Psychology 2nd Test

Brian has three children with very different personality traits. Even with such different personality traits, Brian sees strong maturation effects. Which of the following has Brian most likely observed?

All three children learned to walk at about 12 months of age.

When Margot was a child, her mother baked bread on Fridays. As an adult, whenever Margot smells bread baking she remembers her mother and feels happy. The mood and memories result from the processing of smell information in the

Amygdala

You have been away attending college for three months. When you return home for the winter break, your family dog recognized you immediately. Your dog responded this way because his brain

Assessed the information already stored in his brain about what you look like

Your roommate asks you which section of chemistry you are taking next semester. Even though you have just registered you can't confidently tell her the section. Your memory lapse is an example of

Blocking

The amplitude of a light wave is experienced by us as

Brightness

When you are reading your text ebook, your brain changes the words you are reading into a meaningful neural code that it can use. In memory this process is called

Encoding

At a cafe, a cup of coffee costs $2.82. To use exact change, you must hold the number 2.82 in your head while sorting through your wallet and calculating what coins you have. To be successful in actively processing this information, you must keep the information maintained in short term storage by using your _________ memory

Episodic

The type of memory that is associated with the conscious recollection of previous experiences is referred to as

Explicit memory

Jonathan was in a motorcycle accident and sustained an injury to his hippocampus. He now has anterograde amnesia which meant he had difficulty

Forming new memories

In memory, the storage phase of information processing lasts

From a second to a lifetime

According to ______ we perceive a car as a whole unit rather than perceiving it as a group of distinct entities

Gestalt psychology

Michael is observing the people in his dorm and listing any behaviors that indicate learning. Which of the following should be included on Michael's lists?

Greg, who often whines until someone goes to the dining hall with him

Sensory storage

Holds the information up to 20 seconds

Camden is explaining all the different stages of development he has learned in his introductory psychology class. Which of the following is the correct order for all of the periods of human development?

Infancy, childhood, adulthood, and adolescence

Shanna wants to use an observational study to explore how classical conditioning works. Before beginning her own study, it would be most helpful for Shanna to read about the research of

Ivan Pavlov

The sense that allows you to determine the location of your body and limbs in space is called

Kinesthetic

Simone's desk at her new job is right next to her air conditioner. After a week of being chilly she brings a sweater to work, Simone's change in behavior which is based on her prior experience, is an example of

Learning

Tamara has been taking piano lessons and after three weeks of practicing she is now able to play the piano keys with both hands. This change in her behavior based on her experiences represents the process of

Learning

Professor smith refuses to learn his students' names because he believes the names will take up space in his memory that he needs to store research related information. Professor smith's belief about his memory is incorrect because

Long term storage holds virtually unlimited amounts of information

Dion keeps having nightmares and flashbacks about his time in the military. His chronic anxiety is most likely due to which disorder?

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

The sense organs' detection of external physical stimuli is called ___________ whereas further processing, organizing, and interpreting of those stimuli in the brain is called

Sensation;perception

Lila is not an alcoholic and never drinks to excess. However, she does have wine with dinner every evening. When Lila is two weeks pregnant, she asks you whether this can injure her baby. What correct response can you give her?

She should stop drinking wine completely until after the baby is born.

A conditioned stimulus is

Something that causes a response after learning takes place

Water splashed on your skin provides ___________ stimulation

Tactile

Joseph uses classical conditioning to teach his sister to be afraid of squirrels. To be successful, he must pair the neutral stimulus, the squirrel with a(n) ____________, such as, __________

Unconditioned stimulus; a loud noise

short-term storage

Uses working memory to help maintain information

Professor Jackson periodically gives his students pop quizzes on the reading assignments. To encourage students to complete the reading assignments, the schedule of reinforcement he should use for the pop quizzes is a ________ schedule.

Variable ratio

Which of the following developmental researchers believed that some of our mental functions can be shaped by our social and cultural contexts

Vygotsky

Memory is an imperfect record of everything we see and experience primarily because our

ability to direct attention is limited

The minimum intensity of sensory stimulation required before a sensation is detected 50 percent of the time is called

absolute threshold

Hearing is also called

audition

Tina believes in John Locke's idea of tabula rasa. When Tina's baby is born, she expects the child will most likely

be ready to learn new information based on sensory experiences

For each cart of books that Spencer reshelves in the prison library, he receives a chip. He is allowed to collect chips and then trade them in for candy, extra recreation time, or visitation time. The prison uses a token economy, which is a method of

behavior modification

The area where the optic nerve leaves the retina is referred to as the:

blind spot

If Carlos wants to use classical conditioning so his 3-year-old sister learns to be afraid of dogs, he should _______.

blow an air horn to make her afraid every time she pets their own dog

Derek pretends to be a baker while playing in the sand. He forms five sand cookie balls, and then he forms a sixth but flattens it into a pancake. "Wow! This cookie is way bigger than the others!" he exclaims. This example best illustrates Derek's ________ development.

cognitive

Alanna knows that a startling noise will always make people blink their eyes. If Alanna has learned to associate a blue light with a startling noise, causing her to blink when she sees the blue light, then this eye blink is a(n) _______.

conditioned response

Kendra loves spicy curry, but her husband prefers a mild curry. Starting with a mild curry, Kendra increases the spiciness every time she cooks. One day her husband complains that the curry is too spicy. After that, Kendra always makes the curry as spicy as the last time before her husband complained. With this exercise, Kendra assessed her husband's

difference threshold

Which of the following has been shown to help people manage pain

distraction

While he is in the waiting room at the doctor's office, Arthur tries to classify infants' attachment based on their behavior. He is certain that the baby girl is securely attached because she

explores the unfamiliar room and the objects in it while staying in view of her mother.

The sense of taste is also called

gustation

Being able to detect the origin of a sound is called

localization

In operant conditioning, removing a stimulus to increase a behavior in the future is called

negative reinforcement

Jonathan is traveling to Italy, and his motto for his trip is "When in Rome, do as the Romans do!" This phrase suggests that Jonathan is most likely to learn how to behave in Rome based on

observational learning

The sense of smell is also known as

olfaction

Dr. Brimfield believes that humans learn best when they are given the opportunity to act on their environments and make associations between their behavior and the effects it produces. Dr. Brimfield is most likely to use _______ to teach his daughter to play the violin.

operant conditioning

If getting $1 for every correct answer on this test makes you study harder, being given $1 would be a form of:

positive reinforcement

Percy wants to teach his daughter good manners. To increase the likelihood of her saying "Excuse me" when bumping into someone in a store, he should use a stimulus called a(n)

reinforcer

When Karl was a child, he loved to sit in his grandmother's kitchen watching her cook Italian food. Now, whenever he smells Italian food, he instantly remembers those childhood times. For Karl, the smell of Italian food is a __________ for memories about his grandmother.

retrieval cue

If you have a knee injury, you are likely to experience the most pain

right before you fall asleep

Anna is reading her psychology textbook. The light reflects off the words on the page and falls on the sensory receptors in her retina, which results in ________. Then her brain interprets the stimuli as particular words, which is called ________.

sensation, perception

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a basic quality of taste

spicy

A perfume advertisement uses classical conditioning to increase product appeal. To do this, it pairs the attractive face of the actor Brad Pitt with its perfume Chanel No 5. If Brad Pitt elicits an innate response from you, he is being used as a(n)

unconditioned stimulus

Eleanor wants to use classical conditioning to teach her students to run to the closet when the "intruder alert" sounds at their school. To be successful, Eleanor must begin the learning process with a(n) _______.

unconditioned stimulus