intimacy vs. isolation. 7. Adulthood (care) generativity vs stagnation. 8. Old age (wisdom) integrity vs. despair, disgust. Emerging adulthood the transitional phase between adolescence and young adulthood include ages 18-25 years. Intimacy as defined by Erikson, the ability to fuse one's identity with another without the fear of losing it. Individuation the process of a person's personality becoming whole and full. Generativity a term Erik Erikson used to describe the process in adulthood of creating new ideas, products, or people. Stagnation a situation in which an adult become more self-focused than oriented toward others and does not contribute in a productive way to society or family. Fluid intelligence raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning that can be applied to a problem one has never confronted before. Crystallized intelligence the kind of knowledge that one gain from experience and learning, education, and practice. Wisdom the ability to know what matters, to live well, and to show good judgement. Dementia a loss of mental function, in which many cognitive processes are impaired, such as the ability to remember, reason, solve problems, make decisions, and use language. Alzheimer's disease a degenerative disease marked by progressive cognitive decline and characterized by a collection of symptoms, including confusion, memory loss, mood swings, and eventual loss of physical function. Old age starting 60 or 65, the conflict of old age is between integrity and despair.
Which of the following is true of nicotine?
It relaxes the automatic nervous system (WRONG)
According to new research, which drug is found to be effective for treating post-traumatic stress disorder?
MDMA
storage
Maintaining encoded information in memory over time.
How to increase amplitude?
Make the sound louder (increase signal strength)
state dependence
Memory can be helped or hindered by a person's internal state
context dependence
Memory can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between learning and recall environments
heuristics
Mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that often lead to a solution (but not always).
spinal cord
Nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and brain
Orienting Response and Sensitization
Novel stimuli automatically attracts attention and causes an exaggerated response
orienting response and sensitization
Novel stimuli automatically attracts attention and causes an exaggerated response
Avoidant Conditioning
Pain, or some other aversive stimulus, is anticipated and then preemptively removed by fleeing
Escape Conditioning
Pain, or some other aversive stimulus, is removed by fleeing
monochromats
People who cannot perceive any color, usually because their retinas lack cones.
Chapter 4 Quiz 2
Sadness According to recent research, emotions like ______ could worsen the experience of pain. bottom-up processing Ruth is at a junkyard looking for spare parts for her car. As she wanders through the rows of cars, she happens upon a particular car which has a familiar set of wheels, windshield, doors, hood, and trunk, and she realizes she is looking at her own model of car. This type of visual perception is known as _______. experience of synesthesia According to recent research, the ______ occurs because two different parts of the brain, which are normally kept separate, get activated simultaneously by the same stimulus. top-down processing Lincoln is pretty sure he sees his niece far off in a crowd. When he gets closer, he sees her familiar hair style and unmistakable nose, and knows it is her. This type of visual perception is called _______. purities Luli, who is in a rock band, can distinguish the sound of the guitar from the sound of the bass even though they are both playing the same note—a low E. She has no trouble telling them apart because they give off wavelengths of different _______. Sound waves must travel through some medium or we cannot hear them. Which of the following statements regarding sound waves is true? tympanic membrane Once inside the auditory canal, sound vibrations travel to the _______. Opponent process theory Which of the following is a theory of color vision that can account for the color afterimage of the American flag as well as help explain some instances of color blindness? Hammer, anvil, and stirrup Which of the following are sets of bones from the middle ear that vibrate and amplify sound waves from the tympanic membrane? Oxycodone Sasha has a severe back pain. Which of the following is an opioid that the doctor is likely to prescribe as an analgesic? are strongly connected to specific memories and emotions. Because some fibers of the olfactory bulb are directly connected to the amygdala, some smells we encounter: gate control According to the ________ theory of pain, acupuncture should successfully alleviate pain. closure The Gestalt law of ________ occurs when we perceive a whole object in the absence of complete information. closure Lillian sees a store sign that says CL_ ED. Due to the Gestalt law of _______, Lillian knows the store is closed even though the sign is missing a letter. the combination of taste and smell The experience of the flavor of food results from _______. Pain ________ is a complex emotional and sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. the perception of bodily sensations Interoception is: Synesthesia ________ occurs when a person experiences sensations in one sense when a different sense is stimulated. They contain no taste cells and therefore can taste nothing. Which of the following is true of the papillae at the center of the human tongue? cilia The olfactory sensory neurons contain hairlike projections called _______, which are similar to the hair cells in the inner ear.
Which of the following refers to the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms that is found to trigger fairly stable spiritual insights?
Psilocybin
recall memory
Pull directly from mind, reproduction, Deeper processing, More difficult
Types of Retrieval
Recall: to recall without aid Recognition: retrieval aided by cues
Psychophysics
Relationship between physical energy in the world and our psychological experience of it
Repolarization
Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.
sensation process
Stimulation of our sensory organs by features of outer world
Schumacher Exam 2
The size and shape of neurons can vary True Communication between neurons is by the axon False Dopamine is a neurotransmitter True Glia cells support neurons. True The strength of an action potential stays the same. True How does L-DOPA affect someone with Parkinson's disease? It temporarily relieves the symptoms What is the advantage of an action potential over electrical conduction in the nervous system? An action potential doesn't diminish in strength In comparison to other body cells, what is distinctive about neurons? Their varied shapes What is the relationship between neurotransmitters and their receptors? The brain has many neurotransmitters, and each has several types of receptors When an axon membrane is at rest, the inside has what kind of charge, relative to the outside? negative (-70 to be exact) The three parts of a neuron are the cell body, the __________, and the __________. dendrites; axon Which part of a neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synapse? terminal button If a drug prevents the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA from attaching to its receptors, what happens to the postsynaptic cell? will produce more action potentials than usual What happens to the strength of an action potential as it travels along an axon? remains constant The __________ is a single, long, thin, straight fiber with branches near its tip. Some are covered with __________, an insulating sheath that speeds up the transmission of impulses. Axon; myelin Suppose your finger touches something. WHEN do you get the sensation? a split second later The study of axons and action potentials enables us to understand how Novocain and other anesthetic drugs block pain. The part of a neuron receiving messages is the ____. The part sending messages is the ___ dendrites, axon Which of the following is a widely used treatment for Parkinson's disease? L-DOPA, converts into dopamine What do a neuron's dendrites do? receive info a single neuron can have many dendrites After neurotransmitter molecules detach from their receptor, some of them diffuse away. What happens to the others? the presynaptic cell takes them back to use them again. Otto Loewi devised a clever experiment that demonstrated neurons communicate by releasing chemicals If a drug prevents sodium from crossing an axon membrane, what happens? axon stops transmitting action potentials Parkinson's disease results from a deficiency in which neurotransmitter? dopamine What is a neurotransmitter? a chemical that travels from one neuron to another a mouse, a dog, and a giraffe all get toe pinches. Which responds fastest? Mouse One of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease is impairment of initiating voluntary movemet You would feel a pinch on your shoulder (very slightly) sooner than a toe pinch. Why? shorter distance to the brain The nervous system is made up of two types of cells called __________ and __________. neurons; glia Which of the following is caused by a loss of dopamine in the brain? Parkinson's disease What happens at a synapse? release of a chemical that affects another cell Which of the following is true of an action potential? strength remains the same from start to finish What is the long fiber that conducts impulses from a neuron's cell body toward another cell? axon In what way do synaptic messages differ from the way computers store information? vary in speed and duration
Shaping
The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.
Accessory Structure
The structures that modifies incoming energy into neural activity through receptors
law of effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Oval window
Transduction: transfers the sound to the cochlea
Select all that are true of nitric oxide. _____ It is a large, polar molecule. _____ It is a gas. _____ It is released by postsynaptic neurons. _____ It can cause smooth muscles to contract, resulting in vasoconstriction.
_____ It is a large, polar molecule. __X__ It is a gas. __X__ It is released by postsynaptic neurons. _____ It can cause smooth muscles to contract, resulting in vasoconstriction.
Reinforcement
a consequence that INCREASES (or encourages) the behavior
ch 5 cont
______________ intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. A. Crystallized B. Alternative C. Fluid D. Amorphous C. Fluid Problems that require finding relationships, understanding implications, and drawing conclusions all require ______________ intelligence. A. fluid B. alternative C. crystallized D. amorphous A. fluid Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence. A. amorphous B. crystallized C. alternative D. fluid B. crystallized Which of the following statements is true regarding crystallized intelligence? A. Crystallized intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning. B. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence crystallized intelligence. C. Typically, crystallized intelligence is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. D. Crystallized intelligence is strengthened in middle adulthood. D. Crystallized intelligence is strengthened in middle adulthood. Nathan's uncle asks him whether Chihuahua is to dog as flamingo is to bird. Which of the following statements is true about this scenario? A. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence. B. This problem can be answered by Nathan using raw mental ability and abstract reasoning. C. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence Nathan's ability to answer this problem. D. Nathan's ability to answer this problem does not depend on his learning and education. A. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence. Which of the following is most likely to reduce cognitive decline with aging? A. Reading in early childhood B. Sleeping for more than 8 hours every day C. Exercising D. Playing a musical instrument C. Exercising One cognitive benefit of aging is ____________, the ability to live well, know what is important, and use good judgment. A. fluid intelligence B. wisdom C. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence D. crystallized intelligence B. wisdom _______________ is an unusual degree of loss in cognitive functions and includes memory problems and difficulty reasoning, solving problems, making decisions, and using language. A. Bipolar disorder B. Cerebral palsy C. Huntington's disease D. Dementia D. Dementia Which of the following is most likely to be a risk factor for dementia? A. Age B. Gender C. Ethnicity D. Social class A. Age Which of the following is true about dementia? A. Aging is a necessary and sufficient cause of dementia. B. Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly. C. Dementia can lead to multiple strokes among the elderly. D. Pruning in early childhood is a significant cause of dementia in late adulthood. B. Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly. When a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked, the brain tissue served by that vessel does not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and so the tissue dies. This is referred to as _____________. A. Parkinson's disease B. a bipolar disorder C. a stroke D. Alzheimer's disease C. a stroke ________________ is a degenerative disease marked by progressive cognitive decline with symptoms including confusion, memory loss, mood swings, and eventual loss of physical function. A. Down's syndrome B. Alzheimer's disease C. Schizophrenia D. Bipolar disorder B. Alzheimer's disease _______________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly. A. Bipolar disorder B. Schizophrenia C. Down syndrome D. Alzheimer's disease D. Alzheimer's disease The defining anatomical feature of Alzheimer's is ____________. A. the presence of bromelain in the brain B. the absence of synapses in the frontal cortex C. the presence of patches of dead tissue in the brain D. the absence of neurons in the posterior cortex C. the presence of patches of dead tissue in the brain Which of the following statements is true about Alzheimer's disease? A. Early-onset of Alzheimer's affects people younger than 35. B. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death. C. Alzheimer's accounts for only 10%-20% of the cases of dementia among the elderly. D. Alzheimer's is non-progressive, and hence its fatality level is low. B. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death. Low levels of the neurotransmitter ________________ inhibit memory formation in people with Alzheimer's disease. A. acetylcholine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. norepinephrine A. acetylcholine Some evidence suggests that ______________ might offset or even prevent the kind of neural degeneration seen in Alzheimer's and other age-related brain disorders. A. pruning B. neurogenesis C. neural migration D. individuation B. neurogenesis According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the conflict of old age is between _________________. A. intimacy and isolation B. career and family C. integrity and despair D. generativity and stagnation C. integrity and despair Which of the following statements is true about aerobic exercising? A. Such brisk physical activity is usually dangerous to the heart and lungs and can cause death among adults and aged people. B. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow. C. It fails to meet the body's increased need for oxygen. D. It results in decline in higher mental processing of an individual. B. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow. According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the core strength of old age is ________________. A. emotional intelligence B. exuberance C. lack of fear D. wisdom D. wisdom Which of the following is true about integrity in of the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development? A. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together. B. Integrity is being informed and knowledgeable about life. C. Integrity is the creation of new ideas, products, or people. D. Integrity is the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it. A. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their first stage in dealing with the end of life is ___________. A. bargaining B. depression C. anger D. denial D. denial Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their last stage in dealing with the end of life is ____________. A. acceptance B. depression C. anger D. denial A. acceptance _______________ focus on the overall needs of the patient and family members, such as physical comfort, emotional care, and a dignified death. A. Hospitals B. Intensive care units C. Hospices D. Diagnostic centers C. Hospices ______________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy. A. Computer B. Cellphone C. Video game D. Television D. Television According to research, video games can _____________. A. enhance mathematical skills in adolescents B. impair linguistic skills C. impair motor skills D. enhance cognitive skills such as visual tracking D. enhance cognitive skills such as visual tracking According to the research conducted by Vandewater, Shim, & Caplovitz in 2004, heavy amounts of video gaming--but not TV viewing--are associated with being ______ in children. A. overweight B. blind C. depressed D. violent A. overweight Beginning at age _____, children are quite mobile, able to get around, speak in sentences, and have motor coordination which allows them to draw and write. A. 1 B. 3 C. 9 D. 12 B. 3 Which of the following age groups is most influenced by technology? A. Infants B. Babies C. Adolescents D. Elderly adults C. Adolescents Identify the correct statement about multitasking among teens. A. Heavy multitasking teens are able to filter out more irrelevant information than any other age group in any given situation. B. As novice drivers, teens require more attention to complete the tasks of safely operating and navigating a motor vehicle. C. While driving and using a hands-free cell phone, the reaction time and coordination of teens is much better than someone who is legally drunk. D. Light multitaskers are less likely to get distracted while working on problem-solving tasks. B. As novice drivers, teens require more attention to complete the tasks of safely operating and navigating a motor vehicle. The anterior cingulate will show the strongest activity when _____________. A. talking on cell phones B. exposed to violence in video games C. engaged in challenging Mensa puzzles D. texting in the classroom B. exposed to violence in video games Which of the following terms can be defined as the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text? A. Cyberbullying B. Phishing C. Pruning D. Brandjacking A. Cyberbullying Most developmental psychologists place ______ between the ages of 40 and 60 or 65. A. middle adulthood B. late adulthood C. emerging adulthood D. early adulthood A. middle adulthood
HW 4
__________________ occurs when information from our five senses leaves a small, momentary trace in our brain unless we pay attention to and process this information. Sensory memory Neil is participating in an experiment where numbers are flashed on a computer screen for a few milliseconds, and then it goes blank and asks him to recall the numbers. Neil is participating in a study that is examining his ______________ memory. iconic The string of digits 1776149217871941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 1776, 1492, 1787, and 1941 in a process called _________________ makes it easier. chunking According to Alan Baddeley (2003, 2007), the first step in the working memory process is __________. paying attention to a stimulus More participants in a study can recall the words in the beginning and in the end of a list than can recall words in the middle of a list. This is called __________. the serial position effect _________________ are mental frameworks formed from our experiences with the world that help us interpret, store, and remember related experiences, concepts, and behaviors. Schemas Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that the __________. brain makes associations by simultaneously activating several nodes In the human sensory memory system, which of the following senses does not have its own sensory cortex? taste Hebb's law states that __________. neurons that fire together wire together One neurological reason why our memories and our emotions are so closely linked is that __________. the amygdala and the hippocampus are close together Karen gives Mike her phone number. Which part of Mike's memory is storing Karen's number temporarily while he searches for a piece of paper on which to write it down? short-term memory The tendency to preferentially recall words at the end of a list is known as the recency effect. Implicit memory is based on prior experiences. Eric Kandel concluded that "practice makes perfect, even in" a snail. What is retroactive interference? when new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned information Michael tried to commit suicide with a low-caliber pistol, but he survived. He sustained brain damage to his temporal and frontal lobes as a result. One effect of his brain damage is that he cannot retain new information that he's encountered since the accident. What type of amnesia does Michael have? anterograde How did Daniel Tammet memorize pi to more than 22,500 digits? He is a synesthete, and he remembered a landscape of shapes and colors. What happened to H.M. to cause his loss of memory? He was hit by a bicyclist. The first step toward the creation of a long-term memory is _________. sensation ______ is the process of transforming what you want to remember into a smaller set of meaningful units. Chunking Casey says he'll never forget the look on her face the day he told his mother he got accepted into graduate school. This memory is an example of episodic memory. You learned the names of the 50 states and the capitol of each one when you were 10 years old. This is an example of semantic memory. Procedural memory involves learning a skill. Which of the following scenarios is the best example of working memory? As her teacher lectures, Lucy tries to connect the new information she is hearing to information she has already stored in her memory. Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in a sensory memory being sent to short term memory? Malia is eating Indonesian food for the first time. She loves the way it tastes and slowly savors each bite. If you look around the room at everyone and everything, your eyes will take in a lot of visual information. This is called _______memory. sensory Katie is very excited because she has just learned how to button her own shirt. This ability to remember how to button her shirt is part of ________ memory. procedural What is declarative memory? Declarative memory involves both factual knowledge and personally experienced events. Semantic memories are an example of declarative memory. Which of the following is an example of a procedural memory? Remembering how to drive a manual transmission car The process by which information gets into memory storage is called encoding. In thinking about memory like a computer, encoding would be like keyboard. Roger is on a date with Kara in a crowded restaurant. In order to pay attention to what Kara is saying, Roger must "tune out" all of the other noises in the restaurant and just focus on her voice. This is an example of selective attention. Jamal likes to study while listening to music. His ability to focus on both his homework and the music at the same time is an example of divided attention. During a psychology lecture, you check your social media updates regularly on your mobile device. Which of the following statements is FALSE? Because you are less focused, you are more likely to encode information for memory. It has been said that ______ is the Achilles heel of our justice system. eyewitness testimony A witness's memory is often unreliable and can easily be led astray by examiners. Eyewitnesses may be focused on their own -thoughts. -activities. -conversations. Which of the following statements about real eyewitnesses is FALSE? Eyewitnesses pick up details, such as the activities, behaviors, and conversations of the criminals, because they are usually paying attention to what people around them are doing and saying.
absolute threshold
minimum amount of stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time it's present
Interactionist Theory
both biology and environment play an important role, includes critical period
Sensory Memory
brief storage of sensory information for processing, extremely large capacity, duration of about 2 seconds
auditory nerve
bundle of axons that go to the brain
optic nerve
bundle of retinal cell axons, carries nerval impulses from retina to visual cortex, blind spot is here
Working Memory
manipulates info in STM
working memory
manipulates the information in short term memory
Which of the following is a hallucinogen that is also recommended and prescribed for people who suffer chemotherapy-related nausea or the involuntary weight loss due to AIDS?
marijuana
Semantic encoding
meaning is more important
Hindbrain
medulla, pons, cerebellum
suggestibility
memories altered based on cues, comments, and questions from outside sources
False memory
memories can be implanted from outside sources
Conditioned Stimulus
previous neutral stimulus that now elicits the conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
previously neutral stimuli that now makes a conditioned response
Thalamus
process and relay neural responses (except smell)
associative learning
process by which 2 pieces of information from an environment are repeatedly linked so that we connect them
associative learning
process by which 2 pieces of information from environment are repeatedly linked
Associative Learning
process by which two pieces from the environment are repeatedly linked so that we can connect them in our minds;
Transduction
process of environmental energy turning into neural energy
Encoding
process of getting memories into the brain ex. memorizing the 7 dwarfs names
encoding
process of putting new information into memory
storage
retaining that information ex. rehearsing the names of those dwarfs over and over
Cones
retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
Rods
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond
deep processing
semantic encoding what does it relate to what I already know
exam 2
sensation bottom-up process perception top-down process amplitude (sound) how tall a wave is, loudness wavelength (sound) the measurement of trough to trough purity combination of wake patterns pinna captures wave tympanic membrane ear drum; mechanical vibrations ear bones hammer, anvil, stirrup; amplify sound waves oval window opening in the middle ear that connects it to the inner ear to transfer vibrations cochlea snail shaped; filled with liquid; balance basilar membrane a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea light intensity amount of energy per wavelength wavelength (light) height of wavelength determines color of light saturation wavelength (hue), amplitude (brightness), purity (saturation) photoreceptors help differentiate between colors rods picks up light; helps with night vision cones picks up three color pigments and in combinations; sharpness subliminal might make you think something but never strong enough to make you do it JND (weber's law) smallest detectable difference in energy is a constant fraction of stimulus intensity bottom-up processing when you are taking in stimuli and processing it through your thalamus top-down processing taking what you already know and applying it to a similar stimuli encoding information that is put into a memory acoustic encoding information as sound visual encoding information as an image semantic encoding information as general knowledge storage maintaining memory; 3 stages (sensory, STM, LTM retrieval remembering, two types (recall, recognition) maintenance rehearsal shallow memory, repetition, good short-term memory elaborative rehearsal deep memory, relating new info to old info, visual imagery and organizational encoding, mnemonics sensory stage briefly holds info for processing, possibly limitless capacity, lasts about 2 seconds, if attended goes on to STM STM (short-term) stores info for a small amount of time, lasts 12-30 seconds w/o rehearsal, with rehearsal moves on to LTM LTM (long-term) what people think of as memory, stores for long periods of time, very large storage capacity semantic LTM i know that.... episodic LTM i remember when.... procedural what i can do.... working memory concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing rehearsal sends short term memory to long term chunking organizing information into relatable groups primacy effect remembering it because it was the first thing you saw recency effect remembering it because it was one of the last things you saw transience forgetting over time/ getting old method of savings learning decay memory fading over time; cannot remember everything retroactive interference new info hurts recall of old info proactive interference old info hurts the ability to remember new things correctly absent-mindedness lapse of attention causing memory failure blocking tip of the tongue; failure to retrieve info anterograde amnesia unable to remember past events before an incident retrograde amnesia unable to be able to form new memories after an incident; can obtain new motor skills clive wearing suffers from retrograde and anterograde amnesia HM removed hippocampus to solve a problem of seizures; then developed retrograde and anterograde amnesia non-associative learning simplest learning habituation adapting to a constant stimulus associative learning process when two pieces of information from the environment repeatedly linked so that they are connected in our minds associative learning types classical and operant conditioning unlearned response natural response to a stimulus unconditioned stimulus input that always elicits the same unlearned response conditioned stimulus previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a conditioned response conditioned response learned response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus extinction gradual disappearance of the conditioned response reconditioning quick relearning of the conditioned response after extinction spontaneous recovery reappearance of conditioned response after extinction stimulus generalization stimuli similar enough to the conditioned stimuli to elicit the conditioned response stimulus discrimination stimulus different enough from conditioned stimuli to not elicit a conditioned response law of effect more likely to repeat behaviors rewarded; less likely to repeat behaviors that are punished positive reinforcement reinforcement of a response by the addition or gain of a pleasant event negative reinfocement reinforcement of a response by subtraction or elimination of an unpleasant event positive punishment applies an unpleasant stimulus negative punishment removal of a pleasant stimulus primary reinforcer meets an organisms basics needs (food) secondary reinforcer reward that organism learns to like (working for money) shaping a process of behavior modification in which a subject in encouraged to behave in a desired way through positive and negative reinforcement fixed ratio after and exact number of responses are made; more responses=more reinforcement; high rate of response variable ratio reinforcement after a varying number of responses; responding at a high, steady rate; hardest to extinguish fixed interval first response after fixed amount of time has passed; not response driven; second slowest rate of response variable interval first response after some period of time; slowest but most steady response rate latent learning learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement; not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs cognitive map mental representation of the environment insight "eureka" "aha" moments, something clicks observational learning watching someone do something and doing it because it got a positive reinforcement "social learning" vicarious conditioning learn by watching consequences of other people's actions social learning theory people can learn by purely watching others phoneme smallest unit of sound with meaning (a, b); long/short vowels morpheme smallest unit of language with meaning; prefixes/suffixex (pre, wed, run) word combinations of morphemes (running, wedding) syntax phrases, sentences; determines how words are combined to make sentences semantics rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences surface word strings produced deep structure abstract relationships; why sentences can have two meanings cooing 6 months babbling 5-12 months one-word 12-18 months two-word 18-30 months sentence phase 2.5-3 years critical period of language development if children are never exposed to any human language before a certain age, the skills never fully develop nativist language development is an innate, biological capacity algorithms step by step problem solving procedure guaranteed to return a solution (formal reasoning) heuristics time saving mental shortcuts used for making judgements quickly & efficiently (informal reasoning) anchoring-adjustment tendency to use a rough estimation as a starting point or 'anchor' and adjust from there representativeness tendency to classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case availability heuristics tendency to base a judgment on how quickly or easily examples come to mind false-consensus effect application to self-other judgement conjunction fallacy thinking that two events are more likely to occur together than either event alone framing effects give different answers to the same problem depending on how its framed confirmation bias seeking out information that confirms what you currently think mental sets stick with an old strategy even though a new strategy might work better functional fixedness the tendency to use familiar objects in familiar ways rather than creative ways multiple hypotheses hard to focus on multiple theories; most available theories are not always most correct intelligence no exact definition; but is the mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from experiences aptitude test measure a person's readiness to learn and one's cognitive abilities achievement test measure what a person has accomplished reliability consistency is key; test-retest (time); internal (do the items correlate) validity accuracy is hard to establish; constructs (does it measure what it is supposed to?); predictive (is the performance related to real-world outcomes) ratio IQ (mental age/physical age) * 100 deviation IQ (test score/average of age group) * 100 binet assumed that reasoning, thinking, and problem solving depend on intelligence; aptitude v. achievement stanford-binet added things for adults; supply missing words, repeat 6 digit numbers backwards, make a sentence out of several unrelated words, describe similarities between concepts army; Goddard WWI military recruits; alpha/beta test; 47% scored a 13 or lower intelligence test IQ measured objectively; in a standardized manner
nervous system functions
sensory input, integration, motor output
chunking
separating words, letters, numbers, to make memorization easier
Negative Punishment
take away something to discourage; (child is grounded for hitting their sibling)
availability heuristics
tendency to base judgment quickly or easy examples come to mind
false-consensus effect
tendency to feel others share our attitudes more than they do you believe something so you think everyone shares the same belief
Pareidolia
tendency to perceive meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli (ex. faces in rocks)
Anchoring-adjustment
tendency to use a rough estimation as a starting point, and adjusting slightly from that point judging productiveness of an employee with comparison of yourself
Law of Effect
the consequences of a behavior increase (or decrease) the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
sympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations Four "f's" fight, flight, flee, mate
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
Reasoning
the process of inferring conclusions from principles and evidence
TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)
the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions
Fatema is a marketing head based in New York who is required to travel a lot. She is even required to travel frequently across Asian and African countries for short periods of time. The disruptive effects of jet travel make her disoriented, groggy, irritable, and fatigued. If she visits her doctor, which of the following will most likely be prescribed for her? A. Testosterone B. Serotonin C. Progesterone D. Melatonin
D. Melatonin
What happens when one switches from one simple task to another? A. There is absolutely no lost time, unlike while switching between complex tasks. B. The amount of lost time is high. C. There is an equal amount of lost time just as in switching between complex tasks. D. The amount of lost time is low.
D. The amount of lost time is low.
In the teen years, _____________ start to replace parents as a source of identification. A. teachers B. seniors C. siblings D. peers
D. peers
According to Kohlberg, a person who is at the ______________ level of moral development acknowledges both the norm and the law, but argues that there are universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules. A. concrete operational B. preconventional C. functional operational D. postconventional
D. postconventional
Mrs. Ross, a teacher, wanted to measure the IQ of the newly admitted students in her class. While using William Stern's method for calculating intelligence, she found out that Sarah, a ten-year-old girl, had the mental age of a 14 year old. What is Sarah's intelligence score? A. 80 B. 100 C. 120 D. 140
D. 140
How long does it usually take for one to make the transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of sleep? A. 15-17 minutes B. 10-12 minutes C. 1-2 minutes D. 5-7 minutes
D. 5-7 minutes
By the age of ______________, babies can discriminate between fearful and happy faces. A. 2 years B. 3 months C. 1 year D. 7 months
D. 7 months
Antimicrobial agents can target the cell wall by A. blocking its synthesis. B. digesting it. C. denaturing proteins. D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
_______________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly. A. Bipolar disorder B. Schizophrenia C. Down syndrome D. Alzheimer's disease
D. Alzheimer's disease
Which of the following is a criterion to be considered for intellectual disability? A. Both mental and physical deficits must be apparent after age 18. B. The deficits must be acquired habits which lead to intellectual disability. C. An individual must show minor limitations in intellectual functioning and major limitations in physical functioning. D. An individual must show significant limitations in everyday adaptive behavior.
