Psychology 2/ESP: The Process and Types of Memory

retrieve (v)

(v.) to find and bring back, get back; to put right, make good e.g. He claimed the items belonged to him and had been stolen, and he was attempting to retrieve them.--> CORRECT e.g. By standardizing information that is entered onto a database it is easier to search records and retrieve the required output.--> CORRECT e.g. By clicking on the link you can retrieve your emails.--> WRONG

semantic (adj)

Relating to the different meanings of words or other symbols e.g. Words are semantic units that convey meaning. e.g. This speech sample will also yield information about the quality of the child's voice, how fluent speech occurs, and the child's semantic and physical sound-making skill.

involve in (v)

include as part; be interested in e.g. She involved him in the decision-making process because of his experience.

sensory information (n)

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system Sensory Information are things that the brain collects from your senses that give you information about the world around you. . Some examples of sensory information are the smell of baking bread (smell), the feel of a wool sweater (touch), the taste of an apple (taste), a song (hearing), and a painting (sight).

storage (n)

the process of retaining/ maintaining encoded information over time e.g. Storage consists of the retention of information over time.--> CORRECT e.g. The storage room is downstairs.--> WRONG

retain (v)

to hold or keep; to hold in memory; memorize e.g. The patient has a fantastic memory and she is able to retain facts really easily.

store (v)

to reserve, to keep e.g. Any information that gets stored in the brain either temporarily or permanently becomes a memory. e.g. The data is stored on a hard disk and backed up on a CD. e.g. The owner's name and address is stored on a microchip and implanted in the dog's body.

process (v)/(n)

1. to deal with something according to a particular set of actions: 2. procedure, method e.g. I do think we will see an end to any effective constraints relating to computers' ability to process data and transfer information. e.g. In the future we will probably teach machines to teach themselves how to process data for us and surface findings to us.

recall (v)

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. e.g. Memory recall or retrieval is remembering the information or events that were previously encoded and stored in the brain.---> CORRECT e.g. I cannot recall what happened during the first months after my illness.--> CORRECT e.g. She is less able to recall events of fifteen years ago than most of us are to recollect our childhood.--> CORRECT e.g I can't recall your name.--> WRONG e.g. Neither of us could recall anything--> WRONG

consciousness (n)

Awareness; the state of understanding and realizing something e.g. He is completely unaware of gender issues so we will have to raise his consciousness. e.g. Her consciousness of the feelings of others was the thing that made her a fantastic doctor. e.g. By morning he still hadn't regained consciousness and they were starting to use the word coma.

auditory sensory memory

Echoic memory, or auditory sensory memory, is a type of memory that stores audio information (sound). The purpose of echoic memory is to store audio information as the brain processes the sound. It also holds bits of audio information, which gives meaning to the overall sound. it's a brief memory of sound, like an echo which explains why we can hear a question after it was asked even if you weren't paying attention.

visual sensory memory

Iconic memory, also known as visual sensory memory, is one of several memory types that make up your ability to process and recall what you see. Sensory memory is a very brief memory that allows people to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased. It is often thought of as the first stage of memory that involves registering a tremendous amount of information about the environment, but only for a very brief period. The purpose of sensory memory is to retain information long enough for it to be recognized.

implicit vs explicit memory

Implicit - retention independent of conscious recollection Explicit - memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare Information that you have to consciously work to remember is known as explicit memory, while information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly is known as implicit memory.

implicit memory (nondeclarative memory)

Things that people don't purposely try to remember are stored in implicit memory. This kind of memory is both unconscious and unintentional. Implicit memory is also sometimes referred to as nondeclarative memory since you are not able to consciously bring it into awareness. Examples: Knowing how to use utensils and dress yourself each day, Navigating a familiar area such as your house or neighborhood, Recalling how to boil water to fix dinner, or drive a car, Remembering the words to a popular song after hearing the first few notes

explicit memory (declarative memory)

When you're trying to intentionally remember something (like a formula for your statistics class or a list of dates for your history class), this information is stored in your explicit memory. People use these memories every day, from remembering information for a test to recalling the date and time of a doctor's appointment. Explicit memory is also known as declarative memory since you can consciously recall and explain the information. Examples: All of the items on your shopping list, Birth dates of friends and family members, Important events from your life such as your school graduation, wedding, or another notable milestone, Names and locations of different countries on a map

semantic memory (n)

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world Semantic memory refers to a portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience. Semantic memory includes things that are common knowledge, such as the names of colors, the sounds of letters, the capitals of countries and other basic facts acquired over a lifetime. Examples of Semantic Memory: While eating an apple, you recognize Apple as fruit and from your knowledge, can confer its importance. When listening to the birds chirping near the window, you straight away point out the bird to be the sparrow. The calculation of the month's grocery budget through simple additional methods. You are scheming and planning to eat your favourite cuisine at your favourite Chinese Restaurant and to pay on spot the charges for what you ate.

long-term memory (LTM)

an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time long term memory is equivalent to more distant memories, usually measured in months-to-years-to-decades. Examples of long term memory include recollection of an important day in the distant past (early birthday, graduation, wedding, etc), and work skills you learned in your first job out of school.

encode (v)

e.g. Sleep appears to help people process information they have just learned and encode memories.

rehearse (v)

practice for a performance, repetition of items to be remembered. e.g. His mother rehearsed his lines with him and by the time the play opened he was word perfect.-->CORRECT e.g. The more you rehearse, the more prepared you will sound and you will come across as having a firm grasp on the knowledge you are presenting.-->CORRECT e.g. The actors rehearse every day.--> WRONG

short-term memory (STM)

the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used; a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 20 to 30 seconds. short term memory is equivalent to very recent memories, usually measured in minutes-to-days. Examples of short term memory include where you parked your car this morning, what you had for lunch yesterday, and remembering details from a book that you read a few days ago.

memory retrieval (n)

the process of accessing and bringing into consciousness information stored in memory Memory retrieval refers to the subsequent re-accessing of events or information from the past which has been stored in the brain. e.g. Memory retrieval is the process of remembering information stored in long-term memory.--> CORRECT e.g. Memory recall or retrieval is remembering the information or events that were previously encoded and stored in the brain--> CORRECT