Psychology 2301 Comprehensive Final Exam

What is the myelin sheath?

Insulation material that encases some axons

Efforts are to find the genetic ad biochemical foundations of many disorders. What field of psychology may this be?

Neuropsychology

What is the difference between Nightmares and Night Terrors?

Nightmare- REM Night Terrors- Stage 4

What is OCD?

Obsessive Compulsion

What is the Pineal Gland responsible for?

Producing and regulating hormones; including meatonin

What was Freud's Theory called?

Psychoanalytic Perspective; focuses on the importance of the unconscious in shaping, feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.

What does the hypothalamus do?

Regulates thirst, hunger, temperature, and pleasure

What is successive approximations?

Reward behaviors that increase behavior. *Step By Step*

Primary goal is to facilitate student learning in public and private school settings. What field of psychology may this be?

School

What is the Parietal lobe responsible for?

Sensory aspects

What is Synobolism?

Sleep Walking

Describe Phrenology

Specific abilities and characteristics that are located in specific areas in the brain

Interested in how physical activity affects and individuals psychological development.What field of psychology may this be?

Sports

Once REM is over, what stage does the body normally return to ?

Stage 2

George's new supervisor is very difficult to work for. Recently George has begun going to the gym after work. What defense Mechanism is this?

Sublimation

What is a synapse?

The junction between the axon tip and the dendrite. (Tiny gap)

What is Displacement?

The redirection of an impulse (usually aggression) onto a weaker target.

What is psychology?

The scientific study of behavior and mind

What is Dualism ?

The state of being divided (Body and Mind)

What are obsessions?

Thoughts

What is a manic episode?

a disorder marked by a hyperactive and widely optimistic state.

What does the thalamus do?

directs information to the correct location in the brain

What happens in stage 4 sleep?

- Delta sleep that approximately last for 30 minutes

What does the ego do?

- Mediates among the demands of id, superego, and reality - it is your character - Operates on the reality principle *Your Mediator*

What does the id do?

- Operates on pleasure principle and demanding immediate gratification - Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives *Most Powerful*

What happens in stage 2 sleep?

- bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain activities known as Sleep Spindles - Body Temperature starts to decrease and heart rate slows down

What does the superego do?

- morality - Provides standards for judgement and for future - Iinternalized Ideas

What happnes in stage 3 sleep?

-Deep and slow sleep -Produces delta waves

What percentage of Americans have schizophrenia?

1%

What is bi-polar disorder?

A disorder in which the person alternates between hopelessness and lethargy.

What does the corpus collusum do?

A large bridge that connects the two hemispheres together

What is Sublimation?

A mature defense; putting unaccepted impulses into something that is socially acceptable

What is major depressive disorder?

A mood disorder in which a person, for no reason, experiences feelings of worthlessness and diminished interest in activities.

What is a neuron?

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the Nervous System

What is Action potential?

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon **Neurons that are stimulated cause a brief electrical charge; if strong enough the nerve fires ***ALL OR NOTHING

What is an extraneous variable?

A variable that affects the dependent variable, which was not controlled for by the experimenter.

What are stage 1 brain waves called?

Alpha Waves

What is a reinforcer?

Any event that strengthens or increases the behavior

What is Wernicke Area?

Area of the left temporal lobe (hearing damage)

How many cycles are there in a normal night of sleep

Around 4-5

What is Projection?

Attribute a threatening urge, impulse, or aspect of oneself to someone else.

Temporal lobe is responsible for?

Auditory

What are the 5 stages of sleep

Awake Stage 1 Stage 2 Non- REM REM

What is the cerebellum or "Little brain" responsible for?

Balance

What did Watson and Skinner have in common?

Behaviorism; the study of behavior

What is an Antagonist?

Blocks neurotransmitters EX: Poison blocks muscle movement

What are the dendrites?

Branching structures that RECEIVE messages from cells

What did Paul Broca discover?