D. An individual must show significant limitations in everyday adaptive behavior.
By the 1980s, cognitive science combined many disciplines in addition to psychology. Which of the following is one of these disciplines? A. Etymology B. Genealogy C. Chemistry D. Anthropology
D. Anthropology
Which of the following is a criterion used to assess the reliability of an intelligence test? A. Does the test accurately measure intelligence, or does it measure some other quality? B. Does the test measure all the aspects of intelligence, including kinesthetic intelligence? C. Do the test scores predict the test-taker's performance in real-world settings? D. Are the results obtained by a person the same every time he or she takes the test?
D. Are the results obtained by a person the same every time he or she takes the test?
There are two types of synapses, based on mode of communication. What are they? A. Mechanical and chemical B. Magnetic and physical C. Physical and chemical D. Chemical and electrical E. Mechanical and electrical
D. Chemical and electrical
According to Jean Piaget, which of the following is true? A. Cognitive abilities are inborn and do not change over time. B. The cognitive abilities of young children are the same as those of adults. C. Both children and adolescents can reason abstractly. D. Cognitive abilities develop in stages rather than gradually.
D. Cognitive abilities develop in stages rather than gradually.
______ is applicable to the tests that measure the concept it claims to measure. A. Internal validity B. Predictive validity C. Construct validity D. Conclusion validity
D. Conclusion validity
____________ is the ability to recognize that when some properties (such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as mass) remain constant. A. Egocentrism B. Object permanence C. Animistic thinking D. Conservation
D. Conservation
For which state of long-term memory formation is sleep vital? A. Encoding B. Storage C. Retrieval D. Consolidation
D. Consolidation
58. ___________ refers to anything people do to deal with or manage stress or emotions. A. Secondary appraisal B. Primary appraisal C. Disclosure D. Coping
D. Coping
______ indicate whether two variables relate to each other and the direction of the relationship. A. Confounding variables B. Random assignments C. Experiments D. Correlation coefficients
D. Correlation coefficients
With reference to the stages of cognitive development introduced by Piaget, which of the following statements is true regarding the preoperational stage? A. During this stage children develop scientific reasoning and hypothesis-testing skills. B. This stage is characterized my mastering object permanence. C. Typically, children between the ages of 6 months to 1 year are in this stage. D. During this stage children cannot recognize that amounts stay the same when shapes change.
D. During this stage children cannot recognize that amounts stay the same when shapes change.
____________ processing occurs when one carefully attends and puts conscious effort into remembering information. A. Automatic B. Structural C. Phonological D. Effortful
D. Effortful
______________ was the first to distinguish thought disorders (schizophrenia) from the mood disorders of melancholia (depression) and manic depression (bipolar disorder). His views were a major influence on diagnostic categories formulated during the 20th century. A. Dorothea Dix B. Sigmund Freud C. John Locke D. Emil Kraepelin
D. Emil Kraepelin
Miguel is having a dinner party, but from the smell coming from his kitchen it is evident he burned whatever he was cooking. What is the order of the processing stages this burnt smell will go through to become a long-term memory for Miguel? A. Consolidation, storage, recognition, recall B. Storage, consolidation, encoding, recognition C. Storage, visuospatial loop, encoding, recall D. Encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval
D. Encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval
______________ conducted some of the earliest research in perception and laid the groundwork for what later became known as psychophysics. A. William James B. Johns Hopkins C. Rosalie Raynor D. Ernst Weber
D. Ernst Weber
Which of the following is an advantage of fluid intelligence measures over crystallized intelligence measures? A. Fluid intelligence measures have greater predictive validity. B. Fluid intelligence measures can accurately predict creativity. C. Fluid intelligence measures require numeric scales. D. Fluid intelligence measures are free of cultural bias.
D. Fluid intelligence measures are free of cultural bias.
Following successful placement of the central venous line, you are diligent to prevent infection when accessing and administering medications. Which of the following actions should be completed prior to use of the line? A. hand washing B. disinfection of the access port with alcohol or chlorhexidine prior to use C. application of gloves D. Hand washing, application of gloves, and disinfection of the access port should all be completed prior to use of the line.
D. Hand washing, application of gloves, and disinfection of the access port should all be completed prior to use of the line.
Which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a developmental psychologist? A. How do people visualize objects in their minds? B. How does the presence of other people change an individual's thoughts, feelings, or perceptions? C. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people? D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?
D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?
When a neurotransmitter causes the opening of chemically gated potassium channels on the postsynaptic cell, the postsynaptic potential that results is an A. EPSP, which is a depolarization. B. EPSP, which is a hyperpolarization C. IPSP, which is a depolarization. D. IPSP, which is a hyperpolarization.
D. IPSP, which is a hyperpolarization.
Which of the following best describes the two main views of intelligence? A. Intelligence as a static versus intelligence as a dynamic ability B. Intelligence as unaffected by environment versus intelligence as influenced by environment C. Intelligence as a hereditary ability versus intelligence as a learnt ability D. Intelligence as a single general ability versus intelligence as a collection of multiple abilities
D. Intelligence as a single general ability versus intelligence as a collection of multiple abilities
Which of the following is most closely related to the concept of emotional intelligence? A. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence B. Fluid intelligence C. Naturalistic intelligence D. Interpersonal intelligence
D. Interpersonal intelligence
Which of the following is true about storage as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. The process of storing is driven by attention. B. Storage refers to processes like remembering where one put a birthday gift one had bought earlier. C. A stored memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay. D. Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks.
D. Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks.
Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 male and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity. What is Sarah's population? A. All the men studying in the United States B. The chosen female graduates C. The chosen male and female college graduates D. Men and women in the United States
D. Men and women in the United States
What type of circuit would you use to solve a higher-order mathematical problem? A. Converging B. Diverging C. Reverberating D. Parallel-after-discharge E. None of the choices is correct.
D. Parallel-after-discharge
________________ can be defined as mental frameworks that develop from one's experiences with particular objects or events. A. Networks B. Data designs C. Hierarchies D. Schemas
D. Schemas
46. (p. 451) Which of the following is true of Hans Seyle's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) model? A. Seyle's model fits all kinds of physical stressors that organisms may experience in the course of their lives. B. Since Selye studied only human beings for his research, it is impossible to generalize his findings to other organisms. C. Seyle's findings showed that an animal's response to a stressor differed depending on its psychological state and therefore cannot be generalized. D. Selye studied extreme stressors, so the idea of a syndrome of body responses to stress occurring regardless of the type of stressor remains contentious.
D. Selye studied extreme stressors, so the idea of a syndrome of body responses to stress occurring regardless of the type of stressor remains contentious.
Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. From a scientific viewpoint, why was it important for Dr. Ariana to randomly assign the players to wear new or old uniforms? A. She wanted to make sure that the uniforms do not affect the outcome of the game played by the players. B. She wanted the players to feel they all had a chance of wearing their old uniforms, in which they would likely be more comfortable. C. She wanted to ensure that the performance of the players will be uniformly improved by wearing their respective uniforms. D. She wanted to ensure that each player had an equal chance of wearing the new or old uniform.
D. She wanted to ensure that each player had an equal chance of wearing the new or old uniform.
_____________ memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand. A. Episodic B. Meta C. Sensory D. Short-term
D. Short-term
9. The ______ is an instrument to quantify stress in terms of major life changes. A. Gait Abnormality Rating Scale B. Cooper-Harper Rating Scale C. Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale D. Social Readjustment Rating Scale
D. Social Readjustment Rating Scale
1. Monica has been feeling upset and disturbed after her divorce. Though she is quite relieved with the divorce, the long-winded and cumbersome proceedings have taken a toll on her. Monica's disturbed state of mind indicates that she is most likely to be __________. A. obsessed B. psychotic C. egotistic D. stressed
D. Stressed
Which of the following lends support to Gardner's multifaceted view of intelligence? A. Students demonstrate better comprehension when they learn in the same way as everyone else. B. Students demonstrating ability in one area tend to do well in other aspects of intelligence. C. The intelligence of students can be accurately measured as a single, general ability. D. Students who demonstrate ability in some areas do poorly on traditional intelligence tests.
D. Students who demonstrate ability in some areas do poorly on traditional intelligence tests.
Which of the following holds true of the brain? A. The brain cannot consolidate learning in sleep. B. The brain cannot consolidate memories in sleep. C. Napping after learning typically reduces performance. D. Task learning is replayed in the brain during sleep.
D. Task learning is replayed in the brain during sleep.
______________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy. A. Computer B. Cellphone C. Video game D. Television
D. Television
79. What did Fredrickson and Levenson find in their experiments that required participants to watch movies eliciting different emotions? A. The cardiovascular activity remained constant throughout for many participants regardless of the kind of movie they watched. B. The cardiovascular activation elicited by pleasant film decreased after watching the fear film. C. The cardiovascular activation elicited by the fear film returned to baseline levels more quickly in people who saw sad or neutral films after the fear film. D. The cardiovascular activation elicited by the fear film returned to baseline levels more quickly in people who saw pleasant films after the fear film.
D. The cardiovascular activation elicited by the fear film returned to baseline levels more quickly in people who saw pleasant films after the fear film.
Which of the following is most likely to be the focus of educational psychology? A. The relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought B. The role of psychological factors in the physical health and illness of students C. The changes in our emotional skills that take place as we age D. The effectiveness of particular teaching techniques
D. The effectiveness of particular teaching techniques
Most intelligence tests determine a person's overall intelligence score by his or her scores on specific subtests. On which of the following theories are such tests based? A. The multiple-factor theory B. The triarchic theory C. Gardner's theory D. The g-factor theory
D. The g-factor theory
Which of the following holds true regarding sleep? A. The conscious mind and the outside world completely draw a blank. B. The sleeping state is irreversible. C. The sleeping state has the conscious mind perceiving all the sensations of the outer world. D. The sleeping state can be immediately reversed.
D. The sleeping state can be immediately reversed.
Which of the following is true according to Kandel with respect to certain genes in the human brain? A. They cannot facilitate new connections between neurons in an adult brain. B. They are all present and functional at birth. C. They do not differ between organisms despite variations in experience. D. They can be turned on or off by our experiences.
D. They can be turned on or off by our experiences.
Who is considered the founder of American psychology? A. Elizabeth Loftus B. Carl Jung C. Sigmund Freud D. William James
D. William James
What was an important aspect of intelligence that aided in solving a problem at hand that was not considered in intelligence tests before 1985? A. Abstract reasoning B. Linguistic ability C. kinesthetics D. Working memory
D. Working memory
Helen Mayberg stumbled on a surprising and counterintuitive discovery; she found that: A. schizophrenia is a result of imbalance of neurotransmitters. B. some unknown substance in childhood vaccines causes autism. C. psychological disorders are mood disorders. D. a particular part of brain is overactive in depressed people.
D. a particular part of brain is overactive in depressed people.
Charles Spearman's theory of human intelligence viewed intelligence as __________. A. a collection of multiple unrelated capacities B. fixed by hereditary and unchangeable C. impossible to measure using standardized tests D. a single general factor made up of specific components
D. a single general factor made up of specific components
A graph of an EPSP would plot time against a voltage trace that would resemble A. a hill where the high point approaches the threshold value. B. a hill where the high point is the farthest away from the threshold value. C. a valley where the low point approaches the threshold value. D. a valley where the low point is the farthest away from the threshold value.
D. a valley where the low point is the farthest away from the threshold value.
The ______ is involved in assigning emotional significance to events and is crucial in encoding information relevant to emotional experiences. A. thalamus B. fornix C. hippocampus D. amygdala
D. amygdala
According to Sternberg's theory, the elements of successful intelligence are __________. A. emotional intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, and general intelligence B. emotional intelligence, creative intelligence, and interpersonal intelligence C. general intelligence, linguistic intelligence, and practical intelligence D. analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence
D. analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence
As an RN, you utilize an alcohol-based hand cleaner with friction rub when your hands are not visibly dirty. Which of the following terms appropriately describes the type of antimicrobial control provided by alcohol-based hand cleaners? A. sterilization B. disinfection C. decontamination D. antisepsis
D. antisepsis
Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that: A. an individual attempting to encode new information must repeatedly rehearse that information. B. the spread of activation ensures all memories have equal chances of getting stored. C. the neural circuitry involved in long-term retention simultaneously evolved in humans and nonhuman primates. D. associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes.
D. associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes.
A term that describes the change in muscle following a lack of exercise is A. proliferation. B. hypertrophy. C. convergence. D. atrophy. E. myofascia.
D. atrophy.
Which is the correct order of the connective tissue layers of a skeletal muscle, beginning with the most superficial? a: Endomysium b: Epimysium c: Perimysium A. a, b, c B. b, a, c C. c, a, b D. b, c, a E. c, b, a
D. b, c, a
Which of the following microbes are targeted by alcohol-based hand cleaners? A. bacteria B. viruses C. fungi D. bacteria, viruses, and fungi
D. bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Pregnancy sickness occurs most commonly with exposure to foods susceptible to molds and to ____________ substances. A. sweet B. spicy C. salty D. bitter
D. bitter
Exaptations are also called _____________. A. adaptations B. chance mutations C. habits D. by-products
D. by-products
Neural stem cells in the CNS A. have no known function. B. can only form glial cells. C. can form new neurons throughout the CNS. D. can form new neurons in only certain portions of the CNS such as the hippocampus. E. can migrate to the PNS as needed.
D. can form new neurons in only certain portions of the CNS such as the hippocampus.
The ___________ takes the longest amount of time to develop. A. heart B. intestine C. liver D. central nervous system
D. central nervous system
Jason is a psychologist. He is actively researching the interactions of people on social networking sites. Jason is most interested in finding out whether a person can get addicted to social networking sites and if such interactions can become dangerous to those involved. Jason is most likely to be a ______ psychologist. A. personality B. cognitive C. developmental D. clinical
D. clinical
According to Piaget, in the ______________ stage of cognitive development, logic is limited to what a child can directly observe. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. preoperational D. concrete operational
D. concrete operational
In research analysis and reports, data are never directly aligned with an individual respondent, thereby protecting his or her identity. Thus, ____________ is maintained. A. credibility B. reliability C. validity D. confidentiality
D. confidentiality
In a descriptive research design, a researcher will: A. make predictions about future outcomes. B. manipulate one variable to determine its effect on another. C. ensure the use of a control group. D. define a problem and variable of interest.
D. define a problem and variable of interest.
Gibson and Walk's classic visual cliff experiment on infants was designed to assess infants' ____________. A. brain-to-eye size ratio B. ability to recognize faces C. ability to detect colors D. depth perception
D. depth perception
Talking while driving: A. increases activity in regions of the brain associated with spatial processing. B. has no impact on the activity in areas of the brain associated with language processing. C. has no impact on the activity in regions of the brain associated with spatial processing. D. increases activity in areas associated with language processing.
D. increases activity in areas associated with language processing.
With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, the _____________ classification is considered the most insecure because the infant's fear of their attachment figure inhibits the development of a strategy for effective regulation of stress. A. insecure-attached B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-resistant D. insecure-disorganized
D. insecure-disorganized
49. The concept of homeostais did not entirely garner consensus among researchers because: A. even the slightest fluctuations in the environment could cause the regulatory process to stop functioning. B. organisms did not always show signs of survival mechanisms when faced with changes in the internal and external environment. C. not all organisms could show adaptability to the changes in internal and external environment. D. it implies that just one system in the body struggles to return to baseline at a time.
D. it implies that just one system in the body struggles to return to baseline at a time.
To do a ______, the researcher converts the findings of each study into a standardized statistic known as effect size. A. research planning B. systematic review C. random assignment D. meta-analysis
D. meta-analysis
The glial cell that defends the body against pathogens is the A. astrocyte. B. ependymal cell. C. neurolemmocyte. D. microglial cell. E. oligodendrocyte.
D. microglial cell.
Ryan, aged 18, has an IQ of 65. This suggests that he has a ___________ level of intellectual disability. A. profound B. moderate C. severe D. mild
D. mild
When a person is roused by sounds that seem important while filtering out the rest that seem run-of-the-mill, he/she is in a(n) ________ state. A. minimally conscious B. objectively conscious C. subjectively conscious D. moderately conscious
D. moderately conscious
The neurons that stimulate muscle contraction are called _____ neurons. A. sensory B. contractile C. inhibitory D. motor E. association
D. motor
Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________. A. gray matter B. number of neurons C. number of axons D. myelin
D. myelin
According to Carl Sagan, ____________ is the second attitude of science. A. questioning authority B. intellectual honesty C. practical thinking D. open skepticism
D. open skepticism
The type of neuronal circuit in which several neurons process the same information at one time is a _____________ circuit. A. converging B. diverging C. reverberating D. parallel-after-discharge E. None of the choices is correct.
D. parallel-after-discharge
Which of the following acids is not used to destroy or inhibit microbial cells in food? A. acetic acid B. benzoic acid C. lactic acid D. phosphoric acid E. propionic acid
D. phosphoric acid
In a study on sugar consumption and activity level, an artificial sweetener would be an appropriate __________. A. ipsative B. normative C. nocebo D. placebo
D. placebo
_____ is an unpleasant side effect that alcohol withdrawal creates for an alcoholic.
Delirium tremens
Which of the following factors will influence the action of microbial agents? A. the number of microorganisms B. the kind of microorganisms C. temperature and pH D. mode and dosage of the agent E. All of these will influence the action.
E. All of these will influence the action.
Which are possible functions of skeletal muscles? a: Maintenance of posture b: Both highly coordinated and localized simple movements c: Temperature regulation d: Support of certain body organs e: Regulation of the movement of material through certain body tracts A. a, b, e B. a, b, c C. a, b, c, e D. a, b, c, d E. a, b, c, d, e
E. a, b, c, d, e (all of the above)
Fast axonal transport is A. passive and only occurs in the anterograde direction. B. passive and only occurs in the retrograde direction. C. active (requires ATP) and only occurs in the anterograde direction. D. active (requires ATP) and only occurs in the retrograde direction. E. active (requires ATP) and can occur in either the anterograde or retrograde direction.
E. active (requires ATP) and can occur in either the anterograde or retrograde direction.
Which of the following is not used as an antiseptic? A. iodophor B. chlorhexidine C. 3% hydrogen peroxide D. betadine E. aqueous glutaraldehyde
E. aqueous glutaraldehyde
Each of the following is the target of antimicrobial agents except A. cell walls. B. cell membranes. C. ribosomes. D. cellular proteins. E. cytoplasm.
E. cytoplasm.
The neurons that are responsible for integrating information by retrieving, processing, storing, and "deciding" how the body responds to stimuli are A. sensory neurons. B. motor neurons. C. accessory neurons. D. correlation neurons. E. interneurons.
E. interneurons.
The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a(n)______ subunit. A. myosin B. actin C. elastin D. tropomyosin E. troponin
E. troponin
Cerebellum
A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
myelin sheath
A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.
When does sleepwalking usually occur? A. During non-REM sleep B. During REM sleep C. While hallucinating D. During increased activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus
A. During non-REM sleep
A subset of a population is called a ___________. A. sample B. variable C. size D. set
A. sample
Which of the following is commonly used as a prescription sedative? A. Nitroglycerin B. Hydrocodone C. Benzodiazepines D. Serotonin
C. Benzodiazepines
An IQ test predicts academic achievement better for a particular ethnic group compared to another. What does this suggest about the test? A. The test is standardized. B. The test is not reliable. C. The test is biased. D. The test is not valid.
C. The test is biased.
In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young girls tended to become _____________ young women. A. self-assured and flexible B. highly career oriented C. anxious and self-doubting D. emotionally sterile and calculating
C. anxious and self-doubting
A variable can be defined as: A. a specific, informed, and testable prediction of an outcome. B. the repetition of a study to confirm results. C. anything that changes, or differs, within or between individuals. D. a related assumption from which testable predictions can be made.
C. anything that changes, or differs, within or between individuals.
In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers. A. cognition B. imprinting C. attachment D. sublimation
C. attachment
Spontaneous changes in genes that can alter the design of a structure or a set of behaviors are called _____________. A. differential selections B. softwirings C. chance mutations D. external adaptations
C. chance mutations
The point of view that human behavior is solely the result of ______________ and that one can be anything she wants to be appears to be a very Western, very North American idea. A. genetics B. nature C. nurture D. inborn tendencies
C. nurture
In the __________ and ____________ stages of the scientific method, researchers express their expectations as a theory. A. communication; testing B. prediction; interpretation C. observation; prediction D. communication; prediction
C. observation; prediction
In a naturalistic observation, a researcher: A. asks people directly or indirectly what they think, feel, or have done. B. observes one person, often over a long period of time. C. observes and records behavior in the real world. D. asks questions that can have completely open-ended answers.
C. observes and records behavior in the real world.
The connective tissue wrapping that surrounds bundles (fascicles) of axons is the A. epineurium. B. endoneurium. C. perineurium. D. endosteum. E. periosteum.
C. perineurium.
Billions of CNS interneurons are grouped in complex patterns called neuronal A. networks. B. complexes. C. pools. D. meshes. E. webs.
C. pools.
T/F As it moves from the tip of a dendrite to the axon hillock, a postsynaptic potential will maintain a constant amplitude.
FALSE
T/F As the distance between a damaged axon and its receptor organ increases, the possibility of repair increases.
FALSE
T/F Because skeletal muscle cells are so close together, muscle contains very few blood vessels.
FALSE
T/F Chlorine compounds remain stable and effective in the presence of excess organic matter.
FALSE
T/F Energy requirements for smooth muscle contractions are generally higher than those for skeletal muscle contractions.
FALSE
T/F Glycolytic muscle fibers tend to be very rich in myoglobin and mitochondria.
FALSE
T/F In a graph of wave summation, the tension level returns to baseline between each peak of force.
FALSE
sensitivity period
If children are not exposed to any human language before a certain age, their language abilities never fully develop
T/F A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential.
TRUE
T/F During skeletal muscle fiber contraction, the I bands and H zones narrow.
TRUE
Neuron
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
habituation
adapting attention to constant stimulation
Unconditioned Response
an automatic and involuntary response
McGurk Effect
an error in perception that occurs when we misperceive sounds because the audio and visual parts of the speech are mismatched, Ba vs. Fa
Skinner Boxes
animals hit the lever and are rewarded with food;
Clive Wearing 1985
anterograde and retrograde amnesia
Trichromatic
any color can be produced by mixing pure versions of blue, green, red light indifferent ratios explains color blindness
Reinforcement
any consequence that strengthens the response and increases the probability that the subject will repeat the action
parietal lobe
associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
frontal lobe
associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
occipital lobe
associated with visual processing
Transduction
environmental energy turned to neural energy
False Memory
example: details from eyewitness testimonies often differ between eyewitnesses; everyone may be confident in their answers, even if they are wrong;
Errors in Attention
inability to ignore irrelevant information (stroop)
divided attention
multitasking
iris
muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the pupil for light
bottom-up processing
perception is a process of building a perceptual experience from smaller pieces
suggestibility
potential for false information to "contaminate" our memories, ex. schemas
Sensory cortex
produce the sensation and perception
positive reinforcement
reinforcement by the addition or gain of a pleasant event
Continuous Reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Pitch
related to pitch
non-associative learning
simplest form of learning, impact of one stimulus
Bottom up processing
small pieces to determine bigger idea
difference threshold
smallest detectable difference between stimuli
Weber's Law
smallest detectable difference in energy is a constant fraction of stimulus intensity
morpheme
smallest unit of language with meaning 3 letter words prefixes and suffixes
Morpheme
smallest unit of language with meaning, words that can't be broken down (wed, run), prefixes (un-), suffixes (-ing)
Brain Hemispheres
some functions are laterailized such as sensory and motor functions, language(left), and nonverbal(right)
transfer appropriate processing
the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match
Retrevial
the process of getting information out of memory storage
aptitude
what a person is capable of
constructive processing view of retrieval
when a memory is retrieved, it is altered
conjunction fallacy
when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event
working memory
when you "do things" to what is in your short term memory, like doing math,
cortex
where light enters
tympanic membrane
where the sound hits
Pinna
where the sound waves are collected
semantics
words that govern meaning of words and sentences "dog is running around the house" inside being crazy or outside running laps?
Spontaneous Recovery
reappearance of CR after extinction
spontaneous recovery
reappearance of conditioned response after extinction
performance scale
scale that allowed the measurement of nonverbal intelligence
T/F The embryonic-like cells that remain in adult skeletal muscle tissue are known as satellite cells.
TRUE
T/F The floor of the pelvic cavity includes skeletal muscles that function to support organs in that cavity.
TRUE
T/F The number of satellite cells in skeletal muscle steadily decreases with age.
TRUE
T/F The presence of organic matter such as saliva and pus can interfere with the actions of disinfectants.
TRUE
T/F The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system.
TRUE
T/F Typically, a multipolar neuron has many dendrites and one axon extending from the cell body.
TRUE
The branch of the nervous system that helps govern smooth muscle contraction is the _______ nervous system. A. autonomic B. somatic
A. autonomic
cooing
6 weeks - 3 months repetition noises babies
Genie
A girl who was locked up for 14 years and when she was found, she had missed the critical period
Midbrain
A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward. involved in basic functioning
Most developmental psychologists place ______ between the ages of 40 and 60 or 65. A. middle adulthood B. late adulthood C. emerging adulthood D. early adulthood
A. middle adulthood
______________ psychology promotes personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one's highest potential. A. Humanistic B. Gestalt C. Positive D. Holistic
A. Humanistic
The glial cell that provides structural support and organization to the CNS is the A. astrocyte. B. ependymal cell. C. neurolemmocyte. D. microglial cell. E. oligodendrocyte.
A. astrocyte.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. During this stage formal logic becomes possible. B. This is the second stage of cognitive development. C. Typically, children between the ages of 2 to 4 years are in this stage. D. During this stage children learn the concept of object permanence.
A. During this stage formal logic becomes possible.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the test that reveals the degree of coma? A. Emotional responsiveness B. Verbal responsiveness C. Motor responsiveness D. The degree of eye opening
A. Emotional responsiveness
Which of the following is a form of mental training that can be used to calm the mind, stabilize concentration, or enhance awareness of the present moment? A. Meditation B. Sleep C. The administration of a psychoactive drug D. Sensory deprivation
A. Meditation
Which hormone plays a role in relaxation and drowsiness in human beings? A. Melatonin B. Serotonin C. Dopamine D. Cortisol
A. Melatonin
The body has an internal timekeeper located in the hypothalamus, called the _____, which regulates physiological activity on daily cycles. A. Suprachiasmatic nucleus B. Supraoptic nucleus C. Ventromedial nucleus D. Amygdaloidal nucleus
A. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Which of the following is an attentional process that helps determine the contents of consciousness at any given moment in time? A. Sustained attention B. Flashing attention C. Alternating attention D. Divided attention
A. Sustained attention
According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which of the following statements is true regarding the difficult child? A. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations. B. The difficult child is happy most of the time. C. The difficult child is predictable in daily functions D. The difficult child is mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating.
A. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations.
