Psychology 12
ingroup
"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.
outgroup
"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
Internet
- connects like minded ppl - allows for healing and strength - like-minded separation + conversation = Group polarization
In the last 40 years in the United States, over _____ people have been killed by firearms in non-war settings
1 million
self-fulfilling prophecies
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
Evidence of a biochemical influence on aggression is the finding that
a higher-than-average level of the hormone testosterone is associated with violent behavior in males
Conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
A student's statement that his professor gave him a bad grade because she does not like him is a(n):
attribution
A 14-year-old student slams a 13-year-old into a metal locker. A 15-year-old student spreads a cruel rumor about a classmate. Based on this information, which of these students who is being aggressive?
both the 14-year-old and the 15-year-old
We feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. This is known as:
chameleon effect
Self-Disclosing Intimacy + mutually supportive equity +
enduring companionate love
After vigorous exercise, you meet an attractive person, and you are suddenly seized by romantic feelings for that person. This response supports the two-factor theory of emotion, which assumes that emotions, such as passionate love, consist of physical arousal plus
our interpretation of that arousal
Sexual desire + a growing attachment =
passionate love, romantic
celebrity endorsements in advertising often lead consumers to purchase products through _____________ route persuasion
peripheral
explicit prejudice
prejudicial attitudes that are consciously held, even if they are not publicly expressed
Critics have questioned the _____ of Philip Zimbardo's results.
reliability
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for the:
scapegoat theory
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
Asch Conformity Experiment
subjects had to judge which line was longest, the only subject conforms and actually believes that they were right when the answer was clearly wrong, there is a need of social respect and conformity is the outcome
In Milgram's experiments, the rate of compliance was highest when
the "learner" was at a distance from the "teacher"
companionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
Roger recently lost his job and believes that it is a result of the increase in Mexican immigrants. He is demonstrating
the scapegoat theory
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group
other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
cognitive dissonance
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
reward theory of attraction
the theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events
MAOA gene
The gene responsible for the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase in the brain. The low-activity variant of the gene is closely associated with aggressive behaviour. - the warrior gene
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
Mood linkage refers to:
sharing the moods of those around us
implicit prejudice
unconsciously held prejudicial attitudes
chameleon effect
unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling
altruism
unselfish concern for the welfare of others
After a mass killing, the probability of another attack increases for the following:
13 days
Milgram Experiment
A series of psychological experiments which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience.
Conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Which statement reflects the fundamental attribution error?
Eryn cheated on the exam because she is dishonest.
cognitive dissonance was first investigated by
Festinger
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
attribution theory was proposed by
Heider
frusturation-aggression principle
The principle that frusturation- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression.
role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave - newlyweds feel like they are playing house - zimbardo's prison study
social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
social scripts
culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations
What might account for the increased level of violence by hooded Ku Klux Klan members against African-Americans?
deindividuazation
schadenfreude
delight in another person's misfortune
biological influences
genetic, neural and biochemical
Janie is amazed how Jim can recognize and identify people who are of Asian ethnic groups, while she really struggles with this type of identification. One can assume from this example that Jim:
has more experience interacting with Asian People
Happiness breeds
helpfulness and vice versa
social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Suan, who is African American, has just been pulled over by a police officer. However, the officer failed to give a legitimate reason for pulling him over. Suan believes that his traffic stop was directly related to his race. If he is correct, this is an example of:
microaggression
Subtle forms of discrimination are referred to as:
microaggression
Which of the following researcher's experiments on obedience at Yale University are some of the most famous and involved deception?
milgram
DJ does not recycle glass, metal, or plastic garbage because he thinks it is inconvenient and has minimal impact on the city's already overflowing landfills. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics of:
social trap
Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
social-responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those needing their help
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
Attitudes
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
two-factor theory of emotion
two ingredients of emotion: physical arousal + cognitive appraisal
Agression is related to increased activity in the _____________ and decreased activity in the ______________
limbic system; central executive
If we encounter a person who appears to be high on drugs, and we make the fundamental attribution error, we will probably attribute the person's behavior to
moral weakness of an addictive personality
the other-race effect occurs when we assume that other groups are ___________- homogeneous than our own group
more
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
3 parts of prejudice
negative emotions, stereotypes, and discrimination
In making wedding preparations, JaMarcus conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family in order to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of _____ social influence.
normative
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
central route persuasion
offers evidence and arguments to trigger thoughtful responses
Today, almost all Americans are willing to vote for a qualified female presidential candidate. In 1937, the corresponding proportion was MOST nearly:
one-third
Professor Gamer emphasized that aggressive behavior often involves the interactive influence of personal frustration, exposure to aggressive models, and heightened levels of arousal. The professor's emphasis BEST illustrates:
the biopsychosocial approach
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
social psychologists
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
mood contagion
the spreading of an emotion from one person to another
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request - Chinese communist war prisoners
The excitement that lingers after a frightening event can often facilitate attraction and sexual desire. This is best explained by:
the two-factory theory
Discriminate
to act in negative or unjustifiable ways toward members of the group