Brocas Area- Part of the brain specifically for speech and movement of the mouth

What is paranoid schizophrenia?

Can rationalize and explain things but can not stop it; has hallucinations

What are neurotransmitters?

Chemical messenger that transverse the synapse gap between neurons

Tend to have more expertise in the more serious, hard core forms of metal disorders. What field of psychology may this be?

Clinical

Norepinephrine?

Controls heart rate, sleep, stress, sexual responsiveness, vigilance, and appetite. *If low levels, someone could have ADHD, Depression, and Hypotension

Tend to work more with clients suffering from less severe forms of mental disorders. What field of psychology may this be?

Counseling

What is Rationalization?

Creating an acceptable but incorrect explanation of a situation.

When Anthony got the phone call, he dropped to his knees and kept repeating, "This cant be happening, I don't believe it" What defense mechanism is this?

Denial

Study the changes that occur throughout the human life span. What field of psychology may this be?

Developmental

What does the hippocampus do?

Develops memory formation

After getting yelled at by her mother, Sally went and yelled at her baby brother. What defense mechanism is this?

Displacement

What is Reaction Formation ?

Doing the opposite of what your would really do.

What happens in REM sleep?

Dreaming occurs and your whole body becomes completely relaxed.

May design educational programs, design and construct educational materials, as well as work closely with school administrators. What field of psychology may this be?

Educational

Acetylcholine?

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory *If low levels of Ach, it is common to have Alzheimer's

Study all types of animal and human behavior usually focusing on the biological foundations of animal and human behavior. What field of psychology may this be?

Experimental

What are delusions?

False Beliefs

What are Hallucinations?

False sensory

What is undifferentiated schizophrenia?

Flat facial expression, constant back and forth motions, can hear voices, and thoughts and speech are unorganized.

Experts in the area of crime thinking and behavior, criminal investigations, prison systems, and legal issues related to psychology. What field of psychology may this be?

Forensics

Who was William Wundt?

He is known as the father of psychology

What is the medulla responsible for?

Heart beat and breathing

What is the Pons responsible for?

Holding hemispheres together responsible for sleep regulation and dreaming and alertness

Pituitary Gland is responsible for?

Hormone regulation

Their goal is to stream-line a company operations in order to maximize productivity. What field of psychology may this be?

I/O

Where is the superego located?

In the Preconscious mind

Where is the id located?

In the Unconscious mind

Where is the ego located?

In the conscious mind

How do nightmares change as we get older?

Inside of being chased by monsters, were late to work or get into a car accident

What is the central Nervous System (CNS) ?

It consist of the brain and spinal cord

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ?

It is divided between Autonomic (Automatic reactions; breathing, heart beat, blood flow) and Somatic Autonomic is then divided into Sympathetic (Fight or flight instinct/ Stress) and parasympathetic (Calm/ relaxed). Where as Somatic is divided between Afferent (Incoming cells) and Efferent (outgoing cells)

what is Repression?

Keeping a thought, feeling or memory out of unconciousness. "Forget about it"

What is one way to study the brain?

Lesioning; Involves destroying a piece of the brain to learn about its function.

What is a threshold?

Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

What is a punishment?

Makes behavior decrease

Dependent Variable

Measure of performance affected by independent variable (The outcome)

What is an Agonist?

Mimic neurotransmitters EX: morphine mimics endorphins

What are panic disorders?

Minute long episodes of intense dread

Endorphins?

Natural neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure *if low levels, someone could devlop opiate addiction

What are the neurotransmitters?

Noepinephrine Endorphins Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine

What are the psychoanalytic stages and describe them?

Oral (0-18mo.) Pleasure centers Anal (18-36mo.) Potty training; becoming an adult Phallic (3-6y) Pleasure zone in genitals Latency (6-Puberty) Dormant sexual feelings Genital (Puberty- So on) Maturation of sexual interest

REM is also known as what?