Which of the following describes the interrelation of concentration and attention? A. The perceptual load model B. The cognitive load theory C. The global workspace model D. Baddeley's model
A. The perceptual load model
Individuals with no previous meditation experience who underwent eight weeks of mindfulness meditation training showed: A. an increased EEG activity in the left frontal cortex. B. an increased EEG activity in the right frontal cortex. C. an increased EEG activity in the occipital lobe. D. a decreased EEG activity in the occipital lobe.
A. an increased EEG activity in the left frontal cortex.
Neuroimaging studies of people learning to navigate a virtual maze show: A. an increased activation in the hippocampus. B. a decreased activation in the hippocampus. C. an increased activation in the hypothalamus. D. a decreased activation in the hypothalamus.
A. an increased activation in the hippocampus.
According to Buxton, it is okay to sleep less than the optimum duration as long as: A. it falls in the appropriate circadian circle. B. it is at a place with appropriate lighting. C. it encourages appropriate metabolic cleansing. D. it is done right after learning a task.
A. it falls in the appropriate circadian circle.
When one multi-tasks, there is: A. less sustained attention. B. more sustained attention. C. less selective attention. D. less inattentional blindness.
A. less sustained attention.
A pediatrician is assessing nine-month-old Chiara's motor development, which involves observing changes in Chiara's _____________. A. physical movement and body control B. emotional relationships with her parents and siblings C. peer relationships and status D. ability to see clearly and to recognize numbers
A. physical movement and body control
When Cathy was asked to respond to the Heinz dilemma developed by Kohlberg, she said, "Although it is legally wrong, Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife's life. But he also has to be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be." According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, Cathy is at the _______________ stage of moral development. A. postconventional B. preconventional C. concrete operational D. preoperational
A. postconventional
Eniko is currently 8 months old. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, she is in the ______ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational
A. sensorimotor
You prepare the patient for the sterile procedure. Which of the following statements, by the patient, best demonstrates understanding of the need for sterile equipment and aseptic procedures? A. "Sterile equipment and aseptic procedures are utilized so there are no microorganisms introduced that could cause infection." B. "Sterile equipment and aseptic procedures are utilized to reduce trauma to the urinary tract." C. "Sterile equipment and aseptic procedures are utilized to protect the caregiver from infection." D. "Sterile equipment and aseptic procedures are utilized so that microorganisms on the skin that could cause infection are removed."
A. "Sterile equipment and aseptic procedures are utilized so there are no microorganisms introduced that could cause infection."
The minimum sterilizing conditions in a steam autoclave are A. 121C at 15 psi for 15 minutes. B. 63C for 30 minutes. C. 160C for 2 hours. D. 71.6C for 15 seconds. E. 100C for 30 minutes.
A. 121C at 15 psi for 15 minutes.
If chlorhexidine is unavailable for the procedure, which of the following chemical agents would also be appropriate as a topical antiseptic? A. 2% iodine B. 10% potassium iodide C. formaldehyde D. phenol
A. 2% iodine
By age 1, the REM sleep drops to about: A. 28 percent. B. 50 percent. C. 33 percent. D. 40 percent.
A. 28 percent.
The average of non-REM sleep per day that newborns spend is: A. 8 hours. B. 4 hours. C. 12 hours. D. 14 hours.
A. 8 hours.
Using William Stern's method of calculating intelligence, the intelligence score of a ten-year-old with a mental age of 8 would be __________. A. 80 B. 100 C. 120 D. 160
A. 80
Which of the following is true about consolidation as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. A consolidated memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay. B. Consolidation is the retention of memory over time. C. Consolidation helps remember where one put that birthday gift that one had bought earlier. D. The process of consolidation happens in two ways: automatic processing and effortful processing.
A. A consolidated memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay.
Somatic motor neuron axons fall into the category of A. A fibers. B. B fibers. C. C fibers. D. D fibers.
A. A fibers.
On which of the following points do g-factor theorists and multiple-factor theorists disagree? A. A single test score can reflect a person's overall intelligence. B. The different aspects of intelligence are correlated. C. A multiple test score cannot reflect a person's intelligence. D. Intelligence has a number of components.
A. A single test score can reflect a person's overall intelligence.
Which of the following structures has the active sites to which the heads of the thick filaments will bind? A. Actin B. Troponin C. Tropomyosin D. Myosin E. Sarcoplasm
A. Actin
Which of the following terms refers to inherited solutions to ancestral problems that have been naturally selected because they directly contribute in some way to reproductive success? A. Adaptation B. Differential selection C. Circular logrolling D. Satisficing
A. Adaptation
Which of the following is most likely to be a risk factor for dementia? A. Age B. Gender C. Ethnicity D. Social class
A. Age
Which of the following statements is true of the Stanford Prison Experiment? A. All participants were fully informed about the fact that they would be assigned the roles of a prisoner or a guard. B. All participants were informed of the details and the extent to which being in this study would be like being in a real prison world. C. All participants were told upfront that, if they were assigned to the prisoner role, they would be strip-searched. D. All participants were informed that they might experience physical pain or psychological distress during the study.
A. All participants were fully informed about the fact that they would be assigned the roles of a prisoner or a guard.
______________ can be best defined as the study of human culture and origins. A. Anthropology B. Psychology C. Literature D. Archaeology
A. Anthropology
Which cortex is located in the temporal lobes? A. Auditory B. Olfactory C. Somatosensory D. Visual
A. Auditory
Which of the following is a protein that switches on genes responsible for the development of new synapses? A. CREB B. Ghrelin C. Insulin D. GABA
A. CREB
Which of the following researchers was the one to "break intelligence in two"? A. Charles Spearman B. Robert Sternberg C. Raymond Cattell D. Howard Gardner
A. Charles Spearman
Who is credited with developing the first theory of intelligence? A. Charles Spearman B. Howard Gardner C. Sigmund Freud D. Ivan Pavlov
A. Charles Spearman
Dr. Hughes conducts laboratory studies of the thought processes involved in problem solving. Which of the following types of psychologists is she most likely to be? A. Cognitive B. Evolutionary C. Educational D. Social
A. Cognitive
Which of the following tests is used to study sustained attention? A. Continuous Performance Test (CPT) B. Raven's Progressive Matrices Test C. Stroop Test D. Stanford-Binet Test
A. Continuous Performance Test (CPT)
You walk into a restaurant and amidst the sights, sounds, and smells of food preparation, you notice that you have begun to salivate. This is evidence that a particular neuronal circuit has been activated. Which one? A. Converging B. Diverging C. Reverberating D. Parallel-after-discharge E. None of the choices is correct.
A. Converging
29. ______ stimulates the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone and is released by the hypothalamus during a state of emotional arousal. A. Corticotropin-releasing factor B. Proopiomelanocortin C. Melanocortin D. Pro-opiomelanocortin
A. Corticotropin-releasing factor
Which of the following terms can be defined as the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text? A. Cyberbullying B. Phishing C. Pruning D. Brandjacking
A. Cyberbullying
____________ can be defined as measures that are used to describe and summarize research. A. Descriptive statistics B. Inferential statistics C. Random graphs D. Statistical inferences
A. Descriptive statistics
______ can be defined as studies in which neither the participants nor the researchers administering the treatment know who has been assigned to which experimental condition. A. Double-blind studies B. Case-control studies C. Surveys D. Interviews
A. Double-blind studies
When a neurotransmitter opens a chemically gated ion channel that allows sodium to enter the postsynaptic cell, the result is an A. EPSP. B. IPSP.
A. EPSP.
Which statement is true regarding the action of an oligodendrocyte? A. Each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously. B. An oligodendrocyte is responsible for forming part of the blood-brain barrier. C. Oligodendrocytes function only within the PNS. D. Each oligodendrocyte can wrap only a 1-mm portion of a single axon. E. A neurolemmocyte attacks pathogens.
A. Each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously.
In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does abstract and scientific reasoning develop? A. Formal operational B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Sensorimotor
A. Formal operational
What are the levels of intelligence as propounded by John Carroll? A. General intelligence, broad intelligence and narrow intelligence B. Emotional intelligence, linguistic intelligence and creative intelligence C. Fluid intelligence, practical intelligence and creative intelligence D. Analytical intelligence, crystallized intelligence and practical intelligence
A. General intelligence, broad intelligence and narrow intelligence
In the 1870s the first laboratories in psychology were opened in _____________. A. Germany B. China C. the United States D. Austria
A. Germany
27. ______ are the hormones that are responsible for maintaining the activation of physiological systems during emergencies. A. Glucocorticoids B. Mineralocorticoids C. Serotonins D. Catecholamines
A. Glucocorticoids
93. What happens when there is a sustained physiological activation in response to stress? A. Heart rate and blood pressure remain elevated. B. The rate at which fatty buildup takes place decreases. C. The elasticity of the arteries increases. D. Heart rate and blood pressure normalize.
A. Heart rate and blood pressure remain elevated.
Which is not characteristic of neurons? A. High mitotic rate B. High metabolic rate C. Require continuous supplies of glucose and oxygen D. Extreme longevity E. No exceptions; all of these are characteristic of neurons.
A. High mitotic rate
What did research by neuroscientist Amir Raz and colleagues reveal? A. Highly hypnotizable people had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning B. Highly hypnotizable people had more activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning C. Less hypnotizable people were able to suppress the Stroop effect D. Both the highly hypnotizable and less hypnotizable people could remain resistant and show the same activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning
A. Highly hypnotizable people had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning
Which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a cognitive psychologist? A. How do people visualize objects in their minds? B. How does the presence of other people change an individual's thoughts, feeling, or perceptions? C. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people? D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?
A. How do people visualize objects in their minds?
Which of the following questions is most likely to be answered by a personality psychologist? A. How much of people's characters is reflected in their Facebook profiles? B. At what age does usage of Internet social networks peak? C. Will people above the age of sixty use the Internet? D. Does gender affect interest and participation in social networking sites?
A. How much of people's characters is reflected in their Facebook profiles?
Which of the following is true about integrity in of the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development? A. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together. B. Integrity is being informed and knowledgeable about life. C. Integrity is the creation of new ideas, products, or people. D. Integrity is the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it.
A. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together.
Which contraction occurs when you try (unsuccessfully) to move a wall? A. Isometric B. Isotonic
A. Isometric
Which of the following is false regarding acetylcholine? A. It is rarely used in the body. B. It is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction. C. It is stored and released by the presynaptic cell. D. It is synthesized from acetic acid and choline.
A. It is rarely used in the body.
Which of the following is true about effortful processing? A. It is the basis of semantic memory. B. It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. C. Experiences stored with the help of effortful processing are less likely to be recalled later. D. Episodic memory involves effortful processing.
A. It is the basis of semantic memory.
Which of the following is an advantage of a double-blind study? A. It prevents experimenter expectancy effects. B. It ensures that participants know the experimental condition to which they have been assigned. C. It prevents confounding variables from influencing an experiment. D. It ensures that any differences between participants are not affected by the independent variable.
A. It prevents experimenter expectancy effects.
A scientist observes a particular nerve fiber that is among the fastest at conducting action potentials in the body. Which of the following best describes its likely structure? A. Large diameter and myelinated B. Large diameter and unmyelinated C. Small diameter and myelinated D. Small diameter and unmyelinated
A. Large diameter and myelinated
Some of the thinking in the new cognitive movement was based on a book by the British psychologist Frederick Bartlett (1886-1969). Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the views of Frederick Bartlett? A. Memory is not an objective and accurate representation of events but rather a highly personal reconstruction based on one's own beliefs, ideas, and point of view. B. Psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives. C. A detailed analysis of experience as it happens provides the most accurate glimpse into the workings of the human mind. D. Our experiences during childhood are a powerful force in the development of our adult personality.
A. Memory is not an objective and accurate representation of events but rather a highly personal reconstruction based on one's own beliefs, ideas, and point of view.
______________ is formally defined as a feedback process whereby nature favors one design over another, depending on whether it has an impact on reproduction. A. Natural selection B. Nature through nurture C. Collective efficacy D. Reciprocal logrolling
A. Natural selection
In the context of psychology, which of the following is a major difference between scientists and philosophers? A. Philosophers do not collect data to test their ideas. B. According to scientists, the mind simply receives what our sensory organs—eyes, ears, nose, skin, and tongue—take in from the outside world. C. Philosophers believe that human beings create knowledge from experience. D. According to scientists, human beings create knowledge from reflection and thinking.
A. Philosophers do not collect data to test their ideas.
____________ refers to the knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill that one learns. A. Procedural memory B. Sensory memory C. Explicit memory D. Episodic memory
A. Procedural memory
_________________ acts as a filter through which one encodes and organizes information about one's world. A. Schemas B. Networks C. Hierarchies D. Data designs
A. Schemas
____________ are defined as people's written or oral accounts of their thoughts, feelings, or actions. A. Self-reports B. MIS reports C. Behavioral measures D. Physiological measures
A. Self-reports
______________ memory is our memory for facts and knowledge. A. Semantic B. Episodic C. Implicit D. Iconic
A. Semantic
In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Formal operational
A. Sensorimotor
The assumption that dreams have meaning and are the most direct route to the unconscious mind was put forth by: A. Sigmund Freud. B. Wilhelm Wundt. C. William James. D. G. Stanley Hall.
A. Sigmund Freud.
Which fibers dominate many of the back and calf muscles that contract almost continually to maintain posture? A. Slow-twitch B. Fast-twitch C. Intermediate
A. Slow-twitch
Invaginations of the muscle cell membrane that extend deep into the cell are known as the A. T-tubules. B. terminal cisternae. C. titin complexes. D. Z-discs. E. end plates.
A. T-tubules.
For which of the following reasons is ancient Greece significant in the history of psychology? A. The foundations for psychology as a science can be traced to ancient Greece. B. Wilhelm Wundt, one of the first known psychologists, established his laboratory in ancient Greece. C. The first doctorate in psychology was awarded in ancient Greece. D. The ancient Greeks compiled the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM).
A. The foundations for psychology as a science can be traced to ancient Greece.
The glial cell with the responsibility of occupying the space left by dead or dying neurons is the A. astrocyte. B. ependymal cell. C. neurolemmocyte. D. microglial cell. E. oligodendrocyte.
A. astrocyte.
25. Which of the following are the key structures in the neuroendocrine regulation of stress responses? A. The hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands B. The corpus callosum, the parietal lobe, and the sebaceous gland C. The cerebellum, the thyroid gland, and the pineal gland D. The frontal lobe, the medulla, and the parathyroid gland
A. The hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands
34. (p. 449) Which of the following branches of the autonomic nervous system calms the body? A. The parasympathetic branch B. The enteric branch C. The sympathetic branch D. The intrinsic branch
A. The parasympathetic branch
Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. What was the control group in Dr. Adriana's study? A. The players who wore red uniforms made from the old material B. The players who wore blue uniforms made from the new material C. The players who scored less goals D. The players who could not score any goals, irrespective of the color of their uniforms
A. The players who wore red uniforms made from the old material
Which of the following is true concerning the science and practice of psychology? A. The practice of psychology originated first, followed by the science of psychology. B. The science of psychology originated first, followed by the practice of psychology. C. The science and practice of psychology originated at roughly the same time. D. The practice and science of psychology originated at the same time, but in different places.
A. The practice of psychology originated first, followed by the science of psychology.
What happens as a correlation approaches +1.00 or -1.00? A. The strength of the relationship increases. B. The strength of the relationship remains constant. C. The two variables become interdependent of on each other. D. The strength of the relationship decreases.
A. The strength of the relationship increases.
Which of the following statements is true about transcranial direct current stimulation? A. The technique is usually considered painless and safe. B. A very high voltage is administered via four or more electrodes placed on the scalp of an individual. C. Research indicates that negatively charged stimulation increases memory in general. D. Transcranial electrical stimulation of the frontal lobe during slow wave sleep impairs recall of word pairs among people.
A. The technique is usually considered painless and safe.
Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. What is the independent variable in Dr. Adriana's study? A. The type of uniform worn—made from old or new material B. The number of goals scored by the players C. The players who did not know their roles in the study D. The players attempting to score as many goals as possible
A. The type of uniform worn—made from old or new material
Which of the following tests does NOT demonstrate test-retest reliability? A. Timmy's scores improve each time he takes a particular aptitude test. B. Teachers find that students' performance on a given test is a good indicator of their grades. C. Chloe's score on an IQ test were the same in school as well as college. D. Nathan did badly on an IQ test because its vocabulary level was very high.
A. Timmy's scores improve each time he takes a particular aptitude test.
Which statement accurately compares the transmission speed of the different types of synapses? A. Transmission at chemical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but electrical synapses are faster. B. Transmission at both chemical and electrical synapses involves a synaptic delay of approximately 1 millisecond. C. Transmission at electrical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but chemical synapses are faster. D. Electrical synapses have a constant delay of 1 millisecond, but chemical synaptic delays vary between 0.1 and 0.3 millisecond.
A. Transmission at chemical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but electrical synapses are faster.
Which is not a general function of the nervous system? A. Transporting materials throughout the body B. Collecting information C. Processing and evaluating information D. Responding to information E. No exceptions; all are general functions of the nervous system.
A. Transporting materials throughout the body
Which of the following senses develops to a greater extent after birth as compared to the fetal stage? A. Vision B. Hearing C. Taste D. Smell
A. Vision
Which of the following questions is most likely to be answered by a clinical psychologist? A. When do social networking sites and other electronic interactions become a problem? B. Are people who interact extensively with other people via Facebook more or less outgoing than those who do not? C. At what age is a person too young to form electronic social networks? D. Will people above the age of sixty use the Internet?
A. When do social networking sites and other electronic interactions become a problem?
The limited capacity to process information that is under conscious control best defines the term: A. attention. B. chunking. C. intuition. D. encoding.
A. attention.
32. When does the release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) stop? A. When the level of cortisol in the blood adequately meets the body's metabolic needs B. When the level of adrenocorticotropic hormone in the blood reaches the maximum levels possible C. When the adrenal gland begins releasing cortisol into the blood D. When adrenocorticotropic hormone production begins in the pituitary gland
A. When the level of cortisol in the blood adequately meets the body's metabolic needs
Which of the following statements is true regarding white matter? A. White matter is made up of the axons and myelin. B. White matter starts to decline in adolescence. C. Development of white matter is completed in the embryonic stage. D. White matter is a measure of the number of neurons.
A. White matter is made up of the axons and myelin.
Which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a social psychologist? A. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people? B. How do our reasoning skills change as we age? C. How do people visualize objects in their minds? D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?
A. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people?
A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one _____ to the next adjacent ____ . (The same answer fills in both spaces.) A. Z disc B. I band C. H zone D. A band E. M line
A. Z disc
Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development—from the earliest stage to the latest stage? A. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage B. Embryonic stage, germinal stage, fetal stage, zygote C. Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage, zygote D. Fetal stage, zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage
A. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage
With increased age, skeletal muscles show A. a decrease in the number of myofibrils. B. an increase in muscle fiber diameter. C. no change in oxygen storage capability. D. increased glycogen reserves. E. a tendency to fatigue less rapidly.
A. a decrease in the number of myofibrils.
The top long-distance runners probably have _______ proportion of slow muscle fibers in their leg muscles. A. a higher B. a lower C. the same
A. a higher
GABA is: A. a neurotransmitter that decreases central nervous system activity. B. unrelated to the central nervous system activity. C. a neurotransmitter that increases central nervous system activity. D. a neuropeptide that functions inversely with the central nervous system.
A. a neurotransmitter that decreases central nervous system activity.
According to Jung, individuation is the process by which: A. a person's personality becomes whole and full. B. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. C. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. D. the individual becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others and does not contribute in a productive way to society or family.
A. a person's personality becomes whole and full.
Conductive activity in a neuron generally causes it to secrete A. a specific neurotransmitter that either excites or inhibits its target. B. a specific neurotransmitter that always excites its target. C. several types of neurotransmitters simultaneously, all of which excite the cell's target. D. several types of neurotransmitters simultaneously, that are broadcast to excite and inhibit multiple targets. E. several types of neurotransmitters simultaneously, that all work to prevent another immediate impulse.
A. a specific neurotransmitter that either excites or inhibits its target.
Which is a correct listing of the hierarchy of a skeletal muscle's components, beginning with the smallest? a: Myofibrils b: Muscle fiber c: Fascicle d: Skeletal muscle A. a, b, c, d B. a, c, b, d C. d, c, b, a D. c, b, a, d E. b, c, a, d
A. a, b, c, d
Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their last stage in dealing with the end of life is ____________. A. acceptance B. depression C. anger D. denial
A. acceptance
Low levels of the neurotransmitter ________________ inhibit memory formation in people with Alzheimer's disease. A. acetylcholine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. norepinephrine
A. acetylcholine
The presence of mitochondria and myoglobin facilitate _________ respiration in muscle cells. A. aerobic B. anaerobic
A. aerobic
An EEG test taken during Stage 1 of sleep that one enters after feeling relaxed will reveal the brain waves change from ________ to ________ waves. A. alpha; theta B. theta; alpha C. beta; theta D. theta; beta
A. alpha; theta
The alcohol wipe before an injection is an example of A. antisepsis. B. disinfection. C. sterilization. D. decontamination. E. virilization.
A. antisepsis.
The betadine swab before blood donation in an example of A. antisepsis. B. disinfection. C. sterilization. D. decontamination. E. sanitation.
A. antisepsis.
A flat, thin structure made of dense connective tissue that serves to attach a muscle to a bone (or to another muscle) is a(n) A. aponeurosis. B. tendon. C. perimysium. D. myolemma. E. superficial fascia.
A. aponeurosis.
The industrial side of industrial/organizational psychology: A. applies principles of psychology to the selection of employees and evaluate their job performance. B. aims to increase productivity and satisfaction of workers by considering how the work environment and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity. C. develops treatments for mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. D. explores how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span.
A. applies principles of psychology to the selection of employees and evaluate their job performance.
Mothers who _______________ are more likely to have infants who are temperamentally "difficult" and "fussy." A. are depressed or anxious B. develop infections such as the flu towards the end of their pregnancy C. consume less than the required amount of folic acid D. develop gestational diabetes
A. are depressed or anxious
The glial cell that helps to form the blood-brain barrier is the A. astrocyte. B. ependymal cell. C. neurolemmocyte. D. microglial cell. E. oligodendrocyte.
A. astrocyte.
A neuron conducting an impulse from the CNS to the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder would be classified as a(n) __________ neuron. A. autonomic motor B. somatic sensory C. somatic motor D. visceral sensory
A. autonomic motor
The conductive segment of a neuron is its _______, a region that contains many _______ gated channels. A. axon, voltage- B. axon, chemically C. dendrite, voltage- D. dendrite, chemically
A. axon, voltage-
Using noninvasive advanced imaging techniques and electrical recordings, _______ study the structure and functions of the living brain. A. behavioral neuroscientists B. developmental psychologists C. positive psychologists D. personality psychologists
A. behavioral neuroscientists
65. People tend to use emotion-focused rather than problem-focused coping strategies when they: A. believe that a situation is beyond their control. B. think they can change the situation. C. enter the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome. D. deal with the stress of daily hassles and minor irritations.
A. believe that a situation is beyond their control.
There is a great deal of overlap between neuroscience and ______________ psychology. The latter is an older term that is being replaced by behavioral neuroscience in contemporary psychology. A. biological B. social C. clinical D. educational
A. biological
Julie is a psychologist and she is conducting research on the effect of talking on a hands-free cell phone while driving. Based on this information we can say that Julie is a(n) ______________ psychologist. A. cognitive B. developmental C. evolutionary D. educational
A. cognitive
The last process of the scientific method is to ___________. A. communicate B. observe C. test D. predict
A. communicate
Replication of a study is important to: A. confirm the results of the study. B. formulate the hypothesis of the study. C. express the expectations of the study. D. interpret the results of the study.
A. confirm the results of the study.
In the context of electronic interactions, being privately public means: A. connecting with many other people, while being relatively nonpublic about revealing who you are. B. avoiding online interactions with those people whom you have never met face-to-face. C. you ensure that you remove all the traces of your electronic interactions. D. you disclose a lot of details of your private life and may or may not limit access to your site.
A. connecting with many other people, while being relatively nonpublic about revealing who you are.
The type of neuronal circuit in which several nerve impulses come together at a single postsynaptic neuron is a _____________ circuit. A. converging B. diverging C. reverberating D. parallel-after-discharge E. None of the choices is correct.
A. converging
When interpreting correlations, it is important to remember that a A. correlation does not mean there is a causal relationship between the two variables. B. correlation does not lead to any causal relationship between the two variables. C. relationship between the variables does not exist as the correlation approaches +1.00. D. relationship between the variables does not exist as the correlation approaches -1.00.
A. correlation does not mean there is a causal relationship between the two variables.
The main way acetylcholine is cleared from a synapse is by A. degradation by an enzyme. B. uptake by the postsynaptic cell. C. reuptake by the presynaptic cell. D. being engulfed by a supporting glial cell.
A. degradation by an enzyme.
If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n): A. depressant. B. vasodilator. C. corticosteroid. D. opioid.
A. depressant.
Removal of moisture by dehydration is called A. desiccation. B. flash freeze. C. lyophilization. D. pasteurization. E. sterilization.
A. desiccation.
The use of a physical or chemical process to destroy vegetative pathogens is A. disinfection. B. sterilization. C. antisepsis. D. sanitization. E. degermation.
A. disinfection.
A flawed belief that physicians had about anyone who was vegetative was that the individual: A. does not react to stimuli from the environment. B. shows signs of motoric response. C. reacts to external forces. D. shows signs of awareness without wakefulness.
A. does not react to stimuli from the environment.
Hyperpolarization of a neuron results from A. either the entry of an anion or the exit of a cation. B. the entry of any ion. C. either the entry of a cation or the exit of an anion. D. the entrance of either sodium or potassium.
A. either the entry of an anion or the exit of a cation.
Entrance into Piaget's preoperational stage of development is marked by ____________. A. emergence of symbolic thought B. development of abstract reasoning C. an understanding of conservation D. the ability to reason scientifically
A. emergence of symbolic thought
Structures or features that perform a function that did not arise through natural selection are often called _____________. A. exaptations B. adaptations C. chance mutations D. habits
A. exaptations
The _____________ can be defined as results that occur when the behavior of the participants is influenced by the experimenter's knowledge of who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group. A. experimenter expectancy effect B. subject-expectancy effect C. placebo effect D. nocebo effect
A. experimenter expectancy effect
When a neuromodulator slows the reuptake of a neurotransmitter or causes expression of an increased number of receptors on postsynaptic neurons, the effect is called A. facilitation. B. temporal summation. C. spatial summation. D. presynaptic potentiation. E. recruitment.
A. facilitation.
Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n): A. false memory. B. repressed memory. C. autobiographical memory. D. recovered memory.
A. false memory.
Muscles of the eye and hand have a high percentage of _______ fibers. A. fast-twitch B. slow-twitch
A. fast-twitch
Problems that require finding relationships, understanding implications, and drawing conclusions all require ______________ intelligence. A. fluid B. alternative C. crystallized D. amorphous
A. fluid
Research on forgetting began in the 1880s with Herman Ebbinghaus, who found that recall shows a steady decline over time. This decline is now termed as Ebbinghaus's: A. forgetting curve. B. serial position effect. C. neurological basis for forgetting. D. connection between memory and the amygdala.
A. forgetting curve.
The multiple nuclei in skeletal muscle cells are the result of the A. fusion of myoblasts. B. cytokinesis of embryonic satellite cells. C. spontaneous development of nuclei in embryonic cells. D. stimulation of fibroblasts by hormones. E. action of testosterone on mesenchyme cell.
