Psychology 12

ingroup

"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.

outgroup

"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Internet

- connects like minded ppl - allows for healing and strength - like-minded separation + conversation = Group polarization

In the last 40 years in the United States, over _____ people have been killed by firearms in non-war settings

1 million

self-fulfilling prophecies

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Evidence of a biochemical influence on aggression is the finding that

a higher-than-average level of the hormone testosterone is associated with violent behavior in males

Conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

A student's statement that his professor gave him a bad grade because she does not like him is a(n):

attribution

A 14-year-old student slams a 13-year-old into a metal locker. A 15-year-old student spreads a cruel rumor about a classmate. Based on this information, which of these students who is being aggressive?

both the 14-year-old and the 15-year-old

We feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. This is known as:

chameleon effect

Self-Disclosing Intimacy + mutually supportive equity +

enduring companionate love

After vigorous exercise, you meet an attractive person, and you are suddenly seized by romantic feelings for that person. This response supports the two-factor theory of emotion, which assumes that emotions, such as passionate love, consist of physical arousal plus

our interpretation of that arousal

Sexual desire + a growing attachment =

passionate love, romantic

celebrity endorsements in advertising often lead consumers to purchase products through _____________ route persuasion

peripheral

explicit prejudice

prejudicial attitudes that are consciously held, even if they are not publicly expressed

Critics have questioned the _____ of Philip Zimbardo's results.

reliability

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Norms

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for the:

scapegoat theory

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Asch Conformity Experiment

subjects had to judge which line was longest, the only subject conforms and actually believes that they were right when the answer was clearly wrong, there is a need of social respect and conformity is the outcome

In Milgram's experiments, the rate of compliance was highest when

the "learner" was at a distance from the "teacher"

companionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Roger recently lost his job and believes that it is a result of the increase in Mexican immigrants. He is demonstrating

the scapegoat theory

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

ingroup bias

the tendency to favor our own group

other-race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

cognitive dissonance

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

reward theory of attraction

the theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events

MAOA gene

The gene responsible for the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase in the brain. The low-activity variant of the gene is closely associated with aggressive behaviour. - the warrior gene

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Mood linkage refers to:

sharing the moods of those around us

implicit prejudice

unconsciously held prejudicial attitudes

chameleon effect

unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling

altruism

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

After a mass killing, the probability of another attack increases for the following:

13 days

Milgram Experiment

A series of psychological experiments which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience.

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Which statement reflects the fundamental attribution error?

Eryn cheated on the exam because she is dishonest.

cognitive dissonance was first investigated by

Festinger

GRIT

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

attribution theory was proposed by

Heider

frusturation-aggression principle

The principle that frusturation- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression.

role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave - newlyweds feel like they are playing house - zimbardo's prison study

social trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

social scripts

culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations

What might account for the increased level of violence by hooded Ku Klux Klan members against African-Americans?

deindividuazation

schadenfreude

delight in another person's misfortune

biological influences

genetic, neural and biochemical

Janie is amazed how Jim can recognize and identify people who are of Asian ethnic groups, while she really struggles with this type of identification. One can assume from this example that Jim:

has more experience interacting with Asian People

Happiness breeds

helpfulness and vice versa

social facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Suan, who is African American, has just been pulled over by a police officer. However, the officer failed to give a legitimate reason for pulling him over. Suan believes that his traffic stop was directly related to his race. If he is correct, this is an example of:

microaggression

Subtle forms of discrimination are referred to as:

microaggression

Which of the following researcher's experiments on obedience at Yale University are some of the most famous and involved deception?

milgram

DJ does not recycle glass, metal, or plastic garbage because he thinks it is inconvenient and has minimal impact on the city's already overflowing landfills. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics of:

social trap

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

social-responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

prejudice

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Attitudes

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

two-factor theory of emotion

two ingredients of emotion: physical arousal + cognitive appraisal

Agression is related to increased activity in the _____________ and decreased activity in the ______________

limbic system; central executive

If we encounter a person who appears to be high on drugs, and we make the fundamental attribution error, we will probably attribute the person's behavior to

moral weakness of an addictive personality

the other-race effect occurs when we assume that other groups are ___________- homogeneous than our own group

more

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

3 parts of prejudice

negative emotions, stereotypes, and discrimination

In making wedding preparations, JaMarcus conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family in order to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of _____ social influence.

normative

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

central route persuasion

offers evidence and arguments to trigger thoughtful responses

Today, almost all Americans are willing to vote for a qualified female presidential candidate. In 1937, the corresponding proportion was MOST nearly:

one-third

Professor Gamer emphasized that aggressive behavior often involves the interactive influence of personal frustration, exposure to aggressive models, and heightened levels of arousal. The professor's emphasis BEST illustrates:

the biopsychosocial approach

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

social psychologists

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

mood contagion

the spreading of an emotion from one person to another

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request - Chinese communist war prisoners

The excitement that lingers after a frightening event can often facilitate attraction and sexual desire. This is best explained by:

the two-factory theory

Discriminate

to act in negative or unjustifiable ways toward members of the group