Paradoxical sleep

What are the four types of schizophrenia?

Paranoid Disorganized Catatonic Undifferentiated

What makes up the nervous system?

Peripheral and Central

What is a phobia?

Persistent or irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

What discovery has helped us understand dreaming better?

Polysomnography ; Sleep Study

Dopamine?

Produces sensations of pleasure and reward *If high levels, someone could have Schizophrenia *If low levels, someone could have Parkinson Disease

Bob, who has told his friends he wants to be single, confronts Tina and accuses her of wanting to break up with him. What defense mechanism is this?

Projection

What is REM?

Rapid Eye Movement; dreaming

After Max proposed to his girlfriend of two years, she said no. Later Max told his family that she wasn't the right girl for him and she wasn't even cute. What defense mechanism is this?

Rationalization

What is Denial?

Refusing to accept that something exists or happened.

Thirty-year-old Meghan threw her drink on the floor and stuck her tongue out when her friend Lisa was busy on her phone and not listening to her. What defense mechanism is this?

Regression

Serotonin?

Regulates sleep and dreaming, mood, pain, aggression, appetite, and sexual behavior *If low levels, someone could have Depression, OCD, and Anxiety

What is Regression?

Returning to an earlier or more childlike form of defense.

What does the right side of the brain control? The left side?

Right Side- handles non verbal processing including spatial, musical, and visual recognize task (Senses) Left Side- handles verbal processing including language, speech, reading and writing.

What is catatonic schizophrenia?

Rocking back and forth, rigidity, and parrot like

Which scientist is most associated with dreams?

Sigmond Freud

What are the terminal buttons?

Small knobs at ends of the axon that release neurotransmitters at synapse.

Study social interactions both within and between individuals and groups of people. What field of psychology may this be?

Social

What are compulsions?

Actions

Frontal lobe is responsible for?

Decision making

What are the types of research methods

Experiment- cause and effect Correlation- relationship Case Study- study Naturalistic- Recording Survey

What role did Darwin play in Psychology?

The Evolution Theory

What part of the brain is damaged if a person is unable to dream?

The Parietal Lobe

What is the Circadium Rhythm?

The biological clock that regulates body rhythms that occur on a 24hr cycle

What is the soma?

The cell body

Describe the movement of structuralism

The first movement in psychology that was held by Techner and Wundt.

Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory consisted of what?

The importance of observational learning, imitation, and modeling.

What is the Cerebral Cortex?

The ultimate control and information processing center

What are EEG's?

They monitor the electrical activity of the brain over time, yielding line tracings called brain waves.

Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt. (What kind of conditioning is this and type of reinforcement/ punishment)

This is operant conditioning because buckling a seat belt is voluntary. The flashing light is a positive punishment.

What is a MRI Scan?

Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images that distinguish different types of tissues

Independent Variable

Variable of interest that is manipulated by experimenter (The interest)

What is disorganized schizophrenia?

Very rapid, low afect (Facial expression/ emotion), talking is all over the place; no organization of thought *Worst one to have*

What is the Occipital Lobe responsible for?

Visual

What made psychology a science?

When William Wundt founded the first laboratory to conduct research

What are false memories?

When people remember things that did not happen, or remember things that were different from the way they really were.

What happens every 90 minutes or so while sleeping?

You cycle into REM sleep

What is Anti social personality disorder?

a disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of wrong doing- no sense of remorse or guilt.

What is the axon?

a fiber that carries AWAY messages from the soma to other cells

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?

a rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct personality's.

What is a PET scan?

a visual display of brain activity

What is aphasia?

impairment of language (Left Hemisphere damage)

What does the amygdala do?

regulates raw emotions (Fear, anger, sadness)

What is shaping?

the procedure in which reinforces guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. (What is the US, UCS, UCR, CR)

• The hot water is the UCS • The jumping back is the UCR • The toilet flush is the CS • The jumping back to the flush alone is the CR