A. fusion of myoblasts.
36.In 1946, Austrian physiologist Hans Selye coined the term ___________ to describe the common pattern of responses to prolonged exposure to stress. A. general adaptation syndrome B. Klinefelter's syndrome C. Münchausen syndrome D. chronic fatigue syndrome
A. general adaptation syndrome
The most solid evidence of the effects of herbs on memory suggests that the ground-up leaves of the ______ tree can be moderately effective in delaying symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. A. ginkgo biloba B. portulaca oleracea C. echinacea D. St. John's wort
A. ginkgo biloba
Wilhelm Wundt is credited with: A. giving psychology its independence from philosophy and physiology. B. identifying the effects of childhood experiences on the development of our adult personality. C. evaluating the effects of social forces on one's behavior. D. developing the discipline of psychophysics.
A. giving psychology its independence from philosophy and physiology.
Core sciences are those that: A. have many other disciplines organized around them. B. are a combination of several different sciences. C. are always drawn from common sense. D. are the simplest to understand.
A. have many other disciplines organized around them.
Tamara complains that her husband can actually sleep anywhere and anytime. He can sleep for more than 10 hours a day, notwithstanding the fact that he even dozes off during meals and in the middle of conversations. If Tamara's husband visits the doctor, the doctor is most likely to diagnose his problem as ______. A. hypersomnia B. insomnia C. cataplexy D. somnambulism
A. hypersomnia
According to Erik Erikson, a(n) _____________ is an opportunity for adaptive or maladaptive adjustment. A. identity crisis B. sensorimotor stage C. pruning D. neural migration
A. identity crisis
Aaliyah remembers how to drive a car with a manual transmission, but when asked how she does it, she just says, "I don't know—it's automatic." This is an example of her: A. implicit memory. B. priming. C. semantic memory. D. episodic memory.
A. implicit memory.
With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ________________ infants cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and show difficulty in returning to play. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disorganized D. insecure-disoriented
A. insecure-resistant
Muscle tone is a result of _________ nervous system activity, and it acts to _________ joint position. A. involuntary, stabilize B. involuntary, continuously vary C. voluntary, stabilize D. voluntary, continuously vary
A. involuntary, stabilize
Dry heat A. is less efficient than moist heat. B. cannot sterilize. C. includes tyndallization. D. is used in devices called autoclaves. E. will sterilize at 121 C for 15 minutes.
A. is less efficient than moist heat.
As compared to nonmusicians, musicians have _________. A. larger cerebellums B. fewer neurons C. thinner corpus callosum D. more white matter
A. larger cerebellums
Altered visual perceptions such as seeing the tracks that your hand makes when you move it through the air usually happens when one ingests: A. lysergic acid diethylamide-25. B. methamphetamine. C. methylenedioxymethamphetamine. D. amphetamine sulfate.
A. lysergic acid diethylamide-25.
A ______ is best defined as a quantitative method for combining the results of all the published and even unpublished results on one question and drawing a conclusion based on the entire set of studies on the topic. A. meta-analysis B. case study C. naturalistic observation D. systematic review
A. meta-analysis
Graham displays a heightened sense of awareness of events in his environment. For instance, when he picks a book to read, he pores over every bit of information given about the author, edition, preface, and even the colors and images on the cover page. This is indicative of the fact that Graham is a(n) ________ person. A. mindful B. docile C. rational D. versatile
A. mindful
The ______________ is the statistic that represents the most commonly occurring score or value. A. mode B. median C. range D. mean
A. mode
Which of the following does not affect microbial nucleic acids? A. moist heat B. ultraviolet light C. X rays D. ethylene dioxide E. formaldehyde
A. moist heat
The vascular supply to slow-twitch muscle fibers is ______ the network of capillaries around fast-twitch muscle fibers. A. more extensive than B. less extensive than C. the same as that of
A. more extensive than
If there were no sodium leak channels, the resting membrane potential of a neuron would be A. more negative. B. more positive. C. the same. D. 0 mV.
A. more negative.
Based on structure, the most common type of neuron is the _______ neuron. A. multipolar B. bipolar C. unipolar D. pseudounipolar
A. multipolar
Saltatory conduction occurs in A. myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only at neurofibril nodes. B. myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only under the myelin sheath. C. myelinated axons, where action potentials occur continuously down the entire axon. D. unmyelinated axons, where action potentials occur continuously down the entire axon. E. the axon terminal, where full-size action potentials occur at the hillock.
A. myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only at neurofibril nodes.
A skeletal muscle cell contains hundreds to thousands of _________, which are complex organelles; they are cylindrical in shape—about 2 micrometers in diameter and as long as the cell. A. myofibrils B. microfilaments C. sarcomeres D. T-tubules E. sarcolemma
A. myofibrils
Millennia thinkers have argued over what determines our personality and behavior—innate biology or life experience—a conflict known as the ______________ debate. A. nature-nurture B. mind-body C. internal-external D. evolutionary-environmental
A. nature-nurture
Alisha believes that human behavior is solely the result of genetic coding. Her point of view is referred to as the ______________ view. A. nature-only B. nurture-only C. environment-only D. evolution-only
A. nature-only
84. The activity of ______, which adds DNA sequences to telomeres, decreases with age. A. nuclease B. telomerase C. helicase D. ligase
A. nuclease
Arrival of an action potential at the synaptic knob results in A. opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium into the synaptic knob. B. opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium out of the synaptic knob to the interstitial fluid. C. closure of voltage-gated calcium channels in the synaptic knob membrane. D. opening of chemically gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium into the synaptic knob. E. opening of chemically gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium out of the synaptic knob to the interstitial fluid.
A. opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium into the synaptic knob.
Informed consent to participate in a psychological study means that the: A. participant knows his or her role in the study and understands its risks and benefits. B. researcher carefully selects and approves each participant for the study. C. institution in which the study will be conducted has approved the study. D. the consent cannot be omitted even for completely anonymous surveys.
A. participant knows his or her role in the study and understands its risks and benefits.
Few of the patients undergoing treatment for phobic disorder agree to participate in a clinical trial of a new antidepressant medication. The patients are randomly divided into two groups. Both groups receive pills to be taken on a daily basis, but only one of the groups receives pills with the newly produced active ingredients. The other group's pills contain no active ingredients. In this study, the pills that do not contain any active ingredients are said to be __________. A. placebos B. ipsatives C. nocebos D. normatives
A. placebos
When voltage-gated K+ channels open on the conductive segment of a neuron, A. potassium exits, repolarizing the cell to a negative value. B. potassium exits, depolarizing the cell to an even more negative value. C. potassium enters, depolarizing the cell to a positive value. D. potassium enters, repolarizing the cell to a negative value. E. potassium enters, repolarizing the cell to a positive value.
A. potassium exits, repolarizing the cell to a negative value.
The most crucial factor determining the resting potential of a neuron is the diffusion of A. potassium out of the cell through leak channels. B. potassium into the cell through gated channels. C. sodium out of the cell through leak channels. D. sodium into the cell through gated channels.
A. potassium out of the cell through leak channels.
Jayne is a student at a community college. She has been tested to have an IQ of 18. This suggests that she has a ______ level of intellectual disability. A. profound B. moderate C. severe D. mild
A. profound
An area of psychology called ____________ examines in detail the lives of historically important people and provides an example of the richness and value of case studies and studying individual lives over time. A. psychobiography B. psychohistory C. iconography D. histography
A. psychobiography
Consider the difference between lifting a light pad of paper versus a heavy textbook. The primary way the level of force of muscle contraction is controlled is by A. recruiting a different number of motor units. B. activating different regions of the muscle. C. activating the motor units at a different frequency. D. altering the number of crossbridges each individual fiber uses.
A. recruiting a different number of motor units.
The increase in muscle tension that occurs with an increase in the intensity (voltage) of a stimulus is called A. recruitment. B. treppe. C. wave summation. D. incomplete tetany.
A. recruitment.
Oxidative fibers are A. red and fatigue-resistant. B. red and fatigable. C. white and fatigue-resistant. D. white and fatigable.
A. red and fatigue-resistant.
Jacques wants to remember a phone number, so he repeats it aloud until he types and saves the number in his cell phone. He is using the process of: A. rehearsal. B. repression. C. retrieval. D. recognition.
A. rehearsal.
The glial cell that protects neuron cell bodies located within ganglia is the A. satellite cell. B. ependymal cell. C. neurolemmocyte. D. astrocyte. E. oligodendrocyte.
A. satellite cell.
If a mother contracts an infection, such as flu, at four to six months of pregnancy, this can increase the chance that the child will develop _____________ later in life. A. schizophrenia B. Huntington's disease C. anorexia nervosa D. anemia
A. schizophrenia
The German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin was the first to describe "dementia praecox," the mental disorder now known as _____________. A. schizophrenia B. bipolar disorder C. major depressive disorder D. Munchausen's syndrome
A. schizophrenia
According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the central executive will have trouble _____________ in people who have sustained damage to their frontal lobes. A. screening out irrelevant information from the environment B. remembering new experiences C. processing and recalling language communicated to them D. recalling information about previous injuries
A. screening out irrelevant information from the environment
Sleep A. slows metabolism. B. increases metabolism. C. increases cellular damage. D. does not affect the release of free radicals.
A. slows metabolism.
Ethylene oxide is A. sporicidal. B. only effective with high heat. C. the active agent in household bleach. D. used as an antiseptic against anaerobes. E. a halogen.
A. sporicidal.
Max, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in thought and behavior. He attempted to break experiences down into their component parts in order to study them. Max was most likely a: A. structuralist. B. functionalist. C. behaviorist. D. psychoanalyst.
A. structuralist.
Memories for behaviors and skills are implicit and are mostly processed in the: A. subcortex. B. neocortex. C. parietal lobe. D. temporal lobe.
A. subcortex.
According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when: A. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others. B. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. C. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. D. events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.
A. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others.
Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz Dilemma" to assess ___________. A. the development of moral reasoning in children B. the physical development of children less than 5 years of age C. the cognitive ability of children D. the development of linguistic ability in children
A. the development of moral reasoning in children
Between 8 and 12 weeks into development, ____________. A. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope B. the vision of the fetus is fully developed C. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain of the fetus are completely developed D. the taste buds of a fetus are completely developed
A. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope
When transmission occurs at a synapse, neurotransmitter is released by A. the presynaptic neuron's synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft. B. the postsynaptic neuron's dendrites into the synaptic cleft. C. the presynaptic neuron's dendrites into the synaptic cleft. D. the presynaptic neuron's soma into synaptic vesicles. E. the postsynaptic neuron's telodendria into the axon hillock.
A. the presynaptic neuron's synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft.
Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which: A. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. B. children develop egocentrism. C. the size of the frontal lobe increases. D. new synapses are formed in order to accommodate newer knowledge and scientific thought.
A. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient.
Wallerian degeneration involves the breakdown of A. the segments of axon and myelin sheath between the site of damage and the peripheral effector. B. the segments of axon and myelin sheath between the site of damage and the cell body. C. the neurilemma both central and peripheral to the site of trauma. D. macrophages and microglia that have completed the job of CNS cleanup after trauma.
A. the segments of axon and myelin sheath between the site of damage and the peripheral effector.
Electrical stimulation of the brain is technically called ______. A. transcranial direct current stimulation B. cortical stimulation C. transcranial magnetic stimulation D. peripheral nerve and field stimulation
A. transcranial direct current stimulation
Which control method would not be a suitable choice for killing Mycobacterium in a capped culture tube? A. ultraviolet (germicidal) light B. gamma rays C. 121C at 15 psi for 15 minutes D. 160C for 2 hours E. All of the choices are correct.
A. ultraviolet (germicidal) light
Mary Whiton Calkins: A. was the first female president of the American Psychological Association. B. was a student of Sigmund Freud. C. opened the first psychology laboratory in the United States. D. started the first scientific journal in American psychology, the American Journal of Psychology.
A. was the first female president of the American Psychological Association.
Mia, a five-year-old, vividly dreams about visiting a fairyland and meeting a fairy godmother who gives her a rare protective amulet. What does this imply? A. Mia is in Stage 4 sleep. B. Mia is in REM sleep. C. Mia is in Stage 3 sleep. D. Mia is in non-REM sleep.
B. Mia is in REM sleep.
Which of the following can be classified as an opioid? A. Pentobarbital B. Morphine C. Chlordiazepoxide D. Diazepam
B. Morphine
What does the term preconscious refer to? A. Intentionally repressed material that takes the form of unconscious B. Potentially accessible material currently unavailable to awareness C. Repressed unconscious material that cannot be consciously recollected D. Preexisting material immediately realizable to awareness
B. Potentially accessible material currently unavailable to awareness
The _____________ is the first major organ to form in a developing fetus. A. heart B. brain C. liver D. kidney
B. brain
Which of the following best describes narcolepsy? A. A sleep disorder that causes an almost irresistible urge to move one's legs or arms B. A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and weakness in facial and limb muscles C. A sleep disorder where the facial muscles are hyperactive D. A sleep disorder in which breathing temporarily stops during sleep due to blockage of the upper airways
B. A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and weakness in facial and limb muscles
Which of the following can be best described as a condition that results from habitual use or physical and psychological dependence on a substance? A. Hallucinations B. Addiction C. Stroop effect D. Hypnosis
B. Addiction
Identify the correct statement about multitasking among teens. A. Heavy multitasking teens are able to filter out more irrelevant information than any other age group in any given situation. B. As novice drivers, teens require more attention to complete the tasks of safely operating and navigating a motor vehicle. C. While driving and using a hands-free cell phone, the reaction time and coordination of teens is much better than someone who is legally drunk. D. Light multitaskers are less likely to get distracted while working on problem-solving tasks.
B. As novice drivers, teens require more attention to complete the tasks of safely operating and navigating a motor vehicle.
Which of the following statements is true about Alzheimer's disease? A. Early-onset of Alzheimer's affects people younger than 35. B. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death. C. Alzheimer's accounts for only 10%-20% of the cases of dementia among the elderly. D. Alzheimer's is non-progressive, and hence its fatality level is low.
B. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death.
According to the nurture-only view, we are all essentially the same at birth and we are the product of our: A. inherited traits. B. experiences. C. genetic makeup. D. innate biology.
B. experiences.
Which of the following statements is true about aerobic exercising? A. Such brisk physical activity is usually dangerous to the heart and lungs and can cause death among adults and aged people. B. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow. C. It fails to meet the body's increased need for oxygen. D. It results in decline in higher mental processing of an individual.
B. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow.
Which of the following statements is true about brain development during adolescence? A. Brain development starts in adolescence, with the frontal lobes being the first part of the brain to develop. B. The brain develops more myelin around the axons as well as more neural connections. C. Animistic thinking begins during adolescence. D. Egocentrism is the hallmark of brain development in adolescence.
B. The brain develops more myelin around the axons as well as more neural connections.
The anterior cingulate will show the strongest activity when _____________. A. talking on cell phones B. exposed to violence in video games C. engaged in challenging Mensa puzzles D. texting in the classroom
B. exposed to violence in video games
Salim likes to have coffee. He has begun to consume several cups of coffee even when he has nothing much to keep himself busy. He says that coffee keeps his spirits up by alleviating boredom. This indicates that Salim A. has kept himself away from an overdependence on coffee. B. has developed a psychological dependence on coffee. C. has developed a physical dependence on coffee. D. is experiencing withdrawal symptoms.
B. has developed a psychological dependence on coffee.
What is the mean of the following set of numbers: 10, 15, 20, 35, and 55? A. 20 B. 27 C. 35 D. 135
B. 27
Beginning at age _____, children are quite mobile, able to get around, speak in sentences, and have motor coordination which allows them to draw and write. A. 1 B. 3 C. 9 D. 12
B. 3
By age ____________, a child's vision becomes similar to an adult's. A. 1 or 2 B. 3 or 4 C. 5 or 6 D. 8 or 9
B. 3 or 4
What is the letter associated with the dark bands in a sarcomere? A. I B. A C. Z D. M E. H
B. A
Which of the following refers to test fairness? A. Ensuring that tests really measure intelligence and not something else B. Applying test results in an impartial way C. Ensuring that tests have a high internal reliability D. Ascertaining that test scores predict real-world outcomes
B. Applying test results in an impartial way
Which of the following would be considered a pseudoscience? A. Anthropology B. Astrology C. Psychology D. Biology
B. Astrology
_________________ processing happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. A. Effortful B. Automatic C. Structural D. Phonological
B. Automatic
Which of the following holds true for the developers of the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests? A. Both developed tests that took cultural differences between people into account. B. Both failed to factor in developments in the field of neuroscience. C. Both developed tests which aimed to measure every dimension of intelligence. D. Both failed to account for the fact that intelligence is a single quality.
B. Both failed to factor in developments in the field of neuroscience.
The slowest category of nerve fibers are the A. A fibers, and they conduct impulses at 10 meters per second. B. C fibers, and they conduct impulses at 1 meter per second. C. D fibers, and they conduct impulses at 0.1 meter per second. D. C fibers, and they conduct impulses at 100 meters per second. E. D fibers, and they conduct impulses at 0.01 meter per second.
B. C fibers, and they conduct impulses at 1 meter per second.
____________ are networks of nerve cells that persist even after stimulation has stopped. A. Feature detectors B. Cell assemblies C. Olfactory neurons D. Glial cells
B. Cell assemblies
Which of the following individuals is known for his theory of natural selection? A. Edward Titchener B. Charles Darwin C. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi D. Martin Seligman
B. Charles Darwin
______________ psychology is the single largest subdiscipline in psychology. A. Social B. Clinical C. Educational D. Cognitive
B. Clinical
______________ is the study of how we perceive information, how we learn and remember, how we acquire and use language, and how we solve problems. A. Social psychology B. Cognitive psychology C. Clinical psychology D. Educational psychology
B. Cognitive psychology
31. Which of the following is commonly known as the stress hormone? A. Calcitonin B. Cortisol C. Estrogen D. Epinephrine
B. Cortisol
Which of the following is NOT a basic process of the scientific method? A. Observing B. Creating C. Interpreting D. Testing
B. Creating
What type of circuit is used to maintain body posture while walking? A. Converging B. Diverging C. Reverberating D. Parallel-after-discharge E. None of the choices is correct.
B. Diverging
64. Which of the following coping strategies aims to regulate the experience of distress? A. Problem-focused coping B. Emotion-focused coping C. Primary appraisal D. Secondary appraisal
B. Emotion-focused coping
________________, as a stage in long-term memory, is the means by which one attends to, takes in, and processes new information. A. Consolidation B. Encoding C. Storage D. Retrieval
B. Encoding
The brains of people and animals reared in richly stimulating environments differ from the brains of people reared in understimulating, neglectful, or abusive environments. This happens because: A. Genetic forces have a role to play a minimal role in shaping who we are. B. Environmental forces work along with genetic forces to shape who we are. C. Who we are comes from inborn tendencies and genetically-based traits. D. Who we are essentially comes from our innate biology.
B. Environmental forces work along with genetic forces to shape who we are.
68. Ron, a businessman who invests heavily in the stock market, has suffered a serious loss with his latest venture. The very thought of the losses stresses him out, so he hangs out with his friends and watches motivational movies to take his mind off his troubles. Which of the following coping mechanisms is Ron using? A. Reappraisal B. Escape-avoidance C. Accepting responsibility D. Self-control
B. Escape-avoidance
20. Which of the following best describes secondary appraisal? A. Evaluating a situation that causes stress several times before identifying a response mechanism B. Evaluating the resources available to cope with stress C. Evaluating a stressful situation in a detached and objective fashion D. Evaluating the root cause of the situation that is causing stress
B. Evaluating the resources available to cope with stress
10. Which of the following factors was taken into account in the development of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)? A. Routine daily hassles B. Events that might be considered life changing C. An individual's perception that makes him view a situation in a particular way D. The number of times a person feels nervous or irritable
B. Events that might be considered life changing
______________ psychology is a blend of psychology, law, and criminal justice. A. Social B. Forensic C. Developmental D. Cognitive
B. Forensic
______________ founded the American Psychological Association (APA). A. Carl Jung B. G. Stanley Hall C. Gustav Fechner D. Wilhelm Wundt
B. G. Stanley Hall
Samantha sees a sign on a club's marquee that says "CLUB _ EN FRO_ 8PM TO 4AM." Although some letters are missing from the sign, she knows it is listing the hours when the club is open. Samantha's perception would be of greatest interest to ______________ psychologists. A. positive B. Gestalt C. industrial/organizational D. social
B. Gestalt
Which of the following statements is true regarding gray matter? A. Increase in gray matter volume suggest pruning. B. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence. C. Gray matter continues to grow into one's 40s. D. Gray matter consists of axons and myelin.
B. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence.
Which of the following behavior patterns was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1973? A. Dissociative identity disorder B. Homosexuality C. Conversion disorder D. Anxiety disorder
B. Homosexuality
87. What does the physiological reactivity model examine? A. How people feel stressed to react and behave well when they are conscious about being watched B. How a sustained physiological activation associated with stress response affects the occurrence of illness C. How behaviors such as substance abuse may affect one's physiological wellness D. How sustained behaviors such as a good diet regime and exercise may enhance health
B. How a sustained physiological activation associated with stress response affects the occurrence of illness
During which phase of the crossbridge cycle is ATP split into ADP and Pi? A. Immediately preceding the detachment of the myosin head B. Immediately preceding the resetting of the myosin head C. Immediately preceding the power stroke
B. Immediately preceding the resetting of the myosin head
Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to be a part of the human resource department of a large corporation? A. Cognitive psychologist B. Industrial/organizational psychologist C. Social psychologist D. Developmental psychologist
B. Industrial/organizational psychologist
_____ occurs when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall. A. Repression B. Interference C. Absent-mindedness D. Blocking
B. Interference
According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, which of the following refers to the ability to perceive other people's intentions? A. Naturalistic intelligence B. Interpersonal intelligence C. Kinesthetic intelligence D. Linguistic intelligence
B. Interpersonal intelligence
74. Which of the following is true of social support as a coping strategy? A. It aims to stimulate the experience of distress. B. It combines problem and emotion-focused coping. C. It has little effect on improving one's physical health. D. It is beneficial to mental health only if an individual is under stress.
B. It combines problem and emotion-focused coping.
Which of the following is true of the functions of sleep? A. It inhibits neural growth. B. It consolidates memory. C. It enhances cellular damage. D. It resists metabolic cleanup.
B. It consolidates memory.
47. Which of the following statements about Mason's studies in the early 1970s challenged Selye's assumptions about stress? A. It showed that not all organisms have a coping mechanism to deal with stress. B. It showed that an animal's response to a stressor differed depending on its psychological state. C. It showed that all organisms produce a generalized physiological response to any environmental demand. D. It showed that the automatic nervous system produced similar patterns of activation regardless of the emotions felt by an organism.
B. It showed that an animal's response to a stressor differed depending on its psychological state.
How did the K-ABC differ from the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests? A. It considered intelligence to be a single ability rather than multiple abilities. B. It was designed to measure several distinct aspects of intelligence. C. It was the first intelligence test designed for adults as well as children. D. It did not consider different learning styles to be a part of intelligence.
B. It was designed to measure several distinct aspects of intelligence.
Which of the following abilities did Carroll assign to broad intelligence? A. Kinesthetics B. Memory C. Reading D. Spelling
B. Memory
What did researchers' study of sustained attention using the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) reveal? A. Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 5 minutes. B. Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 15 minutes. C. The accuracy in detecting targets declines considerably after 15 minutes. D. The accuracy in detecting targets increases considerably after 15 minutes.
B. Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 15 minutes.
Who among the following have a greater risk of having a baby with Down syndrome? A. Mothers with a history of familial-cultural retardation B. Mothers who opt to have a child later in life C. Mothers of low socioeconomic status D. Mothers who suffer from hypertension during pregnancy
B. Mothers who opt to have a child later in life
______________ creates structures and behaviors that solve adaptive problems. A. Softwiring B. Natural selection C. Reciprocal logrolling D. Collective efficacy
B. Natural selection
Which of the following is true about dementia? A. Aging is a necessary and sufficient cause of dementia. B. Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly. C. Dementia can lead to multiple strokes among the elderly. D. Pruning in early childhood is a significant cause of dementia in late adulthood.
B. Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly.
Which of the following is the first basic process of the scientific method? A. Predict B. Observe C. Test D. Interpret
B. Observe
Which of the following is true of human observation? A. Our brain perceives events as accurately as the best available digital video equipment. B. Our senses can be fooled with relative ease because of which our observations can lead us astray. C. Generalizations based on our sensory experiences tend to be always correct. D. One of the advantages of human observation is that what we witness in one situation can be easily applied to all similar situations.
B. Our senses can be fooled with relative ease because of which our observations can lead us astray.
What were the results of the experiments conducted on participants who were variously administered mild pain, imagined pain, and hypnotized pain? A. Participants reported actually feeling pain only for real pain. B. Participants reported actually feeling pain for both real and hypnotically induced pain. C. Participants reported not feeling pain for hypnotically induced pain. D. Participants reported feeling pain for imagined pain.
B. Participants reported actually feeling pain for both real and hypnotically induced pain.
_____________ marks the beginning of adolescence. A. Symbolic thinking B. Puberty C. Animistic thinking D. Egocentrism
B. Puberty
Newborns of many species, especially humans, spend more time in ________ sleep. A. non-REM B. REM C. slow-wave D. deep
B. REM
Jiao is trying to remember where she kept the receipt of the birthday gift she bought her mother. In which stage of long-term memory processing is Jiao engaged? A. Storage B. Retrieval C. Encoding D. Consolidation
B. Retrieval
____________ helps draw a line between one's belief of the world and the actual reality. A. Problem solving B. Scientific thinking C. Psychological research D. Cultural understanding
B. Scientific thinking
Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of Piaget's principles of cognitive development, from earliest to latest? A. Preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational B. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational C. Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor D. Sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
B. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
___________ is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain. A. Short-term memory B. Sensory memory C. False memory D. Long-term memory
B. Sensory memory
If the doctors give Terry a score of 14 on the coma test, what does it imply? A. She cannot recover from her condition. B. She can respond verbally and motorically. C. She can respond only motorically. D. She can respond neither verbally nor motorically.
B. She can respond verbally and motorically.
In which stage of sleep do short periods of extremely fast and somewhat higher energy sleep spindles occur in which stage of sleep? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4
B. Stage 2
Which of the following senses lack their own processing regions? A. Sound B. Taste C. Vision D. Touch
B. Taste
In order to trigger the release of neurotransmitter from a neuron terminal, calcium ions A. exit the synaptic knob through diffusion. B. bind to proteins on the surface of synaptic vesicles. C. penetrate the synaptic vesicles and bind to molecules of neurotransmitter. D. bind to ion channels on the neuron membrane and cause them to open for the transmitter.
B. bind to proteins on the surface of synaptic vesicles.
Which of the following best describes the cocktail party effect? A. A strong urge to nap at inappropriate times, such as during meals or in the middle of conversations. B. The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful. C. A mental state that occurs in compliance with instructions and is characterized by lack of voluntary control over behavior. D. The ability to create a false sensory perception not related to real external stimuli.
B. The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful.
43. According to Hans Selye, what happens when an animal is alarmed? A. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis remains inactive by failing to suppress certain aspects of the immune function. B. The body's resources are mobilized by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. C. There is a reduction in the release of cortisol and catecholamines. D. Resources are diverted from the maintenance of normal body functions.
