Psychology 110- Chapter 4
Prenatal Development
1. Germinal 2. Embryonic 3. Fetal Period 4. Full Term
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
8 Stages
Early Menstruation
A girl who lives in a stressful environment or has insecure attachments to caregivers is likely to begin menstruating earlier than a girl in a peaceful, secure environment
fetal; can
Amelia has been quite stressed lately and is very alarmed when she goes into labor at 30 weeks of gestation. Her baby has not finished the ________ period of prenatal development. It ________ live outside of the womb.
John, who has no genetic predisposition and goes dancing with his friends twice a week
Angela works at a nursing home and notices some distinct differences among her patients. Which of her patients is LEAST likely to have Alzheimer's?
Toddler (2nd year)
Autonomy vs shame and doubt Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
ambivalent
Baby George's mother leaves him sitting in the grocery cart as she goes around the corner searching for cake mix. George screams as she leaves, reaches for her when she returns, but then pushes her away. George's behavior is most consistent with a(n) ________ attachment style.
Phonemes
Basic sounds
Germinal Period
Begins with conception, when sperm and egg unites Placenta forms to protect the zygote Just 7 or 8 days after fertilization, implantation occurs
Dynamic Systems Theory of Development
Can be seen in the way that children often achieve milestones at different paces depending on the culture they were raised in
Secure attachment
Child is distressed when caregiver leaves. The child is also quickly comforted when the caregiver returns Secure attachment is related to better socio-emotional functioning in childhood, better peer relations, and successful adjustment at school
Ambivalent Attachment
Child is inconsolably upset when the caregiver leaves. The child will also seek and reject caring contact when caregiver returns
Avoidant Attachment
Child is not distressed when caregiver leaves. The child also avoids them upon return
Elementary (6 years-puberty)
Competency vs inferiority Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or they feel inferior
About 7 to 11 Years
Concrete Operational: Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations -Conservation -Mathematical Transformations
Motor Skills 10 Months
Crawl and creep
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Creates abnormalities such as small head, malformations of the face and limbs, heart defects, and abnormal brain development Besides these physical impairments, FAS babies often have a low birth weight, slight mental retardation, and behavioral and cognitive problems
cognitive
Derek pretends to be a baker while playing in the sand. He forms five sand cookie balls, and then he forms a sixth but flattens it into a pancake. "Wow! This cookie is way bigger than the others!" he exclaims. This example best illustrates Derek's ________ development.
Teratogens
Environmental substances that can harm prenatal development
Alcohol
Fetal alcohol syndrome, facial malformations, mental retardation, learning difficulties
About 12 through Adulthood
Formal operation: abstract reasoning -Abstract logic -Potential for moral reasoning
Brain Development in Adolescents
Frontal lobe (responsible for higher order processing & decision making) development lags behind Greater impulsiveness, emotional storms, risk-taking behavior
Middle Adult (40s to 60s)
Generatively vs stagnation The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
Adolescence (teens into 20s)
Identity vs role confusion Teenagers work at refining a sense of self testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity or they become confused about who they are
Sucking Reflex
If a baby finds a nipple, they will automatically close their mouth on the nipple and suck for food
Grasping Reflex
If you stroke an infant's palm, he automatically curls his fingers around the stroked area
Pre-schooler (3-5 years)
Initiative vs guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent
Late Adult
Integrity vs despair When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
Babbling
Intentional vocalization, often by an infant, that does not have a specific meaning.
Young Adult (20s to early 40s)
Intimacy vs isolation Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love or they feel socially isolated
bananas
Marcia's baby is just starting to eat solid food, and like all babies, he prefers certain tastes. Which of the following mashed foods is the baby most likely to want to eat?
assimilation
Mary and Eric are outside playing one day when Eric looks up and asks, "What's that big bright ball in the sky?" Mary replies that it is the sun. That night, Eric looks out his bedroom window and sees a big, bright ball in the sky. "Look, Mary, it is the sun!" he exclaims. This example shows that Eric has used ________ for his new knowledge.
Harlow's Surrogate Mother Experiments
Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers.
Post conventional Level
Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles
Conventional Level
Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Pre conventional Level
Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards
Not stimulating Environments
More connections between synapses happen in infancy being in a not stimulating environment very few synaptic connections are made. As a result, these under-stimulated brains will be less able to process complex information, solve problems, or allow the children to develop advanced language skills
Embryonic Stage
Most important time for physical development and organ formation When the brain, spine, major organs, and bodily structures begin to form in the embryo.
Premature Birth
Most likely that genetics, nutrition, environment Substance Abuse also affects it
accommodation.
Nora took her young son Alfred to the zoo, where he pointed to a zebra and said, "Look, Mommy, a horse!" Nora replied, "That is not a horse; that is a zebra. See, it has black and white stripes." Alfred then replied, "Wow! Look at the striped zebra!" In this situation, Henry's development of a zebra schema required
verbal; cyber
Over dinner one night, your little sister tells you how she is being picked on at school by two other students. Rowan has been calling her names during class for the past few weeks. Marty has been sending her offensive text messages and intimidating e-mails. Together, Rowan is engaging in ________ bullying and Marty is engaging in ________ bullying.
dementia.
