PSYCHOLOGY 201 CHAPTER 5

Discuss applications of observational learning.

a child witnesses a student in the class get punished for cheating. the student watching learns not to cheat because of this. because the student observed they learned been though they didn't do it themselves.

Stimulus discrimination

a learning process, that is the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus. this is because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Stimulus generalization

a learning process, that os the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus, with the conditioned response

Cognitive learning theory

a learning theory, used to supplement more traditional theories of learning, that focuses on thoughts, feelings, and expectations

Extinction

a process in learning, which is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response, following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus or the removal of a reinforcer

Unconditional response

a response in classical conditioning, which and an involuntary and unlearned response. this is in response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned response (CR)

a response in classical conditioning, which is a response to a conditioned stimulus. this response is learned.

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

a stimulus in classical conditioning, in when there is a previously neutral stimulus. this becomes able to produce a conditioned response, after paring with an unconditioned stimulus

Neutral stimulus (NS)

a stimulus in classical conditioning, that has no effect on the desired response prior to conditioning, in which learning has not occurred yet

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

a stimulus in classical conditioning, which is the naturally occurring stimulus. this leads to an involuntary and unlearned response.

Classical conditioning

a type of conditioning in learning, which is described as learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus. this happens rather than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response.

Operant conditioning

a type of conditioning, which is the learning of voluntary behavior, through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

Observational learning

a type of learning, which is learning new behavior, done by watching a model perform that behavior

Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning.

classical conditioning is learning to make an involuntary response and operant conditioning is a voluntary response. the classical conditioning has an UCS, UCR, CS, and CR and operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment. they both have extinction, generalization and spontaneous recovery.

Explain the process of classical conditioning.

classical conditioning is the learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces it. for this to occur, the CS must come before the UCS, CS and UCS must come close together, the CS must be paired with the UCS many times, and the CS must be distinct. The UCS is naturally occurring and the CS is previously neutral that causes involuntary responses when paired with UCS. SG is when there are responses similar to the original CS. SD is responses to different stimuli in different ways. extinction is CS without UCS leading to less CR. SR is reappearance of the disappeared CR. H-OC is when strong CS is paired with neutral stimuli, and becomes second CS.

Cognitive perspective

in classical conditioning, this is a modern theory in which conditioning is seen to occur, because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

Vicarious conditioning

in classical conditioning, this is of a involuntary response or emotion. this is done by watching the reaction of another person.

Learned helplessness

in classical conditioning, this is the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation, because of a history of repeated failures in the past

Higher-order conditioning

in learning, a process that occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

Spontaneous recovery

in learning, this is the reappearance of a learning response, after extinction has occurred

Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement, in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

Secondary reinforcer

in operant conditioning, any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing, after being paired with primary reinforcer such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

Primary reinforcer

in operant conditioning, any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing, it does this by meeting a biological need such as hunger, thirst, or touch

Discriminative stimulus

in operant conditioning, any stimulus such as a stop sign or door knob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement

in operant conditioning, the reinforcement of each and every correct response, which is less prone to extinction and better for learning

Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

in operant conditioning, the schedule of reinforcement, in which the interval of time that much pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

in operant conditioning, the schedule of reinforcement, in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

Partial reinforcement effect

in operant conditioning, the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses, in order to be very resistant to extinction

Reinforcers

in operant conditioning, these are any events or objects, that when following a response increase the likelihood of that response occurring again

Operant

in operant conditioning, this is any behavior that is voluntary, and is not effected by specific stimuli

Reinforcement

in operant conditioning, this is any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

Negative reinforcement

in operant conditioning, this is the reinforcement of a response, by removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Positive reinforcement

in operant conditioning, this is the reinforcement of a response, done by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

Law of effect

in operant conditioning, this law is stating that an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will tend to be repeated , and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated, this is learning voluntary behavior

Biofeedback

in operant conditioning, using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

Shaping

in operant conditioning, which id the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximmentors, that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

Variable interval schedule of reinforcement

in operant conditioning, which is a schedule of reinforcement, in which the interval of time that must pass be reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

Punishment

in operant conditioning, which is any event or object, that when following a response that makes that response less likely to happen again

Instinctive drift

in operant conditioning, which is the tendency for an animals behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns, instead of what they've learned

Behavioral modification

in operant conditioning, which is the use of learning techniques, to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior

Token economy

in operant conditioning, which is the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior, in which these tokens can bee accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges

Learning/performance distinction

in operational learning, this is referring to the observation that learning can take place, without actual performance of the learned behavior

Learning

learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior. it is brought to experience by practice. when people are learning, they go through the process of memory as well.

Explain the process of observational learning.

observational learning is the learning of a new behavior. this is through the observation of a model. the key elements are attention, memory, imitation, and desire.

Describe some of the ways that classical conditioning works in everyday life.

one example is school. in high school, there were different sounding bells. we were at first introduced to these bells and did not know where to go when each different one sounded. we eventually learned that the three tone one mean lunch and we would stand up to leave when it sounded. some days when they tested the bells,we would stand when we heard the lunch bell even if it wasn't quite lunch time yet.

Attention

one of the four elements of operational learning, that is the first, in which a person must pay attention to what is going on

Desire

one of the four elements of operational learning, which is the fourth and last, in which the person must have the motivation to perform the action

Memory

one of the four elements of operational learning, which is the second, where one must retain the memory

Imitation

one of the four elements of operational learning, which is the third, in which the person can reproduce actions of the model

Explain the process of operant conditioning.

operant conditioning is learning to make voluntary responses through the effects of positive or negative consequences. reinforcement is used following a response for increasing the probability it will occur again. primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs and secondary reinforcers gain reinforcing properties through previous association with primary reinforcers. positive reinforcement is addition of a pleasurable stimulus and negative reinforcement is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. schedules of reinforcement help the learning process and punishment decreases the possibility of a event happening again. stimuli must be discriminative. behaviors can be established by shaping, instinctive drift, or BM, TE, or BF. extinction, generalization, and spontaneous recovery can occur.

Reflex

something discovered by classical conditioning, whites an involuntary response. this response is not under personal control or choice.