B. The body's resources are mobilized by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
76. (p. 455) Dan (not Ibbi), a 60-year-old, feels lonely and finds it distressing to do even the most mundane of things. Compounding his problem is the fact that his children have grown up, moved out, and have lives of their own. He has recently started socializing with his neighbors and also begun sharing his emotional troubles. Which of the following best explains Dan's method of dealing with stress? A. The GAS model B. The buffering hypothesis C. The physiological reactivity model D. The psychosomatics model
B. The buffering hypothesis
89. Of late, Steve has been feeling lethargic and frustrated. He is a moderate smoker who never exercises. He visits his doctor, and the doctor observes that he has also been extremely stressed recently due to work pressure. The doctor then suggests that Steve makes some lifestyle changes that include changes in his diet and also an exercise regiment that he has to strictly adhere to. On the basis of these characteristics, which of the following models explaining the correlation of stress and illness is Steve's doctor employing? A. The placebo effect B. The health behavior approach C. The GAS model D. The physiological reactivity model
B. The health behavior approach
Which of the following is true about a person's performance and hippocampal activation? A. The more hippocampal activation shown during high-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day. B. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day. C. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the worse the person performs on the task the next day. D. The less hippocampal activation shown during high-wave sleep, the worse the person performs on the task the next day.
B. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day.
Which of the following enables one to repeat the information to oneself as long as one needs to retain it? A. The serial position effect B. The rehearsal system C. Priming D. Effortful processing
B. The rehearsal system
Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of a flow state? A. The experience of always being depressed regardless of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. B. The sense of losing track of time while being engrossed in an activity. C. The phenomenon of things eventually falling in place after a string of mishaps. D. The state of suspending non-belief in order to make something seem credible.
B. The sense of losing track of time while being engrossed in an activity.
Jimmy is taking his 7th grade exam in which he is asked to give one word for a set of given explanations. Though he knows the words for the answer and is confident about recollecting them, he is unable to recall them at that particular time. Which of the following terms refer to Jimmy's experience? A. Decay theory B. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon C. Motivated forgetting D. Freudian slip
B. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Which of the following views did psychologist Ernest Hilgard subscribe to? A. Under hypnosis, thoughts, feelings, and drives that threaten the waking mind come to the fore. B. Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input. C. Hypnotized individuals actually involve in role-playing by behaving the way they think a hypnotized person would behave. D. Hypnosis does not alter consciousness, nor do hypnotized individuals give up control of their behavior.
B. Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input.
Which of the following can be described as a serial position effect? A. When learning a list of items, people are able to recall all the items in serial order. B. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle. C. Older adults have the tendency to have increased recollection for events that occurred during their adolescence and early adulthood. D. The side of a printed media presented first will have greater effectiveness than the side presented subsequently.
B. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle.
The action potential of a muscle fiber occurs A. at the end plate. B. along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules. C. within the sarcoplasmic reticulum. D. in the mitochondria.
B. along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules.
Lifting weights will cause muscles to enlarge. This is primarily due to A. an increase in the number of muscle cells. B. an increase in the size of muscle cells.
B. an increase in the size of muscle cells.
In a test, a student is asked to contrast two theories and select the best one. The student is being tested for __________. A. practical intelligence B. analytical intelligence C. creative intelligence D. fluid intelligence
B. analytical intelligence
Four-year-old Edana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Edana is demonstrating ____________ in this scenario. A. matter conservation B. animistic thinking C. egocentrism D. social referencing
B. animistic thinking
Placing organisms at 4oC is A. bacteriocidal. B. bacteriostatic. C. decontamination. D. sterilization. E. None of the choices is correct.
B. bacteriostatic.
A(n) _____________ can be defined as a study design in which a psychologist, often a therapist, observes one person over a long period of time. A. naturalistic observation B. case study C. interview D. survey
B. case study
The following is an excerpt from an in-depth paper Dr. Smith, a therapist, wrote about her client: "Irene experienced the loss of her parents at an early age. She is now 36, divorced, and has two children. Irene has difficulty maintaining steady employment. Eight months ago, she was diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Irene is responding well to an experimental antidepressant and to cognitive behavioral therapy. She has a hopeful prognosis." This research method can be best termed as a(n) ___________. A. interview B. case study C. naturalistic observation D. survey
B. case study
A weakness of facial muscles and muscles in limbs that people experience with narcolepsy is: A. apnea. B. cataplexy. C. synaptic malfunction. D. catalepsy.
B. cataplexy.
In Alan Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ decides where to focus attention and selectively hones in on specific aspects of a stimulus. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. visuospatial sketch pad D. episodic buffer
B. central executive
The compound that is an organic base containing chlorine and two phenolic rings, and is used increasingly for wound degerming, neonatal washes, hand scrubbing, and prepping surgical skin sites is A. carbolic acid. B. chlorhexidine. C. triclosan. D. formalin. E. quarternary ammonium compounds.
B. chlorhexidine.
Jean Piaget pioneered theories in ____________ development. A. emotional B. cognitive C. language D. moral
B. cognitive Hey this is who I'm studying for the PLT!
The ______________ therapy focuses on changing a person's maladaptive thought and behavior patterns by discussing and rewarding more appropriate ways of thinking and behaving. A. sublimation B. cognitive-behavioral C. thought stimulation D. reaction formation
B. cognitive-behavioral
According to Piaget, children acquire the ability to conserve during the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. concrete operational C. preoperational D. formal operational
B. concrete operational
The property of muscle tissue that allows an impulse to travel down the entire length of the cell membrane is A. elasticity. B. conductivity. C. extensibility. D. contractility. E. responsibility.
B. conductivity.
An additional variable whose influence cannot be separated from the independent variable being examined is termed as a(n) _________. A. dependent variable B. confounding variable C. average variable D. quantitative variable
B. confounding variable
The second stage of long-term memory formation is: A. storage. B. consolidation. C. retrieval. D. encoding.
B. consolidation.
With damage to nerve fibers, larger distances between the site of damage and the target structure innervated result in _________ chances of successful regeneration. A. increased B. decreased
B. decreased
According to Ohm's law, current is A. directly related to both voltage and resistance. B. directly related to voltage and inversely related to resistance. C. inversely related to both voltage and resistance. D. indirectly related to voltage and directly related to resistance.
B. directly related to voltage and inversely related to resistance.
The method of removing vegetative microbial life forms from inanimate objects is termed A. antisepsis. B. disinfection. C. sterilization. D. decontamination. E. degerming.
B. disinfection.
The type of neuronal circuit that spreads information from one presynaptic neuron to several postsynaptic neurons is a _____________ circuit. A. converging B. diverging C. reverberating D. parallel-after-discharge E. None of the choices is correct.
B. diverging
Advancing age tends to lessen recall for events and experiences that require ____________ processing but not ______________ processing. A. structural; effortful B. effortful; automatic C. automatic; phonological D. phonological; structural
B. effortful; automatic
The spring-like property that returns muscle to its original length after a contraction ends is A. extensibility. B. elasticity. C. contractility. D. treppe effect. E. conductivity.
B. elasticity.
The second stage of prenatal development begins at about two weeks after conception. At this point, the growing bundle of cells is called a(n) __________. A. blastocyst B. embryo C. fetus D. zygote
B. embryo
According to Gardner and Sternberg, the Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests lack tests for ___________ intelligence and hence are not valid measures of intelligence. A. verbal B. emotional C. spatial D. mathematical
B. emotional
When an impulse arrives at the knob of the motor neuron, calcium A. enters through active transport pumps and triggers the release of transmitter. B. enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter. C. exits through active transport pumps and brings transmitter with it. D. exits through voltage-gated channels and triggers transmitter release. E. is released from synaptic vesicles.
B. enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter.
The glial cell that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid is the A. astrocyte. B. ependymal cell. C. neurolemmocyte. D. microglial cell. E. oligodendrocyte.
B. ependymal cell.
Jack is a psychologist. Rather than just describing what the mind does, he is more interested in the functions of the human mind. Jack is most likely a practitioner of ______________ psychology. A. Gestalt B. evolutionary C. positive D. clinical
B. evolutionary
Feathers probably evolved for insulation in flightless dinosaurs, but they turned out to be useful for flight in birds, the dinosaurs' descendants. Feathers are considered ______ because feathers did not evolve for that purpose. A. adaptation B. exaptations C. natural selection D. chance mutations
B. exaptations
Empiricism is the belief that all knowledge and thoughts come from _____________. A. scriptures B. experience C. genetic endowment D. observation
B. experience
If a pregnant lady drinks excessively, her child runs the risk of having ______. A. down syndrome B. fetal alcohol syndrome C. fragile X syndrome D. Asperger's syndrome
B. fetal alcohol syndrome
Jim, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in how the mind works. He focused on his own experience of pain in an effort to understand how and why people feel pain. Jim was most likely a: A. structuralist. B. functionalist. C. behaviorist. D. psychoanalyst
B. functionalist.
Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not. A. cried less B. gained significantly more weight C. slept significantly more D. fell ill more frequently
B. gained significantly more weight
Which of the following forms of radiation is in order from the most penetrating to the least penetrating? A. gamma, cathode, X rays B. gamma, X rays, cathode C. cathode, gamma, X ray D. cathode, X ray, gamma E. X ray, gamma, cathode
B. gamma, X rays, cathode
According to Erik Erikson, parenting, starting a business, and creating a work of art are examples of ____________. A. neural migration B. generativity C. individuation D. stagnation
B. generativity
According to the g-factor theory of intelligence, people who achieve high scores on the verbal section of an intelligence test are likely to have: A. low scores in the spatial and quantitative sections but low in the perceptual section. B. high scores in the spatial, perceptual, and quantitative sections. C. low scores in all the non-verbal sections of the test. D. high scores in the perceptual and spatial sections, but low in the quantitative section.
B. high scores in the spatial, perceptual, and quantitative sections.
To compare psychophysics and physics, if physicists study the physical properties of light and sound, psychophysicists study: A. sources of light and sound. B. human perception of light and sound. C. commercial uses of light and sound. D. effects of light and sound on the environment.
B. human perception of light and sound.
Philip Pinel of France is said to have been the first major proponent of _____________. A. the use of narcotics to treat pain B. humane therapies for the mentally ill C. the study of the mind-body connection D. considering psychology as a science
B. humane therapies for the mentally ill
Neil is participating in an experiment where numbers are flashed on a computer screen for a few milliseconds, and then it goes blank. He is subsequently asked to recall the numbers. Neil is participating in a study that is most likely examining his ______________ memory. A. tactile B. iconic C. echoic D. olfactory
B. iconic
Phosphate transfer is used for A. immediate ATP needs and is dependent on oxygen. B. immediate ATP needs and is not dependent on oxygen. C. long term ATP needs and is dependent on oxygen. D. long term ATP needs and is not dependent on the presence of oxygen.
B. immediate ATP needs and is not dependent on oxygen.
Some animals, especially birds, follow and imitate the first large creature they see immediately after birth. This behavior is called ____________. A. pruning B. imprinting C. animistic thinking D. egocentrism
B. imprinting
The greatest amount of REM sleep over the life span occurs: A. in old age. B. in the first months of life. C. in the later part of gestation. D. at the onset of adolescence.
B. in the first months of life.
Heavy metals work by A. rupturing the cell membrane. B. inactivating proteins. C. binding to DNA. D. dissolving the cell wall. E. mutating DNA.
B. inactivating proteins.
The ___________ variable in an experiment is an attribute that is manipulated by an experimenter under controlled conditions. A. quantitative B. independent C. confounding D. outcome
B. independent
In _____________, the answers are often open-ended and not constrained by the researcher. A. experiments B. interviews C. questionnaires D. case studies
B. interviews
A depolarization is when the inside of a neuron becomes _______________ the resting membrane potential. A. more negative than B. less negative than C. closer to
B. less negative than
The _______________ is calculated by adding all the numbers together and dividing by the number of scores in the series. A. median B. mean C. mode D. range
B. mean
Information can make its way into consciousness through the unattended ear if it is: A. monotonous. B. meaningful. C. random. D. trivial.
B. meaningful.
To study _______________, researchers ask questions to focus participants' attention on the sound of the word. A. structural processing B. midlevel processing C. semantic processing D. effortful processing
B. midlevel processing
According to the view of René Descartes regarding mind-body dualism, the _______. A. soul does not survive bodily death B. mind controls the body C. mind and the body are controlled by our genetic makeup D. mind and the body refer to the same entity
B. mind controls the body
In psychology, the idea that the mind and the body are separate entities is referred to as: A. nature through nurture. B. mind-body dualism. C. cogito ergo sum. D. separatist theory.
B. mind-body dualism.
Some evidence suggests that ______________ might offset or even prevent the kind of neural degeneration seen in Alzheimer's and other age-related brain disorders. A. pruning B. neurogenesis C. neural migration D. individuation
B. neurogenesis
Each concept or association in a network is referred to as a: A. schema. B. node. C. rod. D. cone.
B. node.
To measure the resting potential of a neuron, a physiologist would place A. two electrodes inside the neuron. B. one microelecrode inside the neuron and another in the interstitial fluid. C. one electrode inside the cell and another inside another cell. D. one electrode inside the cell and another outside the body.
B. one microelecrode inside the neuron and another in the interstitial fluid.
If we compare the human mind with a computer, behavior and thoughts would be analogous to _____________. A. central processing unit (CPU) B. output C. storage device D. input
B. output
During complex and demanding tasks, teens ________________. A. distribute the workload evenly throughout the brain B. overload their frontal lobes C. distribute the workload evenly between abducens nucleus and globose nucleus D. overload their flocculonodular lobe
B. overload their frontal lobes
Myoglobin is a molecule within muscle cells that can bind A. creatine phosphate. B. oxygen. C. hemoglobin. D. acetylcholine. E. ATP.
B. oxygen.
The cytoplasm within a cell body of a neuron is called the A. soma. B. perikaryon. C. neurokaryon. D. chromatophilic substance. E. chromatophobic substance.
B. perikaryon.
Nerves and ganglia are structures found in the A. central nervous system. B. peripheral nervous system. C. central and peripheral nervous systems.
B. peripheral nervous system.
Anna is conducting research to find out if people who interact extensively with other people via Facebook are more or less outgoing than those who do not. Anna is most likely a ______________ psychologist. A. health B. personality C. social D. clinical
B. personality
Oscar is trying to remember the names of people he meets at his new job. He says he will remember the name of his co-worker Trish, because she always has a dish of candy on her desk, and "Trish" rhymes with "dish." This is an example of ______ processing. A. semantic B. phonemic C. automatic D. structural
B. phonemic
For a sprint lasting 60 seconds, ATP is supplied primarily by A. aerobic respiration only. B. phosphate transfer and glycolysis. C. conversion of lactate to pyruvate. D. phosphate transfer only.
B. phosphate transfer and glycolysis.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus influences the release of melatonin by its effect on the: A. hypothalamus. B. pineal gland. C. pituitary gland. D. thyroid gland.
B. pineal gland.
An end plate potential is an event that involves a gain of A. positive charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as potassium rapidly enters. B. positive charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as sodium rapidly enters. C. negative charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as potassium rapidly enters. D. negative charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as sodium rapidly enters.
B. positive charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as sodium rapidly enters.
In neurophysiology, the term "summation" refers to the addition of A. action potentials at the node of Ranvier. B. postsynaptic potentials at the initial segment. C. excitatory neurotransmitter molecules at a receptor. D. resting membrane potentials in a particular area of the brain. E. presynaptic hyperpolarizations.
B. postsynaptic potentials at the initial segment.
According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, ____________ level is the least developed level of moral reasoning. A. concrete operational B. preconventional C. formal operational D. postconventional
B. preconventional
Johnny says he will not drive above the speed limit simply because he does not want to pay the cost of a speeding ticket. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Johnny is operating at the _____________ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. A. sensorimotor B. preconventional C. concrete operational D. preoperational
B. preconventional
According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational
B. preoperational
When asked where the sun goes at night, 4-year-old Kiet explains to his dad that it goes to sleep. Later that day, Kiet gets upset because he believes his sister's glass contains more juice than his glass. Both glasses actually contain the same amount of juice, but Kiet is confused because of the tall and thin shape of his sister's glass. From these instances, we can say that Kiet is in the ____________ stage of Piaget's cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operations D. formal operations
B. preoperational
Most commonly, a synapse is made between a A. presynaptic neuron's dendrite and a postsynaptic membrane's cell body. B. presynaptic neuron's axon and a postsynaptic neuron's dendrite. C. presynaptic neuron's axon hillock and a postsynaptic neuron's cell body. D. presynaptic neuron's soma and a postsynaptic neuron's synaptic knob.
B. presynaptic neuron's axon and a postsynaptic neuron's dendrite.
The process of scientific discovery is cumulative. This means that: A. older knowledge is discarded for newer and modern knowledge. B. previous knowledge builds on older knowledge. C. newer knowledge is rejected because research is not authentic. D. previous knowledge is retained for lack of new resources.
B. previous knowledge builds on older knowledge.
17. When someone is determining whether an event is potentially harmful to him or her, he or she is involved in ______. A. equivocation B. primary appraisal C. falsification D. secondary internalization
B. primary appraisal
Of the following, _____ occurs mostly in the cortex. A. encoding B. priming C. retrieving D. rehearsing
B. priming
Chelsea is trying to learn Spanish. However, she is finding it difficult to learn Spanish because of her tendency to apply English grammar to the Spanish language. This is an example of: A. decay. B. proactive interference. C. the forgetting curve. D. retroactive interference.
B. proactive interference.
With learning and experience certain synaptic connections become stronger, whereas those that do not receive stimulation from the environment die off. This process is known as ___________. A. cognitive programming B. pruning C. rewiring D. enriching
B. pruning
In a(n) ___________, responses are limited to the choices given. A. case study B. questionnaire C. interview D. experimental study
B. questionnaire
Chemically gated ion channels are mainly found in the ________ segment of a neuron. A. initial B. receptive C. conductive D. transmissive
B. receptive
A memory from a real event, which was encoded and stored and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is termed as a _____ memory. A. false B. recovered C. blocked D. repressed
B. recovered
Pasteurization A. kills all vegetative forms. B. reduces the number of vegetative forms. C. reduces the number of endospores. D. increases food nutrient value. E. None of the choices is correct.
B. reduces the number of vegetative forms.
It is vital to safeguard the dignity and autonomy of individuals and take extra precautions when dealing with study participants, such as children, who are less likely to understand their participation is voluntary. This guideline of psychological research is known as ____________. A. beneficence B. respect for persons C. informed consent D. justice
B. respect for persons
One of the ways in which neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft is A. endocytosis by the postsynaptic cell. B. reuptake by the presynaptic cell. C. phagocytosis by a macrophage. D. dendritic lassos.
B. reuptake by the presynaptic cell.
Which of the following represents the use of osmotic pressure as a microbial control method? A. bleaching a kitchen counter B. salting of meat C. rinsing of a cut with Betadine D. Both bleaching a kitchen counter and rinsing a cut with Betadine are correct
B. salting of meat
Research is almost always conducted on ___________. A. populations B. samples C. variables D. entire groups
B. samples
A mixed nerve is one that contains both A. cranial and spinal nerve fibers. B. sensory and motor neurons. C. unipolar and bipolar neurons. D. an endoneurium and an epineurium. E. presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
B. sensory and motor neurons.
The monoamine that has functions related to sleep, appetite, cognition, and mood is A. dopamine. B. serotonin. C. norepinephrine. D. acetylcholine. E. epinephrine.
B. serotonin.
Reading, talking, and listening to someone speak involves the: A. sensory memory. B. short-term memory. C. long-term memory. D. echoic memory.
B. short-term memory.
The type of fibers specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time, as would be required in running a marathon, for example, are _____ fibers. A. fast-twitch B. slow-twitch C. intermediate
B. slow-twitch
60. ___________ combines problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. A. secondary appraisal B. social support C. emotional disclosure D. primary appraisal
B. social support
Maintenance of appropriate ion concentrations (especially after nerve impulses that involved ion diffusion) is primarily the job of A. voltage-gated channels. B. sodium-potassium pumps. C. chemically gated channels. D. mechanically gated channels.
B. sodium-potassium pumps.
The portion of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the skin, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses is the ___________ division. A. autonomic motor B. somatic sensory C. somatic motor D. visceral sensory
B. somatic sensory
Meditation: A. can disrupt concentration. B. stabilizes attention. C. makes the mind hyper. D. cannot bring one's attention back to something.
B. stabilizes attention.
Local phone numbers in the United States are seven digits long because: A. most people can transfer seven digits into long-term memory instantly, bypassing short-term memory. B. the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits. C. sensory memory for numbers is very expansive and can handle such large quantities of digits. D. when polled, early phone customers requested this many digits in their phone numbers.
B. the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits.
4. The focus on ___________ is known as the stimulus view of stress. A. the changes that occur as a result of stress B. the situations that cause stress C. an individual's behavior in a particular situation D. the relationship between an individual and a particular situation
B. the situations that cause stress
Sternberg's theory is also known as __________. A. the theory of general intelligence B. the triarchic theory of intelligence C. the theory of multiple intelligences D. the theory of primary mental abilities
B. the triarchic theory of intelligence
Psychoanalysis assumes that: A. underlying biological events such as hormonal changes mediate all human behavior. B. the unconscious mind is the most powerful motivator of behavior. C. social forces are the most powerful motivators of adult behavior. D. dreams have no meaning to or relationship with the unconscious mind.
B. the unconscious mind is the most powerful motivator of behavior.
As a neuron's refractory period ends, its sodium channels are changing from A. their resting state to their inactivated state. B. their inactivated state to their resting state. C. their resting state to their activated state. D. their activated state to their resting state.
B. their inactivated state to their resting state.
The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the A. thermal death point (TDP). B. thermal death time (TDT). C. sporicidal time. D. death phase point. E. None of the choices is correct.
B. thermal death time (TDT).
Children begin to interact socially during play at about age ____________. A. two B. three C. four D. five
B. three
"Staircase" and "warming-up effect" refer to ___________, an increased muscle response to a constant stimulus. A. wave summation B. treppe C. multiple motor unit summation D. incomplete tetany E. isotony
B. treppe
Attitudes toward pork, grooming procedures, educational status, and number of dental visits per year are all ____________ that differ from individual to individual and may be of interest to psychologists. A. assumptions B. variables C. hypotheses D. methods
B. variables
Tatiana is in an unresponsive condition though she can open her eyes. This suggests that she is in a(n) ________ state. A. comatose B. vegetative C. drowsy D. unconscious
B. vegetative
The easiest microbial forms to kill or inhibit are A. naked viruses. B. vegetative bacteria and fungi. C. endospores. D. protozoan cysts. E. mycobacteria and staphylococci.
B. vegetative bacteria and fungi.
When a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked, the brain tissue served by that vessel does not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and so the tissue dies. This is referred to as _____________. A. Parkinson's disease B. a bipolar disorder C. a stroke D. Alzheimer's disease
C. a stroke
EEG studies of people suffering from narcolepsy reveal: A. protracted REM sleeping patterns. B. absence of sleep spindles. C. abnormality in sleep spindles. D. normal REM sleeping patterns.
C. abnormality in sleep spindles.
Which of the following best describes free radicals? A. The tiny gap between nerve cells across which neurotransmitters pass. B. Specialized cell that supports, protects, or nourishes nerve cells. C. By-products of oxygen metabolism. D. Thick bundles of nerve cell fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres.
C. By-products of oxygen metabolism.
_______________ is a movement disorder caused by brain damage at birth. A. Schizophrenia B. Bipolar disorder C. Cerebral palsy D. Osteoporosis
C. Cerebral palsy
Which of the following tests best demonstrates test-retest reliability? A. Jake's scores improve each time he takes a particular aptitude test. B. Teachers find that students' performance on a test is a good indicator of their grades. C. Chloe's score on an IQ test were the same in school as well as college. D. Nathan did badly on an IQ test because its vocabulary level was very high.
C. Chloe's score on an IQ test were the same in school as well as college.
Which of the following is most often used to treat narcolepsy? A. Benzodiazepines B. Opioids C. Amphetamines D. Heroin
C. Amphetamines
In the biological theory of dreams, the three-dimensional AIM cube depicts all states of consciousness occupying a different space. Why does REM sleep occupy the lower front right portion of the cube? A. Because it is active, external, and logical B. Because it is non-active, external, and logical C. Because it is highly active, internal, and loose D. Because it is non-active, internal, and loose
C. Because it is highly active, internal, and loose
Which of the following statements is true about identical twins? A. Twins are identical mainly due to dizygotic fertilization. B. In the womb, up to 5% of identical twins develop their own placenta. C. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg. D. Identical twins turn out to be vastly different from each other in their personalities, intelligence, illness, and disease histories.
C. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg.
Which of the following offers specific practices for working with consciousness? A. Awareness B. Wakefulness C. Meditation D. Hypnosis
C. Meditation
Which of the following is NOT an example of Circadian rhythms? A. Body temperature B. Sleep-wake cycle C. Menstrual cycle D. Hormone production
C. Menstrual cycle
What does REM stand for? A. Repetitive eye movement B. Random eye movement C. Rapid eye movement D. Reflexive eye movement
C. Rapid eye movement
Which of the following theories conforms to the belief that dreams are nothing but the standard processes that occur during the day? A. The biological theory B. The AIM theory C. The cognitive theory D. The psychoanalytic theory
C. The cognitive theory
Which of the following best describes moderate consciousness? A. The unconscious experience of knowing something that cannot be brought into awareness B. The conscious experience of knowing something that can be brought into awareness C. The conscious experience of knowing something that cannot be brought into awareness D. The unconscious experience of knowing something that can be brought into awareness
C. The conscious experience of knowing something that cannot be brought into awareness
101. Which of the following is true of the relationship between the central nervous system and immune system? A. There is no connection between the central nervous system and immune system. B. The connections between the central nervous system and immune system are unidirectional. C. Connections between the central nervous system and immune system are bidirectional. D. Connections between the central nervous system and immune system are rarely seen.
C. Connections between the central nervous system and immune system are bidirectional.
____________ can be defined as studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another. A. Naturalistic observations B. Descriptive designs C. Correlational designs D. Random assignments
C. Correlational designs
Which of the following holds true when a person is fully awake? A. The person is in a fully conscious state at all times. B. The person cannot be in a minimally conscious state for prolonged periods of time. C. The person can experience vacillating consciousness. D. The person cannot experience states of moderate consciousnesses.
C. The person can experience vacillating consciousness.
In a study by researchers, what did MRI scans of meditators and non-meditators reveal? A. Those who had meditated the shortest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas. B. Those who had meditated the longest showed the least cortical thickness in certain areas. C. Those who had meditated the longest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas. D. Those who had meditated the longest showed decreased brain tissue in areas relevant to attention and emotion processing.
C. Those who had meditated the longest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas.
Nine-month-old Terrell is screaming and crying because his mother has dropped him off at the day care. He displays this distress each time she leaves him. Terrell is likely experiencing _____. A. preoperational thinking B. secure attachment C. object permanence D. separation anxiety
C. object permanence
When mild to moderate alcohol consumption is said to be beneficial, it suggests that no more than ________ drinks a day appears to provide protective effects on the ________. A. four; general health B. one; physical health C. two; cardiovascular system D. three; psychological system
C. two; cardiovascular system
Each thick filament contains about ______ protein molecules (each molecule has two heads and two braided tails). A. 2 B. 20 C. 200 D. 2000
C. 200
This sarcomere depicts relaxed muscle. Which number identifies the M line? A. 1 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
C. 4
Which concentration of alcohol is deemed most effective in alcohol-based hand cleaners? A. 25% B. 10% C. 70% D. 95%
C. 70%
What did Barber and colleagues find when they asked students to complete a daily sleep log and online diaries of perceived stress in life over a five-day period? A. A few days of sleep deficiency early on in the week can add to psychological strain but can be offset with sleep later in the week. B. A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week does not contribute to psychological strain. C. A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week can contribute to psychological strain later in the week despite attempts to offset with subsequent sleep. D. Consistent sleep patterns can wear us down as the body then cannot adjust suitably to any inconsistency in sleep that may arise.
C. A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week can contribute to psychological strain later in the week despite attempts to offset with subsequent sleep.
What does the g-factor theory imply? A. A person's intelligence is inversely related to his score on intelligence tests. B. A person's intelligence does not change throughout his lifetime. C. A person's intelligence can be accurately indicated with a single number. D. A person's intelligence is variable at different points of time.