Phil has been having trouble remembering where he left his keys, glasses, and favorite book. Now he also forgets to brush his teeth, comb his hair, and put clothes on in the morning. Phil is most likely experiencing
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Physical changes during puberty that are not directly related to reproduction but that indicate the differences between the sexes Boys and girls start to experience greater growth of body hair, first as darker and thicker hair on the legs, then under the arms, then as pubic hair Boys' muscle mass increases, their voices deepen, and their jaws become more angular. Girls lose baby fat on their page 138 bellies as their waists become more defined, and they also develop fat deposits on the hips and breasts
Primary Sex Characteristics
Physical development during puberty that results in sexually mature reproductive organs and genitals. That is, the male and female external genitals and internal sex organs mature, menstruation begins in girls, and sperm develops in boys
About 2 to 6 Years
Pre operational: Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning -Pretend Play -Egocentrism -Language Development
Lawrence Kohlberg
Professor Chen wants to study the motivation for stealing. Which of the following colleagues should he consult?
Motor Skills 7.6 Months
Pull self to standing position
He was exposed to a teratogen.
Quincy is four years old, and he has mental retardation and a slightly misshapen face. What most likely happened during Quincy's prenatal development?
Motor Skills 2 Months
Raise head to 45 degrees
same-sex married couples show fewer of the benefits of marriage.
Research shows that marriage has psychosocial benefits for the couple. Research has found support for all of the following findings EXCEPT that
Stacy's voice
Rick and Stacy want to get a stimulating mobile for their newborn daughter's crib. If they want the baby to pay attention to the mobile, which of the following sounds should they record to play in the mobile?
Motor Skills 2.8 Months
Roll over
Birth to Nearly 2 Years
Sensorimotor: experiencing the world through sense and actions -object permanence -stranger anxiety
wait to start exercising until your forties.
Sheila is a life coach who has helped numerous adult clients in varying stages of life. In order to promote positive outcomes in her clients, she is likely to suggest all of the following EXCEPT to
Sudden infant death syndrome
Since the mid-1980s, research has shown that placing infants on their backs for sleeping reduces
Motor Skills 4 Months
Sit with support
Motor Skills 5.5 Months
Sit without support
Motor Skills 11.5 Months
Stand alone
Motor Skills 5.8 Months
Stand holding on
Jean Piaget
The developmental psychologist Jean Piaget investigated how children's thinking changes as they develop
Fetal Period
The period in prenatal development from 8 weeks after conception until birth When the brain continues developing, bodily structures are refined, and the fetus grows in length and weight and accumulates fat in preparation for birth.
Puberty
The physical changes in the body that are a part of sexual development.
Developmental Psychology
The scientific study of how humans change over the life span, from conception until death.
Morphemes
The smallest units that have meaning, including suffixes and prefixes
Telegraphic Speech
The tendency for toddlers to speak by combining basic words in a logical syntax, but not a complete sentence, to convey a wealth of meaning.
Overregularization
The tendency for young children to incorrectly use a regular grammar rule where they should use an exception to the rule.
Infancy (1st year)
Trust vs Mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
Motor Skills 9.2 Months
Walk holding on to furniture
Motor Skills 12. Months
Walk without assistance
a schema
When Kate's grandma leans over the crib with a toy in her hand, eight-month-old Kate grasps it and pulls on it. When Kate's mom hangs a set of animals across the crib, Kate reaches up, grabs them, and pulls them down. Kate seems to be working on ________ for grasping and pulling.
Rooting Reflex
When an infant is stroked at the corner of her mouth as they are expecting food
shows signs of distress when Wyatt leaves her with a babysitter.
Wyatt has noticed some recent changes in his 10-month-old daughter, Cosette's, behavior. Ever since she started crawling a few weeks ago, she
avoidant
Zandra's mother brings her 2-year-old daughter to a new dentist. Zandra's mother leaves the room and Zandra is momentarily alone with the dental hygienist, whom Zandra smiles at and plays with. When Zandra's mother returns, Zandra barely glances up and continues to play patty-cake with the dental hygienist. Zandra would most likely be classified as having a(n) ________ attachment.
Schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
aCCommodation
adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Attachments
an emotional tie with another person shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation
Maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
German Measles
blindness, deafness, heart defects, brain damage
Authoritative
both demanding and responsive set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion
Stranger Anxiety
fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning by about 8 months of age
X-Rays
higher incidence of cancer, physical deformities
aSSimilation
interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
Marijuana
irritability, nervousness, tremors
Cocaine
low birth weight, breathing problems, seizures, learning difficulties, irritability
Mercury
mental retardation, blindness
Syphilis
mental retardation, deafness, meningitis
Caffeine
miscarriage, low birth weight
Nicotine
miscarriage, still birth, low birth weight, mental retardation, learning difficulties
Identity
one's sense of self the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
Authoritarian
parents impose rules and expect obedience
Theory of Mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
Permissive
submit to children's desires, make few demands, use little punishment