C. A person's intelligence can be accurately indicated with a single number.
Rita conducts a study in which she videotapes college students interacting with each other before and after performing a series of cognitive tasks that were presented as "Intelligence tests that can affect your college tuition charges." She then has a carefully trained team observe and record the participants' actions, noting visible signs of anxiety in particular. What type of measure best describes the one used by Rita? A. Physiological B. Self-report C. Behavioral D. Statistical
C. Behavioral
___________ involve the systematic observation of people's actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting. A. Questionnaires B. Physiological measures C. Behavioral measures D. Interviews
C. Behavioral measures
______________ can be best defined as the study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior. A. Social psychology B. Industrial psychology C. Behavioral neuroscience D. Developmental psychology
C. Behavioral neuroscience
33. Which of the following is a function of cortisol? A. Regulating cell growth and development by telling the pituitary when to release various hormones B. Releasing the digestive enzymes from the pancreas into the bloodstream C. Breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy D. Releasing aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
C. Breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy
Leticia suffers an accident which makes it impossible for her to open her eyes. Additionally, she also becomes unresponsive to any stimulus. What is the most likely reason for her enduring loss of consciousness? A. Damage to the corpus callosum of the brain. B. Absence of the corpus callosum of the brain. C. Damage to the reticular formation of the brain. D. An overactive reticular formation of the brain.
C. Damage to the reticular formation of the brain.
_______________ memory is one's memory for the experiences one has had. A. Echoic B. Semantic C. Episodic D. Implicit
C. Episodic
______________ are the rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation and are also regarded as standards of right and wrong. A. Antics B. Ekistics C. Ethics D. Analytics
C. Ethics
Which are the biggest predictors of hearing loss? A. Social class and gender B. Profession and social class C. Ethnicity, cultural environment, and gender D. Age, gender and profession
C. Ethnicity, cultural environment, and gender
______________ psychology is the branch of psychology that aims to uncover the adaptive problems the human mind may have solved in the distant past and the effect of evolution on behavior today. A. Clinical B. Cognitive C. Evolutionary D. Developmental
C. Evolutionary
Which of the following is most likely to reduce cognitive decline with aging? A. Reading in early childhood B. Sleeping for more than 8 hours every day C. Exercising D. Playing a musical instrument
C. Exercising
________________ memory is the conscious recall of facts and events. A. Procedural B. Implicit C. Explicit D. Echoic
C. Explicit
Which of the following is most likely to cause mental retardation, low birth weight, and behavioral problems to a developing baby? A. Anorexia nervosa B. Diarrhea C. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) D. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
C. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is A. glutamate. B. valine. C. GABA. D. serotonin. E. serine.
C. GABA.
Why do some psychologists and scholars criticize Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence? A. Gardner considered people from diverse age groups for the tests he formulated. B. Gardner did not take into account factors such as economic conditions. C. Gardner's ideas were argued to be more theoretical than empirical. D. Gardner ignored many other skills and intelligences a person can possess.
C. Gardner's ideas were argued to be more theoretical than empirical.
Which of the following best describes a cultural test bias? A. Group differences in IQ tests are caused because different IQ tests are administered to different cultural groups. B. People use IQ test results unfairly to deny certain groups access to universities or jobs. C. Group differences in IQ scores are caused by different ethnic and educational environments. D. A particular test predicts outcomes equally well for different cultural groups.
C. Group differences in IQ scores are caused by different ethnic and educational environments.
Which of the following is NOT one of G. Stanley Hall's achievements? A. He founded the American Psychological Association (APA). B. He opened the first psychology laboratory in the United States. C. He coined the term psychophysics. D. He started the first scientific journal in American psychology, the American Journal of Psychology.
C. He coined the term psychophysics.
Which of the following statements is true about the effects of prescription and nonprescription stimulants on memory? A. The negative effects of prescription drugs such as Adderall or Ritalin happen only in low doses. B. Caffeine in general and over-the-counter energy drinks have no effects in their capacity to enhance memory. C. Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation. D. There is nonclinical trial evidence that long-term, foods and drinks rich in flavonoids reduce memory and impair cognitive function.
C. Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation.
_______________ focus on the overall needs of the patient and family members, such as physical comfort, emotional care, and a dignified death. A. Hospitals B. Intensive care units C. Hospices D. Diagnostic centers
C. Hospices
________________ memories are retrieved without conscious effort. A. Semantic B. Iconic C. Implicit D. Echoic
C. Implicit
Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence? A. In boys, the event that signals readiness to reproduce is menarche. B. Boys are not able to engage in scientific reasoning and hypothesis testing. C. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is. D. Boys and girls do not gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems.
C. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is.
When did theories of intelligence start emerging? A. In the late seventeenth century B. During the Renaissance C. In the early twentieth century D. During the Counter Reformation
C. In the early twentieth century
Which of the following reactions displayed by a fetus indicates fear or distress? A. Decreased blood pressure B. Increased rate of pruning C. Increased heart rate D. Increased rate of neuron development
C. Increased heart rate
56. Lauren is anxious and under a lot of pressure over her impending divorce. Not only does she worry about the huge fees due to her lawyer, she also fears losing custody of her only daughter. Of late, she has been having memory-related issues, especially when it comes to remembering important dates. Which of the following is most likely to be causing Lauren's problems with her memory? A. Decreased activity in the olfactory tract leading to poor memory functioning B. Increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus thus, inhibiting the synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and neocortex, impacting memory formation C. Increased rates of cortisol release that can cause hippocampal dendrites to shrink and interfere with memory D. Decreased levels of epinephrine secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands impacting memory formation
C. Increased rates of cortisol release that can cause hippocampal dendrites to shrink and interfere with memory
What is the definition of successful intelligence, as propounded by Robert Sternberg? A. It includes attitudes that support persistence, systemization, and imagination, self-monitoring and self-management. B. Intelligence is a biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems C. Intelligence is an integrated set of information-processing and cognitive abilities needed for life success. D. Intelligence is a single general factor made up of specific components.
C. Intelligence is an integrated set of information-processing and cognitive abilities needed for life success.
Why is matrix reasoning considered as a fluid intelligence? A. It does not involve abstract reasoning B. Its solutions require culturally acquired experience C. It does not depend on acquired knowledge D. It involves using skills and knowledge to solve problems
C. It does not depend on acquired knowledge
Which of the following is true about automatic processing? A. It involves rehearsal of the information. B. It is the basis of semantic memory. C. It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. D. It goes from short-term to long-term memory.
C. It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task.
Which of the following statements is true of psychology? A. Modern psychology is more likely to study the brain and behavior than the mind. B. It does not have any other disciplines organized around it. C. It is a core science, along with medicine, physics, and math. D. It is not a science, but a clinical practice.
C. It is a core science, along with medicine, physics, and math.
Which of the following is true about short-term memory? A. It is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain. B. Iconic memory is a kind of short-term memory. C. It is a place to temporarily store information when one needs while working on a problem. D. It is what most people think of when they think of memory.
C. It is a place to temporarily store information when one needs while working on a problem.
What does neuroscientific research on hypnosis indicate? A. It is a heightened state of imagination. B. It is more like role-playing. C. It is a real activity that the brain experiences. D. Hypnotized individuals do not give up control of their behavior.
C. It is a real activity that the brain experiences.
Which of the following is true for the mental age of a person? A. It is based on the average intelligence of people of all ages. B. It is based on how the average person performs on a given task. C. It is based on what most people at a particular age level can do. D. It is the average of the IQs of all people of a particular age.
C. It is based on what most people at a particular age level can do.
Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. It is the retention of memory over time. B. It is the process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory. C. It is driven by attention. D. It is the recovery of information stored in memory.
C. It is driven by attention.
___________ found that the cognitive abilities of young children and adolescents are fundamentally different and that cognitive development occurs in stages rather than gradually over time. A. David Wechsler B. Charles Spearman C. Jean Piaget D. John Carroll
C. Jean Piaget
Which of the following psychologists asserted that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives? A. William James B. Abraham Maslow C. John Watson D. Carl Rogers
C. John Watson
Which of the following tests was developed taking into consideration Cattell and Horn's concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence? A. WAIS B. Stanford-Binet C. K-ABC D. WISC
C. K-ABC
Which of the following is not a primary target of milk pasteurization? A. Salmonella B. Campylobacter jejuni C. Lactobacilli D. Listeria monocytogenes E. Brucella
C. Lactobacilli
______________ helps us understand people through its methods of storytelling, character exploration, setting, and imagery. A. History B. Anthropology C. Literature D. Psychology
C. Literature
Which is the most complex form of memory that has two distinct types and four distinct stages of processing? A. Sensory memory B. Primary memory C. Long-term memory D. Short-term memory
C. Long-term memory
Which of the following statements about mindfulness is true? A. Mindfulness is a universal and a uniform phenomenon. B. Individuals who are mindful are not aware of their own feelings in response. C. Mindfulness can have various levels of intensity. D. An individual cannot develop his/her mindfulness using mental training techniques.
C. Mindfulness can have various levels of intensity.
______________ are computer models that imitate the way neurons talk to each other. A. Data warehouses B. Associative networks C. Neural networks D. Expert systems
C. Neural networks
24. Which of the following refers to the hormonal systems involved in emotions and stress? A. Nervous system B. Immune system C. Neuroendocrine system D. Cardiovascular system
C. Neuroendocrine system
Which of the following holds true regarding consciousness? A. Much of what we do requires deliberate, conscious thought. B. Consciousness is an easily defined term. C. New information can cause consciousness to change dramatically. D. Consciousness has five aspects to it.
C. New information can cause consciousness to change dramatically.
What were the findings of the study of the effects of sleep deprivation on performance? A. Participants who had more than the normal REM cycles performed better. B. Participants who had less than normal amounts of non-REM sleep performed better. C. Participants who had normal amounts of REM sleep performed better. D. The presence or absence of REM or Non-REM sleep was immaterial as long as participants could relax for some time.
C. Participants who had normal amounts of REM sleep performed better.
Which of the following statements is true regarding electronic interactions? A. Electronic interactions can be easily used to hide one's real personality. B. Electronic interaction is a preferred method of contact for extroverts. C. People use the Internet to arrange real face-to-face meetings. D. Electronic interactions have strengthened boundaries between public and private means of connecting.
C. People use the Internet to arrange real face-to-face meetings.
____________ sciences study the world of stars, light, waves, atoms, the earth, compounds, and molecules. A. Biological B. Social C. Physical D. Environmental
C. Physical
Dr. Singh, a scientist, wants to study how anxiety affects adolescents. For this purpose, he measures the electrical changes in their heart rates, their sweating and respiration patterns, as well as the hormonal changes in their blood. Which psychological measure has been used by Dr. Singh in this scenario? A. Interviews B. Questionnaires C. Physiological measures D. Behavioral measures
C. Physiological measures
______________ psychology can be defined as a scientific approach to studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning. A. Health B. Developmental C. Positive D. Clinical
C. Positive
_____ interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information. A. Output B. Long-term C. Proactive D. Retroactive
C. Proactive
62. ___________ coping strategies aim to change a situation that is creating stress. A. Emotion-focused B. Escape-avoidance C. Problem-focused D. Assertive action-based
C. Problem-focused
61. Erica is having a hard time with studies. Though she knows she is not a bad student, she finds her social life a lot more appealing than studying for tests and examinations. With her exams drawing closer, she resolves to cut down on her social life and study more—at least until she finishes her exams. What strategy is Erica using in order to cope with the demands of the circumstances? A. Social reappraisal strategy B. Escape-avoidance strategy C. Problem-focused strategy D. Emotion disclosure strategy
C. Problem-focused strategy
______, in which retrieval of memories that have been encoded and stored is actively inhibited, is the unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness. A. Absent-mindedness B. Interference C. Repression D. Suggestibility
C. Repression
Which of the following led Charles Spearman to arrive at his theory of intelligence? A. Research showed that individual intelligence does not differ much from group intelligence. B. Research showed that intelligence is made up of a number of dissimilar components. C. Research showed that the factors of intelligence correlated strongly with one another. D. Research showed that spatial intelligence is not related to verbal or perceptual intelligence.
C. Research showed that the factors of intelligence correlated strongly with one another.
___________ entails collecting observations, or data, from the real world and evaluating whether those data support our ideas or not. A. Speculation B. Biases C. Science D. Hypotheses
C. Science
What happens when one learns something new and stores it as short-term or long-term memory? A. It has no bearing on synaptic connections. B. Synaptic connections get weakened. C. Synaptic connections get strengthened. D. Increase in the release of Schwann cells.
C. Synaptic connections get strengthened.
Which of the following is true for the commonly-used intelligence tests? A. The K-ABC tests failed to assess different types of intelligence. B. The Stanford-Binet tests were guided by Cattell and Horn's theories of intelligence. C. The Stanford-Binet tests failed to consider Piaget's theory of cognitive development. D. The K-ABC tests had no relevance to the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence.
C. The Stanford-Binet tests failed to consider Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
80. Which of the following refers to resilience? A. The trait of being inflexible B. The ability to willfully avoid certain negative things C. The ability to spring back to normalcy from difficult situations D. The trait of being too anxious about the outcome of things
C. The ability to spring back to normalcy from difficult situations
Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 male and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity. What is Sarah's sample? A.All the men studying in the United States B. The chosen female graduates C. The chosen male and female college graduates D. Men and women in the United States
C. The chosen male and female college graduates
52. Which of the following is true of allostasis? A. The concept of allostasis explains the concept of gene expression and hierarchy that is reflected in our observable external behavior. B. The concept of allostasis states that unless we are provoked, we maintain a standard optimal baseline state and cannot return to that same state after the stress. C. The concept of allostasis makes clear that our bodies can respond adaptively to challenge for only a short period of time. D. The concept of allostasis states that just a single-level system in the body struggles to return to baseline at a time.
C. The concept of allostasis makes clear that our bodies can respond adaptively to challenge for only a short period of time.
Which of the following is true about the principles of research design? A. The design chosen for a given study depends on the answers provided by the population. B. The way the different variables, used by researchers, influence each other is irrelevant to the research design. C. The first step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the entire group. D. Research is almost always conducted on large populations and not on samples.
C. The first step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the entire group.
2. Stress occurs when: A. a situation is characterized by minor events that a person can address in a methodical manner despite the pressures of daily life. B. a person resolves to make the changes required to improve his or her chances for improving a situation. C. a situation overwhelms a person's perceived ability to meet the demands of that situation. D. a person avoids all negative emotions and maintains a sense of well-being and balance.
C. a situation overwhelms a person's perceived ability to meet the demands of that situation.
14. What does the Hassles and Uplifts Scale measure? A. The number of times a person gets bogged down by mundane activities in one day B. The number of times a person consciously avoids reacting "when irritable" during a given period of time C. The frequency and intensity of minor irritations and positive events of daily life that may counteract their damaging effects D. The list of events that might be considered life-changing for an individual where each event is assigned a corresponding life change value
C. The frequency and intensity of minor irritations and positive events of daily life that may counteract their damaging effects
Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. What is the dependent variable in Dr. Adriana's study? A. The old uniforms B. The new uniforms C. The number of goals scored D. The color blue or red
C. The number of goals scored
Which of the following is true about late adulthood? A. Late adulthood begins around age 55. B. The numbers of neurons (gray matter) increases in late adulthood. C. The older brain does not change as rapidly as the younger brain, but it remains dynamic. D. The kind of memory involved in processing and maintaining information while making decisions strengthens in late adulthood.
C. The older brain does not change as rapidly as the younger brain, but it remains dynamic.
Which of the following statements is true regarding myelination? A. The process of myelination is complete before the age of 10. B. Myelination proceeds from the front of the brain to the back. C. The rate and locations of myelination differs between boys and girls. D. In boys, the increased white matter organization occurs in the right hemisphere.
C. The rate and locations of myelination differs between boys and girls.
Which of the following studies is most likely to be conducted by Cathy, who is majoring in biological psychology, for her honors thesis? A. The social origins of major depressive disorders B. The extent to which childhood peer experiences influence adult behavior C. The relationship between the neurotransmitter serotonin and happiness D. A computer model of humans' deductive reasoning processes
C. The relationship between the neurotransmitter serotonin and happiness
57. Which of the following is true about the relationship between genes and stress responses? A. The effects of chronic social isolation on illness appear to be regulated by acquired genes. B. The genes associated with the human stress response do not play any role in chronic diseases. C. There is no single gene that dictates how the body responds to stress. D. There is one uniform process involving stress, genes, and endocrines that regulates the relationship between stress and disease.
C. There is no single gene that dictates how the body responds to stress.
Without chance mutations, which of the following would occur? A. The human species would become a superspecies. B. Our thoughts and behavior would depend entirely on our genetic makeup. C. There would be no evolution. D. Our thoughts and behavior would depend entirely on our upbringing and experiences.
C. There would be no evolution.
Which of the following is true about brain waves? A. Beta waves are higher in energy than alpha waves. B. Alpha waves are slower and lower in energy than theta waves. C. Theta waves are slower and lower in energy than alpha waves. D. Alpha waves are more rapid than beta waves.
C. Theta waves are slower and lower in energy than alpha waves.
Which statement best describes the term descriptive designs? A. There are methods used to assign participants to different research conditions, so that all the participants have the same chance of being in any specific group. B. There are research designs that include independent and dependent variables and random assignment of participants to control and experimental groups or conditions. C. They are design studies in which a researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control or manipulate anything. D. These are studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another; they are not designed to show causation.
C. They are design studies in which a researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control or manipulate anything.
As argued by Sternberg and Gardner, what is a drawback of Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests? A. They do not measure verbal, spatial, and mathematical forms of intelligence. B. They had incorporated developments in neurosciences in their studies. C. They do not measure social, musical, and naturalistic forms of intelligence. D. They lay emphasis on quantitative reasoning and visual-spatial processing.
C. They do not measure social, musical, and naturalistic forms of intelligence.
8. In the late 1960s, ___________ developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to quantify stress. A. Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget B. Aaron Beck and Sigmund Freud C. Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe D. Lawrence Kohlberg and Carl Jung
C. Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe
Which is not a function of the motor division of the nervous system? A. Conducts impulses from the CNS B. Transmits impulses to muscles and glands C. Transmits impulses from the viscera D. Voluntary control of skeletal muscle E. Involuntary control of the heart
C. Transmits impulses from the viscera
When can a person in a vegetative state be said to exhibit intentional thought? A. When the responses are communicative B. When the body only responds to stimuli causing shock c D. When the instructions are merely registered in the brain
C. When the brain responds to commands
When do people respond easily to hypnosis? A. When they are fully conscious. B. When their critical faculties of mind are in control. C. When they are relaxed. D. When they have voluntary control over their own behavior.
C. When they are relaxed.
The organizational side of industrial/organizational psychology: A. involves matching employees to their job and uses psychological methods to select and evaluate employees. B. focuses on the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and ways to promote psychological health. C. aims to increase productivity and satisfaction of workers by considering how the work environment and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity. D. considers what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.
C. aims to increase productivity and satisfaction of workers by considering how the work environment and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity.
Glycolysis is an A. aerobic process that occurs in the cytosol. B. aerobic process that occurs in the mitochondria. C. anaerobic process that occurs in the cytosol. D. anaerobic process that occurs in the mitochondria.
C. anaerobic process that occurs in the cytosol.
95. Any foreign substance that triggers an immune response is called a(n) ______. A. neuron B. antibody C. antigen D. disease
C. antigen
The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens is A. disinfection. B. sterilization. C. antisepsis. D. sanitization. E. ionization
C. antisepsis.
22. The ___________ consists of all the neurons that serve the organs and the glands, and plays a crucial role in stress responses. A. lymphatic system B. immune system C. autonomic nervous system D. endocrine system
C. autonomic nervous system
21. When we experience situations as stressful, physiological changes occur in our bodies most notably due to the interaction of the: A. endocrine system, limbic system and vestibular system B. lymphatic system, immune system and brain C. autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system and brain interact D. limbic system, autonomic nervous system and vestibular system
C. autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system and brain interact
Dr. Hennessy believes that psychologists should analyze only human conduct that can be observed, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives. He is most likely a strict _____________. A. humanistic psychologist B. functionalist C. behaviorist D. social psychologist
C. behaviorist
Ed, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in how the environment impacts tendencies to act. He believed that focusing on the mind through introspection was not scientific. Ed was most likely a: A. structuralist. B. functionalist. C. behaviorist. D. psychoanalyst.
C. behaviorist.
Repression is an example of: A. interference. B. absent-mindedness. C. blocking. D. suggestibility.
C. blocking.
According to structuralism, A. our experiences during childhood are a powerful force in the development of our adult personality. B. psychology is a sub-discipline of philosophy. C. breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior. D. psychology is an empirical science which is independent of medicine and physiology.
C. breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior.
When a nerve impulse reaches the transmissive segment of a neuron, A. calcium is pumped into the neuron and neurotransmitter diffuses out through channels. B. calcium is released from the neuron along with neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles. C. calcium diffuses into the neuron and neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis. D. calcium and neurotransmitter diffuse into the synaptic knob. E. calcium is immediately pumped out of the neuron and vesicles of neurotransmitter undergo phagocytosis.
C. calcium diffuses into the neuron and neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis.
The string of digits 17749991941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 177, 999,1941 in a process called ____________ makes it easier. A. method of loci B. deep processing C. chunking D. rehearsing
C. chunking
98. Mia is allergic to the scent of flowers. She sees a flower on a restaurant table, and not even realizing that it is an artificial plastic one, Mia experiences a rapidly palpitating heartbeat and profuse perspiration. This is most likely a result of: A. hypertension. B. atherosclerosis. C. classical conditioning. D. biofeedback.
C. classical conditioning.
Receptors are parts of the nervous system that allow it to A. initiate responses to information. B. process information. C. collect information. D. conduct impulses to muscles.
C. collect information.
According to the Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children between the age of 6 to 11 are in the ______________ stage. A. preoperational B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. sensorimotor
C. concrete operational
Juan, a psychologist, is studying participants' perceptions of the attractiveness of several deodorants in a laboratory. However, as he conducts his study, people are cooking their lunches in the cafeteria nearby, and the smells of onions and fish are making their way into the laboratory. Juan should stop his experiment for the day because the odors of the food is most likely a __________. A. nocebo B. control variable C. confounding variable D. a placebo
C. confounding variable
One of Alfred Kinsey's contributions to the scientific study of sex was his method of __________. A. carefully observing the real-world sexual behavior of primates B. selecting samples of people worldwide to study human sexual tendencies C. considering sexual orientation on a continuum D. using representative sampling for studying sexual behavior
C. considering sexual orientation on a continuum
Scores from the WAIS can be successfully used to estimate both one's academic class rank in high school and one's college grade point average. This indicates that the test has __________. A. internal reliability B. variable reliability C. construct validity D. predictive validity
C. construct validity
53. In the context of stress hormones and the brain, _____ has a profound effect on the hippocampus, a brain structure that plays a pivotal role in memory. A. testosterone B. insulin C. cortisol D. dopamine
C. cortisol
When a muscle relaxes, A. crossbridges form and muscle extensibility returns the muscle to rest length. B. crossbridges form and muscle elasticity returns the muscle to rest length. C. crossbridges stop forming and muscle elasticity returns the muscle to rest length. D. crossbridges stop forming and muscle extensibility returns the muscle to rest length
C. crossbridges stop forming and muscle elasticity returns the muscle to rest length.
Whether a result holds or not, new predictions can be generated from the data, leading in turn to new studies. This is why the process of scientific discovery is ___________. A. repetitive B. replicative C. cumulative D. degradative
C. cumulative
As an RN, you diligently practice proper hand washing technique when your hands are visibly dirty. Which of the following terms appropriately describes the type of antimicrobial control provided by hand washing with soap and water? A. sterilization B. disinfection C. decontamination D. antisepsis
C. decontamination
During Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, called the concrete operational stage (ages 6-11), children ____________. A. gain the ability to systematically solve problems without resorting to trial and error B. gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems C. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events D. develop the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed
C. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events
Nine-year-old Jen has learnt to control her tears when she is in a social gathering. She also knows when it is appropriate to smile in public. Based on this information, it can be said that Jen has _____________. A. developed social referencing B. achieved object permanence C. developed emotional competence D. mastered animistic thinking
C. developed emotional competence
Steve is conducting a research on how cell phones and other electronic methods of communication have changed the way teenagers interact with others. This information indicates that Steve is a(n) ______________ psychologist. A. educational B. clinical C. developmental D. evolutionary
C. developmental
Rather than tightly coupled synapses between neurons and muscle cells, single-unit smooth muscle contains A. gap junctions that connect neurons to smooth muscle cells. B. varicosities of a subset of muscle fibers so that individual cells can be separately stimulated. C. diffuse junctions where neuron varicosities are responsible for neurotransmitter release. D. plaques and caveolae that contain multiple hormone receptors for discrete endocrine control.
C. diffuse junctions where neuron varicosities are responsible for neurotransmitter release.
While preparing to insert the urinary catheter, the patient moves her leg and touches the sterile field. What is the most appropriate action for you to take as the RN? A. continue the procedure and place the catheter appropriately B. clean the catheter with alcohol, and then continue the procedure C. discard the sterile field and obtain new supplies D. clean the catheter with iodine, and then continue the procedure
C. discard the sterile field and obtain new supplies
The major limitation of the correlational approach is that it: A. is not useful when the experimenter cannot manipulate or control the variables. B. increases the probability of social desirability bias. C. does not establish whether one variable actually causes the other or vice versa. D. fails to accurately record the thoughts and feelings of people.
C. does not establish whether one variable actually causes the other or vice versa.
Roxanne knows she will remember her wedding day forever. First, however, her wedding memories have to process in her working memory and temporarily store in: A. implicit memory. B. procedural memory. C. episodic buffer. D. automatic processing.
C. episodic buffer.
Research shows that flies bred to have an excess of CREB exhibited: A. olfactory deficits. B. an inability to remember their offspring. C. excellent memories. D. aggression toward unfamiliar flies.
C. excellent memories.
A(n) ___________ is characterized by the experimental manipulation of a predicted cause. A. hypothesis B. assignment C. experiment D. theory
C. experiment
The ______________ stage of prenatal development begins 8 weeks after conception. A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. blastocyst
C. fetal
Common sense, rather than the scientific method, is used by: A. research psychologists. B. clinical psychologists. C. folk psychologists. D. social psychologists.
C. folk psychologists.
Which of the following is not true of chloramines? A. contains chlorine B. can sanitize and disinfect C. form trihalomethanes with organic compounds D. is safer than free chlorine E. treats wounds and skin surfaces
C. form trihalomethanes with organic compounds
All of the following pertain to hypochlorites except A. release hypochlorous acid in solution. B. cause denaturation of enzymes. C. found in iodophors. D. used to disinfect dairy, restaurant, and medical equipment. E. found in common household bleach.
C. found in iodophors.
Erik Erikson proposed that in midlife one confronts the crisis between ____________. A. career and family B. intimacy and isolation C. generativity versus stagnation D. creativity and conventionality
C. generativity versus stagnation
The ____________ stage of development begins at conception and lasts for two weeks. A. embryonic B. fetal C. germinal D. cephalocaudal
C. germinal
One feature that helps provide fast energy to a muscle cell is the presence of granules containing the complex carbohydrate A. creatine phosphate. B. myoglobin. C. glycogen. D. nebulin. E. hemoglobin.
C. glycogen.
Mary is a coffee lover. However, heeding her friend's advice, she resolves to stop her coffee consumption for good. Mary is most likely to show the withdrawal effect of: A. increased energy. B. elated mood. C. headache. D. increased concentration.
C. headache.
Memory consolidation takes place in the: A. amygdala. B. prefrontal cortex. C. hippocampus. D. pons.
C. hippocampus.
Abdul looks around in his house for his wallet but cannot find it. He realizes that the last time he saw his wallet was at the grocery store. He looks in the freezer and finds his wallet next to the ice cream he bought at the store. Abdul's forgetfulness most likely occurred because: A. the memory of his wallet was transient. B. the memory of the ice cream had persistence. C. his attention was divided. D. he experienced proactive interference.
C. his attention was divided.
When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously know that one remembers it, then one is said to be tapping into: A. semantic memory. B. explicit memory. C. implicit memory. D. episodic memory.
C. implicit memory.
In lab, inoculating loops are sterilized using A. moist heat. B. chemicals. C. incineration. D. filtration. E. ethylene oxide.
C. incineration.
With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants show odd, conflicted behaviors in the strange situation. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disoriented D. insecure-attached
C. insecure-disoriented
Nathan is a budding lawyer experiencing troubled sleep. Let alone the occasional disturbed sleep, he takes not less than two hours to fall asleep. Even though he has been getting sleep at times since the last three weeks, he complains of not feeling rested after a night's sleep. Nathan's symptoms suggest that he suffers from: A. Kleine-Levin Syndrome. B. hypersomnia. C. insomnia. D. somniphobia.
C. insomnia.
According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the conflict of old age is between _________________. A. intimacy and isolation B. career and family C. integrity and despair D. generativity and stagnation
C. integrity and despair
In the fourth step of the scientific method, scientists use mathematical techniques to ______ the results and determine whether they are significant and whether they closely fit the prediction. A. communicate B. replicate C. interpret D. observe
C. interpret
While sleeping, a person's awareness: A. is consistent. B. is heightened. C. is greatly diminished. D. disappears.
C. is greatly diminished.
Three-year-old Devesh gets upset because he believes his sister's glass has more juice than his glass does. Both of them have the same amounts of juice but Devesh is confused because of the difference in the shape of their juice glasses. According to Piaget, this would be an example of Devesh's: A. egocentrism. B. animistic thinking. C. lack of conservation. D. lack of understanding of object permanence.
C. lack of conservation.
Events of excitation contraction coupling, such as the release of calcium from intracellular stores, occur during the ________ period of a muscle twitch. A. relaxation B. contraction C. latent
C. latent
Memories of one's first pet and how to read reside in: A. short-term memory. B. sensory memory. C. long-term memory. D. primary memory.
C. long-term memory.
Psyche, the root word of "psychology," comes from the Greek for _____________. A. heart B. soul C. mind D. personality
C. mind
People show signs of intentional behavior when they are: A. in an unconscious state. B. comatose. C. minimally conscious. D. in a subconscious state.
C. minimally conscious.
Institutions conducting research should evaluate every proposed study's beneficence, which is: A. each participant's guarantee that no personal, and confidential information will be revealed. B. each person's awareness that he or she can discontinue participation at any time. C. minimizing costs for participants and maximizing benefits. D. the extent to which the participant knows his or her role in the study.
C. minimizing costs for participants and maximizing benefits.
Catecholamines are a subtype of __________ neurotransmitter. A. acetylcholine B. neuropeptide C. monoamine D. amino acid E. soluble gas
C. monoamine
The ______ of intelligence holds that the different aspects of intelligence are distinct enough that numerous abilities must be considered, not just one. A. two-factor theory B. expectancy theory C. multiple-factor theory D. g-factor theory
C. multiple-factor theory
The question "How are you intelligent?" is best answered by a theory based on the ______. A. crystallized theory of intelligence B. g-factor theory of intelligence C. multiple-factor theory of intelligence D. fluid theory of intelligence
C. multiple-factor theory of intelligence
A nerve impulse travels fastest along ________ axons of ______ diameter. A. myelinated, small B. unmyelinated, small C. myelinated, large D. unmyelinated, large
C. myelinated, large
According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, a botanist and a hunter in a primitive society would both have a high level of __________. A. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence B. linguistic intelligence C. naturalistic intelligence D. interpersonal intelligence
C. naturalistic intelligence
Chan Lee, an Asian primatologist, studied different groups of gorillas over a period of 18 years. She studied them daily in the subtropical forests of Africa to understand their mating and reproductive habits. Based on her observations, Chan found that male gorillas are ready to mate when they are 15 years of age. In this scenario, descriptive method of research used by Chan can be best termed as a(n) ___________. A. interview B. case study C. naturalistic observation D. survey
C. naturalistic observation
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system is the A. astrocyte. B. ependymal cell. C. neurolemmocyte. D. microglial cell. E. oligodendrocyte.
C. neurolemmocyte.
Gray matter is a measure of the number of ___________. A. axons B. myelins C. neurons D. lobes
C. neurons
Hebb's law states that: A. neurons release the same set of transmitters at all of their synapses. B. the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. C. neurons that fire together wire together. D. when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron, there is a temporary change in the receiving neuron.
C. neurons that fire together wire together.
One of the pitfalls of collecting data via large-scale interviews and surveys is that: A. they do not involve specific questions. B. they cannot be carried out over the Internet. C. one can get biased responses. D. they cannot be used to question individuals on topics such as abortion, capital punishment, or gay marriage.
C. one can get biased responses.
The hyperpolarization that occurs at the end of an action potential is due to the prolonged A. open state of voltage-gated sodium channels. B. closure of chemically gated sodium channels. C. open state of voltage-gated potassium channels. D. closure of voltage-gated potassium channels. E. open state of chemically gated sodium channels.
C. open state of voltage-gated potassium channels.
The female gonads are called _____________. A. vagina B. fallopian tubes C. ovaries D. uteri
C. ovaries
A recent meta-analysis of 16 prospective studies on sleep and mortality revealed that: A. people who slept less than six to eight hours showed greater longevity. B. people who slept more than six to eight hours showed greater longevity. C. people who slept between six to eight hours a day lived longer. D. sleep is unrelated to an individual's mortality.
C. people who slept between six to eight hours a day lived longer.
Dr. Hansen is conducting a study to understand whether or not one's level of extraversion stays the same from infancy to adulthood. She is most likely a _____________. A. geneticist B. cognitive psychologist C. personality psychologist D. doctor of osteopathy
C. personality psychologist
Storing and recalling a shopping list is an everyday example of the function of the: A. visuospatial sketch pad. B. central executive. C. phonological loop. D. episodic buffer.
C. phonological loop.
Increased phosphate ion concentration is believed to contribute to fatigue by interfering with A. calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. B. levels of available ATP to provide energy for contraction. C. phosphate release by myosin heads during crossbridge cycling. D. ACh release by synaptic knobs of motor neurons.
C. phosphate release by myosin heads during crossbridge cycling.
Five percent is the most frequent choice made by psychological researchers, regarding an acceptable level of chance, and is referred to as the __________. A. variance B. statistical inference C. probability level D. standard deviation
C. probability level
The function of myelin is to A. block the transmission of a nerve impulse. B. provide points of attachment for nerve threads. C. produce faster nerve impulse propagation. D. produce slow but continuous impulse conduction.
C. produce faster nerve impulse propagation.
Around the turning of the 20th century, Sigmund Freud developed a form of therapy known as _____________. A. cognitive-behavioral therapy B. aversion therapy C. psychoanalysis D. behavior modification
C. psychoanalysis
99. Research in the early 1980s gave credence to Hans Selye's belief that __________. A. psychological processes and immune processes are discrete in nature B. immune cells have receptors for stress hormones but cannot themselves produce them C. psychological processes and immune processes interact D. immune cells cannot produce certain stress hormones
C. psychological processes and immune processes interact
Psychology can be considered as a modern empirical science because: A. psychology originates from medicine. B. psychology is based on the laws of nature. C. psychologists test predictions about behavior with systematic observations and by gathering data. D. psychologists believe that human beings create knowledge from reflection and thinking.
C. psychologists test predictions about behavior with systematic observations and by gathering data.
Sarah is observing high school students use Facebook and Skype. Her purpose is to see how these students perceive information, how they acquire and use language, and how these media change the way they communicate in the society. She is most likely a student of: A. anthropology. B. human resource management. C. psychology. D. history.
C. psychology.
A(n) ____________ design can be defined as a research method that makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups. A. experimental B. descriptive C. quasi-experimental D. correlational
C. quasi-experimental
Denji, a 44-year-old man, almost gets hit by a car while crossing a road. He suddenly remembers being in a terrible car accident as a small child. His father confirms that it did, indeed, happen, but they never discussed it with Denji. Psychologists would call this a(n): A. false memory. B. autobiographical memory. C. recovered memory. D. repressed memory.
C. recovered memory.
12. Life Change Units used in the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) are best described as the: A. relative stress values assigned by an individual experiencing stress based on his or her perception of the situation. B. number of frustrating or irritable situations a person finds himself or herself in on a daily basis. C. relative stress values of life-changing events derived on the basis of previous studies. D. number of life-changing experiences a person faces in his or her lifetime.
C. relative stress values of life-changing events derived on the basis of previous studies.
Someone who has posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will: A. experience a shift from one personality to another when under extreme stress. B. alternate between feelings of extreme hopelessness and extreme elation. C. relive an extremely traumatic event over and over. D. experience neurological symptoms such as blindness and paralysis with no organic cause.
C. relive an extremely traumatic event over and over.
5. The _____ focuses on the physiological changes that occur when an individual encounters an excessively challenging situation. A. stimulus view of stress B. relational view of stress C. response view of stress D. psychological view of stress
C. response view of stress
The inability to remember the name of a person only minutes after meeting her, even if he repeats her name immediately after hearing it, is a common __________ problem. A. structural B. morphological C. retrieval D. positioning
C. retrieval
Keith first studied for his sociology exam and then for his psychology exam in the same evening. When it was time for him to take his sociology exam, all he could remember was psychology material. Keith's forgetting is an example of: A. retrograde amnesia. B. proactive interference. C. retroactive interference. D. anterograde amnesia.
C. retroactive interference
The type of neuronal circuit that ensures that we continue to breathe while asleep is a _____________ circuit. A. converging B. diverging C. reverberating D. parallel-after-discharge E. None of the choices is correct.
C. reverberating
The type of neuronal circuit that uses feedback to produce a repeated, cyclical stimulation of the circuit is a _____________ circuit. A. converging B. diverging C. reverberating D. parallel-after-discharge E. None of the choices is correct.
C. reverberating
For relaxation to occur, A. calcium leaves the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and troponin binds calcium and blocks the binding sites on actin. B. calcium enters the myofibril, it detaches from myosin, and the binding sites on myosin become inactive. C. sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin. D. extracellular calcium levels fall, calcium is pumped into the myofibril, and tropomyosin slides away from actin.
C. sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin.
The membranous network that wraps around myofibrils and holds relatively high concentrations of calcium is known as the A. sarcolemma. B. T-tubule. C. sarcoplasmic reticulum. D. sarcomere. E. Golgi body.
C. sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Psychology gained its independence from philosophy when researchers started to examine and test human sensations and perception using ______________ methods. A. abstract B. behavioral C. scientific D. reflection
C. scientific
Following damage to axons nearby, oligodendrocytes A. secrete growth factors. B. do not secrete any chemicals. C. secrete growth-inhibitory molecules. D. grow their own fibers to occupy the space.
C. secrete growth-inhibitory molecules.
The ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others is termed as: A. sustained attention. B. focused attention. C. selective attention. D. Stroop effect.
C. selective attention.
Hovan remembers the names of the presidents of the United States of America in the order in which they held office. Some would say that he has a pretty good ____________ memory. A. priming B. working C. semantic D. implicit
C. semantic
According to Piaget, mastering object permanence is the hallmark of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. sensorimotor D. preoperational
C. sensorimotor
The __________________ glands are also called gonads. A. parathyroid B. adrenaline C. sex D. alveolar
C. sex
Infants cannot see as well as adults until they are at least ___________ months old. A. two B. four C. six D. eight
C. six
According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the _____________ child is mildly intense in his or her reactions to new situations and mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating. A. difficult B. conventional C. slow-to-warm-up D. easy
C. slow-to-warm-up
The latchbridge mechanism of myosin heads is a property of ________ muscle. A. cardiac B. skeletal C. smooth
C. smooth
The type of muscle fibers that have only a single nucleus, both thick and thin filaments, but no Z discs, are A. skeletal. B. cardiac. C. smooth. D. cardiac and smooth. E. cardiac and skeletal.
C. smooth.
When multiple presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter at various locations onto the postsynaptic neuron at the same time, this results in A. suprathreshold hyperpolarization. B. temporal summation. C. spatial summation. D. several action potentials.
C. spatial summation.
The removal of all life forms from inanimate objects is termed A. antisepsis. B. disinfection. C. sterilization. D. decontamination. E. degerming.
C. sterilization.
Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment with a procedure known as the ____________. A. prison study B. obedience experiment C. strange situation D. line judgment task
C. strange situation
The narrow space that separates the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber in a neuromuscular junction is called the A. motor end plate. B. synaptic vesicle. C. synaptic cleft. D. synaptic knob.
C. synaptic cleft.
The electrochemical gradient refers to A. the difference in concentration of a substance between two areas. B. the difference in electrical charge between two areas. C. the combination of electrical and chemical gradients between two areas. D. the resistance a membrane has to allowing any charged chemical to pass through it.
C. the combination of electrical and chemical gradients between two areas.
Clinical psychology can be best defined as the study of: A. how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. B. how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span. C. the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, and the promotion of psychological health. D. what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.
C. the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, and the promotion of psychological health.
Researchers design a study in which neither the participants nor the investigators interacting with them know whether the participants have been assigned to a control group or to an experimental group because: A. in this design, it is easier to statistically analyze the results of the study. B. in this design, it is easier to ensure group memberships are representative. C. the experimenters' expectancies might influence the participants' behavior. D. participation in the study would decrease if people had this knowledge beforehand.
C. the experimenters' expectancies might influence the participants' behavior.
The defining anatomical feature of Alzheimer's is ____________. A. the presence of bromelain in the brain B. the absence of synapses in the frontal cortex C. the presence of patches of dead tissue in the brain D. the absence of neurons in the posterior cortex
C. the presence of patches of dead tissue in the brain
From the list that Jill made for a shopping trip to the grocery store, she could recall only the items in the beginning and in the end of a list. This is called: A. a Type I error. B. a heuristic. C. the serial position effect. D. retrograde amnesia.
C. the serial position effect.
In the late 19th century, Mary Whiton Calkins observed an interesting phenomenon if short-term memory called: A. the law of primacy. B. the reminiscence bump. C. the serial position effect. D. free recall.
C. the serial position effect.
Gardner and Sternberg did not consider the Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests to be valid measures of intelligence because __________. A. the tests viewed intelligence as a collection of multiple abilities rather than as a single ability B. the tests measured aspects such as emotional, social and kinesthetic intelligence C. the tests measured only verbal, spatial, and mathematical forms of intelligence D. the tests did not provide the same results consistently when taken at different times
C. the tests measured only verbal, spatial, and mathematical forms of intelligence
The term ______________ refers to our knowledge and ideas of how other people's minds work. A. cognitive programming B. pruning C. theory of mind D. animistic thinking
C. theory of mind
Quinn, who is in pre-school, was the only child to see the teacher take crackers out of the cracker box and fill the box with potato chips instead. When asked what the other children will expect to find in the cracker box, Quinn says "potato chips." This response is evidence that Quinn lacks: A. object permanence. B. conservation. C. theory of mind. D. egocentrism.
C. theory of mind.
Philip Shaw and colleagues in 2006 demonstrated that the brains of highly intelligent children, as compared to the brains of children with average intelligence, have a _____________. A. thicker frontal cortex at age seven B. thinner cortex at age nine C. thicker frontal cortex at midadolescence D. thinner cortex at age nineteen
C. thicker frontal cortex at midadolescence
As compared to musicians, nonmusicians have ___________. A. larger cerebellums B. more neurons C. thinner corpus callosum D. fewer synapses
C. thinner corpus callosum
Acetylcholine is released from a neuron A. by a primary active transport pump. B. by rapid diffusion when a voltage-gated ion channel opens for it. C. through exocytosis when a vesicle fuses with the membrane. D. by conduction through a gap junction from nerve to muscle.
C. through exocytosis when a vesicle fuses with the membrane.
Intermittent sterilization, which uses three days of lower temperature steam for short periods of time, is also called A. pasteurization. B. incubation. C. tyndallization. D. disinfection. E. dessication.
C. tyndallization.
According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is based on: A. avoidance of punishments. B. the social consequences of an action. C. universal moral principles. D. individual moral temperaments
C. universal moral principles.
A graded potential is one that A. is all or none (always the same intensity). B. travels the length of the nerve fiber (is long-distance). C. varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus (larger voltage change for stronger stimulus). D. lasts for several seconds after ion channels have opened, closed, and reset.
C. varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus (larger voltage change for stronger stimulus).
split brain studies
Corpus callosum cut in patients with severe epilepsy, allowing researchers to investigate the extent to which brain function is lateralized.
Which of the following is true of nicotine? A. It reduces heart rate. B. It relaxes the autonomic nervous system. C. It arouses the skeletal muscles. D. It increases respiration rate.
D. It increases respiration rate.
According to Cobb et al., 2010, which of the following is found to be the most distracting while driving causing significantly slower reaction times? A. Chatting with someone in the vehicle B. Using the phone with a hands-free device C. Eating D. Texting
D. Texting
Which of the following is true of REM? A. It is characterized by delta waves on ECG. B. It is a sound and dreamless sleep. C. It is characterized by total lack of muscular activity. D. It is characterized by active dreaming.
D. It is characterized by active dreaming.
Find the correct statement about the embryonic stage: A. It begins immediately after the zygote divides. B. It begins when the fertilized egg is a single-celled zygote. C. It starts at the moment of implantation. D. It is marked by the formation of the major organs.
D. It is marked by the formation of the major organs.
According to the author, the first attitude of science is __________. A. practical thinking B. intellectual honesty C. questioning skepticism D. questioning authority
D. questioning authority
Which of the following do magic tricks take advantage of? A. Audience's sustained attention B. Audience's divided attention C. Audience's short attention span D. Audience's focused attention
D. Audience's focused attention
Which of the following is used in anesthesia to pacify people during certain medical procedures? A. Vasodilators B. Benzodiazepines C. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D. Barbiturates
D. Barbiturates
Which of the following refers to a widely-held scientific belief in the 1950s? A. Dreams occurred in the passive state of sleep. B. The brain was active throughout sleep. C. Dreaming happened in the inactive stage of sleep. D. The brain was relatively inactive during sleep.
D. The brain was relatively inactive during sleep.
In which state will a person be wakeful but not very aware? A. Active B. Daydreaming C. Cogitating D. Vegetative
D. Vegetative
What are the two aspects of consciousness? A. Alertness and wakefulness B. Awareness and control C. Memory and alertness D. Wakefulness and awareness
D. Wakefulness and awareness
Which of the following is an example of naturalistic observation? A. A biological psychologist manipulates the caffeine dosages administered to rats and records the running distances of the rats. B. A cognitive psychologist who is interested in problem solving asks groups of twenty-year-olds, forty-year-olds, and sixty-year-olds to solve a word puzzle. C. A clinical psychologist carefully considers his client's responses to questions about her childhood. D. A developmental psychologist watches, from behind a hidden window, the play patterns of four-year-olds.
D. A developmental psychologist watches, from behind a hidden window, the play patterns of four-year-olds.
Which of the following is the first process in researcher Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory? A. Retrieving information from memory B. Rehearsing the stored process C. Storing information about a stimulus D. Attending to a stimulus
D. Attending to a stimulus
From the following, identify an accurate statement about behavioral measures. A. Behavioral measurement does not require too much time to collect and code the data. B. It is possible to collect data on a large number of participants at once, and therefore behavioral measures are very useful for large-scale studies. C. People are not able to modify their behavior while they are being observed, watched, and/or measured using behavioral measures. D. Behavioral measures involve the systematic observation of people's actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting.
D. Behavioral measures involve the systematic observation of people's actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting.
______ can diagnose disorders of technology use but also use the same technologies to help treat people with various kinds of disorders. A. Personality psychologists B. Cognitive psychologists C. Developmental psychologists D. Clinical psychologists
D. Clinical psychologists
Which of the following statements regarding correlational studies is true? A. The major advantage of the correlational approach is that it establishes whether one variable actually causes the other. B. Correlations range between -1.00 and +1.00, with coefficients near -1.00 indicating that there is no relationship between the two variables. C. Correlational studies are useful when the variables can be easily manipulated or controlled. D. Correlational designs measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another.
D. Correlational designs measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another.
Which of the following statements is true regarding crystallized intelligence? A. Crystallized intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning. B. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence crystallized intelligence. C. Typically, crystallized intelligence is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. D. Crystallized intelligence is strengthened in middle adulthood.
D. Crystallized intelligence is strengthened in middle adulthood.
_______________ is an unusual degree of loss in cognitive functions and includes memory problems and difficulty reasoning, solving problems, making decisions, and using language. A. Bipolar disorder B. Cerebral palsy C. Huntington's disease D. Dementia
D. Dementia
Pauline was born with a chromosomal disorder. She was diagnosed to have three rather than two number 21 chromosomes. She also suffered from learning disabilities. Her intellectual disability is a result of __________. A. Edward's syndrome B. Asperger's syndrome C. Fragile X syndrome D. Down syndrome
D. Down syndrome
Which is true regarding the action of a neurolemmocyte? A. Each neurolemmocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously. B. A neurolemmocyte is responsible for forming part of the blood-brain barrier. C. Neurolemmocytes function only within the CNS. D. Each neurolemmocyte can wrap only a 1 mm portion of a single axon. E. A neurolemmocyte attacks pathogens.
D. Each neurolemmocyte can wrap only a 1 mm portion of a single axon.
67. After breaking up with her boyfriend, Kira avoids any further contact with him and goes on a vacation with her girlfriends. What strategy is Kira using to alleviate stress? A. Emotional disclosure B. Reappraisal C. Problem-focused coping D. Emotion-focused coping
D. Emotion-focused coping
69. Martha, recently widowed, is a young working mother who remains stressed for a major part of the day. Loneliness, professional pressure, and the need to single-handedly look after her toddler are making her distraught. She visits a psychiatrist who instructs her to write about a traumatic emotional experience she recently had but could not share with anyone. She gives her fifteen minutes to do the same. In this scenario, which of the following technique is Martha's psychiatrist employing? A. Sensory deprivation B. Empathic listening C. Reappraisal D. Emotional disclosure
D. Emotional disclosure
______________ are quick and ready response patterns that tell us whether something is good or bad for our well-being. A. Habits B. Chance mutations C. Softwirings D. Emotions
D. Emotions
Which of the following tasks is most likely to be performed by a forensic psychologist? A. Applying principles of psychology to the selection and training of employees B. Evaluating the effectiveness of a particular teaching technique C. Providing career counseling to students of criminal justice D. Evaluating the state of mind of a defendant at the time of a crime
D. Evaluating the state of mind of a defendant at the time of a crime
Which of the following statements is true regarding fetal vision? A. Vision gets fully developed during the germinal stage. B. By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, the vision of the fetus is very much like that of an adult. C. At birth, infants are far-sighted. D. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.
D. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.
_______________ is the number of times a particular score occurs in a set of data. A. Variance B. Standard deviation C. Percentile D. Frequency
D. Frequency
54. Which of the following plays a pivotal role in memory? A. Thalamus B. Temporal lobe C. Corpus callosum D. Hippocampus
D. Hippocampus
Which of the following best describes adaptive behavior? A. How a person takes on the personality characteristics of his social group B. How a person survives and copes after a traumatic life event C. How well a person understands symbolism and nonverbal communication D. How well a person adjusts to and copes with everyday life
D. How well a person adjusts to and copes with everyday life
What are current IQ scores based on? A. How well a person does on tests relative to the norms that are established by testing people of different ages B. How well a person does on any given test based on the aptitudes for different intelligences relative to the general population C. How well a person does on tests relative to the average scores of the general population D. How well a person does on tests relative to norms established by testing people of the same age
D. How well a person does on tests relative to norms established by testing people of the same age
Which of the following best describes the theory of intelligence propounded by John Carroll? A. Intelligence does not depend on inherent ability but on acquired knowledge. B. Intelligence comprises into two parts: fluid and crystalline. C. Intelligence is a function of eight distinct skills. D. Intelligence consists of three levels, arranged in a hierarchy.
D. Intelligence consists of three levels, arranged in a hierarchy.
_____________ are a widely-used technique for gaining information about peoples' thoughts and behaviors. A. Correlational designs B. Naturalistic observations C. Case studies D. Interviews
D. Interviews
How can concentration meditation help an individual? A. It can lead to an increase in impulsive responding. B. It can lead to an increase in constant attention shifts. C. It can lead to an increase in divided attention. D. It can lead to an increase in sustained attention.
D. It can lead to an increase in sustained attention.
Which of the following best describes the function of the visuospatial sketch pad? A. It permanently stores important distance and travel information, like one's route home. B. It serves as a mental canvas on which thinkers can mentally perform spatial rotation tasks. C. It provides long-term storage for three-dimensional memories. D. It provides brief storage for images, scenes, and photos.
D. It provides brief storage for images, scenes, and photos.
The Binet test was adapted for American students by __________. A. William Stern B. David Wechsler C. Theodore Simon D. Lewis Terman
D. Lewis Terman
What structures extend into the axon and dendrite of a neuron to provide tensile strength? A. Motor filaments B. Nissl bodies C. Telodendria D. Neurofibrils E. Collateral fibers
D. Neurofibrils
Which of the following is ethically permissible while conducting research on humans? A. Not protecting the privacy and confidentiality of the participants B. Not informing the participants of the exact purposes of the study C. Not telling the participants that they might experience physical pain D. Not informing the participants of the research hypothesis
D. Not informing the participants of the research hypothesis
Scrubbing or immersing the skin in chemicals to reduce the numbers of microbes on the skin is A. disinfection. B. sterilization. C. antisepsis. D. sanitization. E. ionization.
D. sanitization.
71. Which of the following is true of the effects of confession on stress? A. Emotional disclosure is usually detrimental to health as doing so offers no solution to tackle the issue. B. Confession can reinforce the negative feelings toward people or things, causing a relapse. C. Confession can prove bad in the long run as it may backfire if a person wallows in self-pity. D. Not working through or dealing with troublesome emotions can be taxing for an individual.
D. Not working through or dealing with troublesome emotions can be taxing for an individual.
______________ is the science of understanding individuals—animals as well as people. A. Archaeology B. Sociology C. Anthropology D. Psychology
D. Psychology
In which of the following does each participant have an equal chance of being placed in each group? A. Surveys B. Naturalistic studies C. Interviews D. Random assignments
D. Random assignments
What was the findings of the experiment that yielded scientific evidence for selective attention? A. Recall was equally bad for both ears. B. Recall was worse for the attended ear. C. Recall was equally good for both ears. D. Recall was better for the attended ear.
D. Recall was better for the attended ear.
Which of the following is true about stress? A. Only unpleasant events cause people to get stressed. B. Stress does not cause physiological changes in a person. C. External events have no effect on stress. D. Responses to overwhelming events is termed as stress.
D. Responses to overwhelming events is termed as stress.
Which is not a protein found in thin filaments? A. Actin B. Troponin C. Tropomyosin D. Sarcomyosin E. No exceptions; all are found in thin filaments
D. Sarcomyosin
Which of the following is an accurate statement about self-report questionnaires? A. In self-report questionnaires, the answers are often open-ended and not constrained by the researcher. B. In self-report questionnaires, people are always the best sources of information about themselves. C. Self-report questionnaires are widely used in psychological research as they help in avoiding social desirability bias. D. Self-report questionnaires are easy to use, especially in the context of collecting data from a large number of people at once.
D. Self-report questionnaires are easy to use, especially in the context of collecting data from a large number of people at once.
85. Which of the following refers to the central tenet of psychosomatic theory? A. Hereditary factors are exclusively responsible for influencing a person's susceptibility to diseases. B. Mental and emotional factors do not have any bearing on a person's susceptibility to diseases. C. Illnesses and disorders begin in a person's mindset and are purely mental rather than physical. D. Stress increases a person's susceptibility to diseases.
D. Stress increases a person's susceptibility to diseases.
Dr. Ahmed calculated a +0.87 correlation coefficient between the number of days students attended their classes for the semester and their final exam scores. What can he interpret from this finding? A. Students' absences caused them to do well in the final exam. B. Students' absence from classes had no effect on their final exam scores. C. Student attended classes for the semester in large numbers. D. Students who attended classes regularly performed well in exams.
D. Students who attended classes regularly performed well in exams.
According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, which of the following refers to naturalistic intelligence? A. The ability to perceive and understand other people's emotions, motives, and behavior B. The ability to employ one's natural, innate intelligence in problem-solving C. The ability to utilize intelligence that controls our natural reflexes D. The ability to recognize and classify the living organisms in one's environment
D. The ability to recognize and classify the living organisms in one's environment
Which of the following occurs by day seven after conception? A. The sex of the embryo is determined and appropriate genitalia develop. B. Major organs like the heart, kidneys, and the brain begin to develop. C. The sperm attaches itself to the female and egg and forms a zygote. D. The blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall.
D. The blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall.
86. Which of the following models focuses on the behaviors in which people engage, such as diet, exercise, or substance abuse, which may make them more susceptible to illness or may enhance health? A. The physiological reactivity model B. The GAS model C. Psychosomatic theory D. The health behavior approach
D. The health behavior approach
6. Which of the following defines stress as a particular relationship between people and the situations in which they find themselves? A. The stimulus view of stress B. The physiological view of stress C. The psychological view of stress D. The relational view of stress
D. The relational view of stress
The mean score of a batch of students for the midterm exam was 78.2, and the standard deviation was 15.8. The batch's mean score on the final exam was 81.3, with a standard deviation of 4.5. Based on these statistics, which of the following can be interpreted? A. The batch performed much better on the midterm exam than on the final exam. B. The mean revealed how spread out the batch's scores were. C. The most common score on the final exam was lower than the most common score on the midterm exam. D. There was more variability in the scores of the midterm exam than of the final exam.
D. There was more variability in the scores of the midterm exam than of the final exam.
Which of the following topics is most likely to be studied by a developmental psychologist? A. How much of people's personality is reflected in their Facebook profiles? B. Are people who interact extensively with other people via Facebook more or less outgoing than those who do not? C. What is the effect of talking on a hands-free cell phone while driving? D. What is the effect of gender on interest and participation in social networking sites?
D. What is the effect of gender on interest and participation in social networking sites?
When can scientists help ensure accurate and honest presentation of results? A. When they protect their methods of inquiry from others B. When they announce their findings immediately after a study C. When they ignore the data that are contrary to their theory D. When they allow their work to be evaluated by other scientists
D. When they allow their work to be evaluated by other scientists
Myelination proceeds from the _____________ during the period from childhood to adolescence. A. bottom of the brain to the top B. top of the brain to the bottom C. frontal lobes to the back of the brain D. back of the brain to the frontal lobes
D. back of the brain to the frontal lobes
Prior to placement of the central venous line, the patient's skin is scrubbed with chlorhexidine. Which of the following microorganisms are targeted by this chemical agent? A. bacteria B. viruses C. fungi D. bacteria, viruses, and fungi
D. bacteria, viruses, and fungi
23.The automatic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in the stress responses by regulating chiefly the ___________ and ___________ systems. A. respiratory; integumentary B. lymphatic; circulatory C. vestibular; lymphatic D. circulatory; respiratory
D. circulatory; respiratory
Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their first stage in dealing with the end of life is ___________. A. bargaining B. depression C. anger D. denial
D. denial
A(n) ____________ variable is the outcome, or response to an experimental manipulation. A. predictor B. experimental C. categorical D. dependent
D. dependent
In ___________, a researcher makes no prediction and does not try to control any of the variables. A. representative samples B. experiment C. sampling D. descriptive designs
D. descriptive designs
In the context of electronic interactions, being publicly private means: A. connecting with many other people, while being relatively nonpublic about revealing who you are. B. avoiding online interactions with those people whom you have never met face-to-face. C. ensuring that you remove all the traces of your electronic interactions. D. disclosing a lot of details of your private life.
D. disclosing a lot of details of your private life.
Practitioners of pseudoscience: A. conduct carefully planned scientific studies. B. back up their claims with sound, experimental research data. C. allow their findings to be rigorously scrutinized. D. do not challenge or question their own assumptions.
D. do not challenge or question their own assumptions.
Demir is paying careful attention to his class notes and textbook, trying to master the material for an upcoming exam. Demir is engaging in: A. consolidation. B. automatic processing. C. retrieval. D. effortful processing.
D. effortful processing.
Karen has been using her stethoscope for many days to listen to her fetus' heartbeat. Today, for the first time, she detected her fetus' heart beat. Karen must be at least _____________ weeks pregnant. A. two B. five C. six D. eight
D. eight
How well one remembers the material one studies for one's exam begins with one's effective: A. retrieval. B. recognition. C. storage. D. encoding.
D. encoding.
According to research, video games can _____________. A. enhance mathematical skills in adolescents B. impair linguistic skills C. impair motor skills D. enhance cognitive skills such as visual tracking
D. enhance cognitive skills such as visual tracking
Julia vividly remembers the first time she met her boyfriend. This is an example of _____________ memory. A. sensory B. semantic C. implicit D. episodic
D. episodic
With respect to biological species, evolution is based on _____________. A. the tabula rasa concept B. the product of our experiences C. proper parenting skills D. frequency of occurrence of specific genes
D. frequency of occurrence of specific genes
The first step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the ____________ in which they are interested. A. topic of research B. variable C. research design D. group
D. group
When an individual engages in synchronization, she or he: A. hallucinates. B. has a subconscious experience. C. becomes unconscious. D. has a conscious experience.
D. has a conscious experience.
Debriefing is the process of: A. informing participants about the costs and benefits of participation. B. protecting the privacy of participants. C. distributing the benefits and costs of a study equally among participants. D. informing and explaining the exact purposes of a study following data collection.
D. informing and explaining the exact purposes of a study following data collection.
If we compare the human mind with a computer, sensation would be analogous to _____________. A. central processing unit (CPU) B. output C. storage device D. input
D. input
The WAIS and WISC are tests of ___________ that were created by __________. A. mental aptitude; Jung B. creativity; Sterner C. independence; Stanford D. intelligence; Wechsler
D. intelligence; Wechsler
If following Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, an employer sifting through candidates for the role of a team leader would look for someone with high levels of __________. A. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence B. linguistic intelligence C. naturalistic intelligence D. interpersonal intelligence
D. interpersonal intelligence
The ____________ is the arithmetic average of a series of numbers. A. range B. mode C. median D. mean
D. mean
The earliest researchers in psychology examined the subjective experience of physical sensations. This area of study is known as: A. neuroscience. B. philosophy. C. physiology. D. psychophysics.
D. psychophysics.
88. (p. 459) The model of physiological reactivity is rooted in __________. A. behavioral medicine B. occupational health psychology C. applied psychology D. psychosomatic medicine
D. psychosomatic medicine
The process of using a cleansing technique to mechanically remove and reduce microorganisms and debris to safe levels is A. disinfection. B. sterilization. C. antisepsis. D. sanitization. E. degermation.
D. sanitization.
Chen is attending a lecture where his professor requests all students to give their undivided attention to an important concept he intends to explain. The professor is actually interested in the students'________ attention. A. focused B. sustained C. alternating D. selective
D. selective
A theory is defined as a: A. practice that appears to be and claims to be a science, even though it does not use the scientific method to come to conclusions. B. set of experiments conducted to confirm the results of a scientific study. C. specific, informed, and testable prediction of what kind of outcome should occur under a particular condition. D. set of related assumptions from which testable predictions can be made.
D. set of related assumptions from which testable predictions can be made.
Psychoanalysis assumes that the unconscious blocking, or repression, of disturbing thoughts and impulses—especially ______________ impulses—is at the heart of all maladaptive adult behavior. A. depressive and unethical B. aggressive and unethical C. illogical and depressive D. sexual and aggressive
D. sexual and aggressive
With EEG technology, scientists were able to learn that: A. the brain can slip into states of minimal consciousness. B. the brain was relatively inactive during sleep. C. there is no distinct pattern of brain activity during sleep. D. sleep changes throughout the night.
D. sleep changes throughout the night.
More than just about any other area of psychology, ______________ psychology lends itself to a rich set of research questions regarding electronic interactions. A. clinical B. positive C. cognitive D. social
D. social
75. The direct effects hypothesis states that: A. social support fails to buffer the impact of stress under certain conditions. B. hostility makes the elicitation of anger less likely and less frequent. C. hostility can increase the likelihood of heart disease through at least two causal routes. D. social support is beneficial to mental and physical health of a person whether or not the person is under stress.
D. social support is beneficial to mental and physical health of a person whether or not the person is under stress.
Which of the following types of control agents would be used to achieve sterility? A. virucide B. bactericide C. germicide D. sporicide E. fungicide
D. sporicide
Sterilization is achieved by A. flash pasteurization. B. hot water. C. boiling water. D. steam autoclave. E. All of the choices are correct.
D. steam autoclave.
The feeling of being in love is attributed to: A. objective consciousness. B. intelligence. C. psychic consciousness. D. subjective consciousness.
D. subjective consciousness.
False memories are an example of: A. interference. B. blocking. C. repression. D. suggestibility.
D. suggestibility.
In medieval Europe from approximately 400 to 1400 CE (Common Era), psychological disorders were attributed to: A. biological issues. B. deeds in past life. C. social status. D. supernatural causes.
D. supernatural causes.
As an axon approaches the cell onto which it will terminate, it generally branches repeatedly into several A. teloaxons. B. dendrites. C. collateral axons. D. telodendria. E. neurolemmocytes.
D. telodendria.
The structure responsible for attaching muscle to bone is a A. sphincter. B. ligament. C. fascia. D. tendon. E. myofibril.
D. tendon.
To ___________ a hypothesis, scientists select one of a number of established research methods, along with the appropriate measurement techniques. A. predict B. observe C. replicate D. test
D. test
The fact that newborns and infants spend so much more time in REM sleep than adults has led some researchers to hypothesize that: A. our brains are most plastic in adulthood. B. the amount of REM sleep increases over a period of time. C. the amount of REM sleep does not affect brain plasticity or neural growth. D. the main function of REM sleep is to assist with brain growth and development.
D. the main function of REM sleep is to assist with brain growth and development.
By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, ___________. A. the head of the fetus has grown to 70% of its adult weight B. the vision of the fetus is fully developed C. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain are complete D. the taste buds of a fetus look very much like an adult's
D. the taste buds of a fetus look very much like an adult's
96. By demonstrating that one could classically condition the suppression of an antibody response to an antigen, Ader and Cohen concluded that: A. the immune system's operation is independent of the working of the central nervous system. B. acquired immunity does not involve endocrine and cellular processes to recognize antigens. C. natural immune response take longer to initiate than acquired immune responses. D. there are connections between the central nervous system and the immune system.
D. there are connections between the central nervous system and the immune system.
After the removal of his hippocampus, Henry Molaison was ______. A. unable to improve on any standard learning task B. unable to recall any events prior to the surgery C. able to intentionally bringing into awareness much of what he remembered D. unable to form new memories
D. unable to form new memories
A neuron conducting an impulse from the stomach wall to the CNS would be classified as a(n) __________ neuron. A. autonomic motor B. somatic sensory C. somatic motor D. visceral sensory
D. visceral sensory
The repolarization of the action potential involves the opening of A. chemically gated Na+ channels. B. voltage-gated Na+ channels. C. chemically gated K+ channels. D. voltage-gated K+ channels.
D. voltage-gated K+ channels.
Gestalt psychology proposed that: A. people learn by making associations. B. breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way we can understand thought and behavior. C. psychology is a sub-discipline of philosophy. D. we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts.
D. we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts.
Personality psychology can be best defined as the study of: A. how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. B. the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought. C. the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. D. what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.
D. what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.
According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the core strength of old age is ________________. A. emotional intelligence B. exuberance C. lack of fear D. wisdom
D. wisdom
framing effect
Decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated.
Which of the following is not a factor that affects germicidal activity? A. the material being treated B. the length of exposure C. the strength of the germicide D. the microorganism being treated E. All of these are factors.
E. All of these are factors.
Which letter is associated with a zone (in a relaxed muscle) that is a little more lightly shaded because only thick filaments are present? A. I B. A C. M D. Z E. H
E. H
Agents that can denature microbial proteins include all of the following except A. moist heat. B. alcohol. C. acids. D. metallic ions. E. X rays.
E. X rays.
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the A. astrocyte. B. ependymal cell. C. neurolemmocyte. D. microglial cell. E. oligodendrocyte.
E. oligodendrocyte.
What is the order of memory?
Encoding ---> storage ----> retrieval
Types of Long Term Memory
Episodic: "I remember when...." Semantic: what i know, (60 minutes in an hour) Procedural: what i can know, (how to play piano)
HW 6
Even though he cannot yet speak, 10-month-old Mikey understands what his father means when he says to Mikey, "You're a good boy!" Which part of Mikey's brain is involved in this language comprehension? Wernicke's area Which of the following speech sounds is baby Lola likely to make first? cooing Which of the following correctly states the sensitivity period hypothesis for language acquisition? Children who are not exposed to human language before a certain age will never fully develop language skills. Sociocultural theorists suggest which of the following with respect to language development? Children learn language by hearing other people speak and interpreting it within context. The pioneering linguist who argued that humans are born with a language acquisition device (LAD) is __________. Noam Chomsky Which of the following provides evidence in favor of the nativist view of language acquisition? -Even babies who are born deaf engage in babbling. -Children learn language with ease. -Language develops in the same way at the same time for children worldwide. Athena, one of the zoo's most popular chimpanzees, will never learn to speak language as humans do because __________. chimps do not have the vocal apparatus that humans do and therefore cannot produce the same speech sounds. Which of the following correctly summarizes the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis? The language we speak shapes our thoughts and our understanding of ideas. "All cars sold by this dealership come with satellite radio. This car was sold by the dealership. Therefore, it must have satellite radio." This line of thinking is known as __________. deductive reasoning Jamal said, "Every time there is an event at the nearby stadium I am late getting home because of all the traffic. Today there is an event at the stadium, so I told my wife I will be late getting home." Jamal has engaged in __________ reasoning. inductive Where does language comprehension occur in the brain? Wernicke's area The entire set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language is known as grammar ______ is the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive. Cognitive psychology What percentage of the population cannot engage in visual imagery at all? 2% Sam is wearing a polo shirt, khakis, and shoes with cleats. More people judge that Sam is more likely going golfing than going bowling, but Sam just couldn't find his tennis shoes and was running late. This is an example of estimating the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event, which is known as the representative heuristic. Although no one knows for sure, it is estimated that grammatical and syntactical language is less than 150,000 to 200,000 years old. Which of the following is not an environmental influence on language? language acquisition device Which of the following theories of language acquisition captures the interaction between nature and nurture? innately guided learning The view that language creates thought as much as thought creates language is also known as the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis. The word ______ means "to know." cognition A ______ is a structure in our mind that stands for something else, such as the external object or thing. mental representation Considering that babies respond to picture books before they learn how to talk, the visual system is probably older, in evolutionary terms, than the verbal system. The process of imagining an object rotating in three-dimensional space is known as mental rotation. Which of the following statements about testosterone, gender, and spatial ability is true? Men with low levels of testosterone and women with high levels of testosterone perform best on spatial skills. What is a concept hierarchy? A concept hierarchy lets us know that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and others specific. Melissa and Kristin are arguing about the right answer to a question on their practice quiz. Melissa says that the right answer requires them to consider all of the facts before making a conclusion. Kristin says the correct answer is on page 74 and they should just copy it. Is Melissa using critical thinking to support her position? Yes, because she is considering the facts before drawing a conclusion. Robyn is writing a research paper and she is frustrated because she can't find some of the information she needs to finish writing it. Her awareness that she is missing some information is an example of metacognition Sarah claims that most people are happy; she knows this because she read it on Wikipedia. Jake concludes that Sarah does not have enough evidence to make the claim that most people are happy. What two elements of critical thinking is Jake demonstrating? Evaluating the argument and forming a conclusion based on the evidence Analyzing the facts is a first step in critical thinking. _______is the ability to recognize when you do or don't know something. Metacognition An important step in critical thinking is evaluating the________. argument A cognitive shortcut that speeds decision making is called a(n) heuristic The availability heuristic suggests that we base the frequencies of events on the ease to which information regarding that event comes to mind. People use heuristics because -they save us time. -they save us cognitive energy. -they often lead to correct responses. Ellen's best friend won the lottery with the numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42. Now, Ellen buys a lottery ticket every day choosing these same numbers, because she is convinced that she too will win. What error in judgment is Ellen making? Rare but highly memorable events that come to mind easily act so as to increase our beliefs they will happen again even when they don't. Which of the following is an example of the availability heuristic? Bill's brother is injured in the bathtub, so Bill will only take showers, because he is afraid that bathtubs are unnecessarily dangerous. By what age does learning a second language become more difficult? 7 Elka is a bilingual German/English speaker. Her college roommate, Christa, a monolingual English speaker, tells her one night, "You are driving me up a wall." Because they are in their dorm room and not driving anywhere, Elka has no idea what Christa means. Christa's sentence is an example of an idiom. In tests of deductive reasoning, bilingual speakers perform better in their native language. Which of the following is a hallmark of metacognition? -accurately knowing what you know -accurately knowing what you do not know -being able to monitor your thinking as you work on a problem In a meta-analysis of a large body of research, Ricciardelli reported that 20 out of 24 published studies found that bilingual students scored higher on ______ tasks than did monolingual students. creativity
T/F Most microbial contaminants of food are killed at freezing temperatures.
FALSE
T/F Pasteurization does not kill endospores or thermoduric microbes.
FALSE
T/F Pasteurization will make milk sterile.
FALSE
T/F Satellite cells are multinucleate.
FALSE
T/F Similar to skeletal muscle cells, all smooth muscle cells are excited by ACh.
FALSE
T/F Smooth muscle cells tend to be shorter but thicker than skeletal muscle cells.
FALSE
T/F The fat and connective tissue that encircle a beef steak form the endomysium.
FALSE
T/F The nervous system contains more neurons than glial cells.
FALSE
T/F The neuromuscular junction is usually located at one of the two ends of the muscle fiber.
FALSE
T/F Voltage-gated potassium channels in a neuron's axon are triggered to open when membrane potential becomes more negative.
FALSE
T/F A sensory neuron detecting an intense stimulus will generate action potentials of greater strength as compared to a sensory neuron detecting a weak stimulus
FALSE (All action potentials are the same strength. Signal strength is coded by varying action potential frequency.)
hindsight bias
I knew it all along phenomenon
Edward Thorndike
Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in intstrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes.
Types of Interference
Proactive: old info hurts recall of new info Retroactive: new info hurts recall of old info (RETRO=OLD)
recognition memory
Recognize whether it is correct, Shallower processing, easier
all-or-none principle
Refers to the fact that the action potential in the axon occurs either full-blown or not at all.
T/F A neuron's membrane contains more potassium leak channels than sodium leak channels.
TRUE
T/F A neurotransmitter binds chemically gated ion channels on the postsynaptic cell, causing a depolarization. Functionally, this neurotransmitter can be classified as excitatory.
TRUE
T/F Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter frequently used in the autonomic nervous system.
TRUE
T/F Aerobic respiration involves the oxidation of pyruvate.
TRUE
T/F Alcohols are more effective at inactivating enveloped viruses than naked viruses.
TRUE
T/F Although severing a peripheral axon leads to some degeneration, the neurilemma remains largely intact.
TRUE
T/F An action potential involves a temporary reversal of polarity across the plasma membrane (that is, the inside of the axon becomes relatively positive compared to the interstitial fluid
TRUE
T/F Analine dyes, like crystal violet, have antimicrobial activity particularly against gram-positive bacteria and some fungi.
TRUE
T/F Any neurotransmitter that generates an IPSP is functionally classified as inhibitory.
TRUE
T/F Cardiac muscle cells tend to be thicker and shorter than skeletal muscle cells.
TRUE
T/F Chemical synapses are more common than electrical synapses.
TRUE
T/F Chlorine and ethylene oxide are sterilizing gases.
TRUE
T/F Compared to slow-twitch fibers, fast-twitch fibers respond to a stimulus with less delay and with a shorter contraction duration.
TRUE
T/F Deep fascia is also known as muscular fascia; it is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.
TRUE
T/F In general, a muscle's resting length is its optimal length for force generation.
TRUE
T/F Nerve impulses are transmitted only along exposed portions of an axon.
TRUE
T/F Neurotransmitter is released from the synaptic knob by exocytosis, and it then diffuses across the synaptic cleft.
TRUE
T/F One main category of neurotransmitters is amino acids.
TRUE
T/F Pseudomonas is resistant to soaps.
TRUE
T/F Saltatory conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along myelinated axons
TRUE
T/F Slow-twitch fibers are specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time without experiencing fatigue.
TRUE
T/F Smooth muscle tissue is found in the organs of the digestive tract, the walls of blood vessels, and the iris.
TRUE
T/F Some inhibitory neurotransmitters exert their effect by causing the opening of chloride channels, which results in the postsynaptic membrane becoming more negative.
TRUE
T/F The T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum are unique to muscle fibers.
TRUE
T/F The connections between the nervous system and skeletal muscle allow for voluntary control of movement.
TRUE
T/F The contraction phase of a muscle twitch has a shorter duration than the relaxation phase.
TRUE
memory attribution
a misremembering assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source,
shaping
a process of behavior modification in which a subject is encouraged to behave in a desired way through positive or negative reinforcement
sensory memory
all info lost within a second or so (not attended to is forgotten)
McGurk Effect
an error in perception that occurs when we misperceive sounds because the audio and visual parts of the speech are mismatched.
human language
an open and symbolic communication system that has rules of grammar and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas
temporal theory
basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the tone, determines pitch by the rate it vibrates
availibility heuristic
basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
Chapter 4 Quiz 1
blind spot The point at which the optic nerve exits the eye is the ________ of the retina It is the smallest amount of change between two stimuli that a person can detect half of the time. What is a difference threshold? Sensory adaptation ________ ensures that we notice changes in stimulation more than stimulation itself. hit A researcher diffuses a few drops of perfume in a house and asks Clara if she can smell it, to which Clara says yes. According to signal detection theory, Clara's response is _______. fovea We see images with the greatest clarity when they are focused on the _______. Feature detectors ________ in the visual cortex analyze the retinal image and respond to specific aspects of shapes, such as angles and movements. Signal detection theory ________ takes into account both stimulus intensity and the decision-making processes people use in detecting a stimulus. iris The colored part of the eye, which is called the _______, adjusts the pupil to control the amount of light entering the eye. accommodation The process by which the muscles control the shape of the lens to adjust to viewing objects at different distances is known as _______. Sensation ________ is the stimulation of our sense organs by the outer world. absolute threshold The lowest intensity levels of a stimuli a person can detect half of the time is known as _______. linear perspective Beth is looking down a path of railroad tracks, and the two rails seem to meet far in the distance. This cue to depth is known as _______. saying that a stimulus is present when it is not. A false alarm is: sensory adaptation Our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses. This process is known as _______. Images focus behind the retina. Nate is farsighted. Which of the following happens to visual images focused on his retina? photoreceptors The cells in the retina (called rods and cones) that convert light energy into nerve energy are called _______. Binocular disparity Which of the following processes allows us to perceive depth due to the distance between images projected on our two retinas? correct rejection A ________ is not reporting a stimulus that is not present. Atmospheric perspective: comes from looking across a vast space into the distance in the outdoors. apparent motion Christopher is looking at a lighted sign on which a rapid succession of a row of lit bulbs appears as a "moving" arrow pointing toward a store. This visual effect is called _______.
Retrieval
calling up information stored in memory (remembering)
tympanic membrane
eardrum, works through mechanical vibration
Herman Ebbinghaus
german psychologist who developed the forgetting curve in the 1880's.
Positive Reinforcement
give an encouraging consequence (coach saying good job)
multiple hypotheses
hard to focus on multiple theories most available not always most correct
According to Sigmund Freud, the level at which the important underlying meaning of our dreams is termed as the:
latent level
observational learning
learned behavior by watching someone else mostly in children greatest effect when model is viewed positively
Operant conditioning
learned consequences of behavior alters future behavior
conditioned response
learned response brought on by conditioned stimuli
social learning theory
learning by model and observational learning
operant conditioning
learning from consequences of behavior
classical conditioning
learning from relationship between stimuli
Operant Conditioning
learning of consequences of the behavior alters future behavior
latent learning
learning that occurs in absence of reinforcement
example of accessory structures
lens of the eye
Transduction
light converted into neural signal in retina by photo-receptors
retina
light rays are focused into an image on the-
Retina
light rays focus into an image here
Retrograde Amnesia
loss of events before an injury; old info cannot be recalled from memory;
Misremembering
memories may become distorted; confidence is not related to accuracy
misremembering
memories may become distorted; confidence is not related to accuracy
false memories
memories that people endorse, but didn't actually happen
State Dependence
memory can be affected by a person's internal state
Which of the following can be classified as an opioid?
morphine
sensory pathway
nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of afferent neurons(send signal to CNS)
Primary processing
neural energy through LGN of Thalamus
proactive
old information hurts the recall of new information
Clive Wearing
only has short term management
top-up processing
perception of the whole is based on our experience and expectations
Top down processing
perception of whole is based on experiences which help people guide perception of smaller detail
Figure ground processing
perceptual processes try to assign something to foreground and meaningless background
intermediate processing
phonemic encoding what is rhymes with
place theory of hearing
pitch determined by peak vibration, not rate but where
recondition
quick relearning of conditioned response after extinction
Maintenance Rehearsal
shallow processing// Repetition: good for short term memory but not long term memory;
maintenance rehearsal
shallow type of rehearsal, repetition, good for short term memory
amplitude
signal strength, base to peak
cochlea
snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid
Long term memory
some info retained indefinitely; some lost with passage of time
context dependent
studying in the same room that you will take the test in will increase chance of remembering, environment must match when it was encoded
Backmasking
subliminal supposed hidden messages musicians recorded backward in their music
Thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla important for memory
somatic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
semantic encoding
the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
visual encoding
the encoding of picture images
acoustic encoding
the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
Axon
the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
Extinction
the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response
automatic attention
the instinctive focus we give to stimuli signaling a change in our surroundings, stimuli that we deem important, or stimuli that we perceive to signal danger
optic chiasm
the point in the brain where the visual field information from each eye "crosses over" to the appropriate side of the brain for processing
informal reasoning
the process of evaluating a conclusion, theory, or course of action on the basis of the believability of evidence
positive punishment
the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus
negative punishment
the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
reconditioning
the quick relearning of a conditioned response following extinction
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
long-term memory
the relatively permanent storage of information, very large storage capacity
Smell
the sense that the Thalamus can not process
peripheral nervous system
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
difference threshold
the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli
Psychotropic
this type of drug mimics the effects of Synesthesia
heuristics
time saving mental shortcut used for making judgments quickly and efficiently
overt attention
visual attention, where I'm actually looking
verbal scales
vocabulary similarities information
characteristic of vision
wavelength- distance between peaks, perceived as color
Procedural
what I can do
achievement
what a person has already done