Psychology 9-11
A personality test reveals that Jacqueline is antagonistic, ruthless, and suspicious, while Melissa is acquiescent, soft-hearted, and trusting. It appears that Jacqueline and Melissa have scored at opposite ends of the _____ dimension of the five-factor model.
agreeableness
which of the following contributed to the humanistic perspective of personality
carl rogers
Physical strength, stamina, and some sensory abilities tend to decline in late adulthood.
true
in milgrams study on obedience how many participants stopped before the 300 volt level
0%
what is the correct consensus on the number of key traits for measuring personality
5
Which psychologists made important contributions to the humanistic perspective on personality?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
The term psychologists use to describe and measure the emotional bond between an infant and his or her caregiver is:
attachment
what life stage is known for exploration and flexibility in social roles, jobs, and relationships
emerging adulthood
What were the basic results of psychologist Stanley Milgram's original obedience study?
Despite hearing protests from the "learner" in another room, two-thirds of the subjects continued to administer shocks all the way to the full 450-volt level.
Solomon Asch set up an experimental situation in which participants were asked to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line, as shown here. His research was designed to answer a straightforward question, namely:
Would people conform to group pressure even if the group opinion was clearly wrong?
What type of personality test involves the interpreting of an ambiguous image and is used to assess unconscious motives and conflicts?
a protective test
Conformity is defined as:
adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that it matches the opinions, judgments, or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation.
identity vs role confusion is the central conflict during which development stage per erikson
adolescence
term used to describe and measure the emotional bond between an infant and caregiver
attachment
you are less likely to help someone when more people are present because of what
bystander effect
Although Karen's divorce was finalized several months ago, she still refers to Jonathan as her husband rather than her ex-husband when talking with friends. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Karen's behavior?
denial
the teacher embarrasses you in class and at home later you kick your dog in frustration
displacement
Physical strength tends to peak in:
early adulthood
In industrialized countries _____ is the stage of lifespan development from approximately the late teens to the mid to late twenties, which is characterized by exploration, instability, and flexibility in social roles, vocational choices, and relationships.
emerging adulthood
We put forth more effort when working in a group than individually.
false
The most widely accepted trait theory today is called the:
five-factor model of personality.
what's the last of piagets stages of cognitive development
formal
Up until they are about 10 months of age, infants can distinguish among speech sounds:
from any spoken language, whether they have been exposed to it or not.
Tyler is a typical early-maturing boy. Compared to late-maturing boys, he is likely to:
have an advantage in terms of popularity and athletics, but be more prone to feelings of depression, problems at school, and engaging in drug or alcohol use
The majority of adults aged 65 and older in the United States are:
healthy, active, and self-sufficient.
abraham maslow is associated with which theory of personality
humanistic
Per Freud, base impulses and need for immediate gratification relate to which part of personality?
id
According to Freud's theories, what are the three components to our personality?
id, ego, superego
Which of the following represents the correct order of the four psychosocial conflicts that characterize the adolescent and adult years in Erikson's theory?
identity versus role confusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, ego integrity versus despair
According to Erikson's theory, the psychosocial conflict that needs to be resolved during adolescence is:
identity versus role confusion.
The tendency to judge the behavior of the members of your group more favorably than the behavior of members of other groups is called:
in-group bias
The social group to which a person belongs is called the _____, and the social group to which a person does not belong is called the _____.
in-group; out-group
per erikson the feeling that ones life has been meaningful, ego integrity occurs when
late adulthood
early maturing girls have what kind of experience
more negative
infant-directed speech is also referred to as
motherese
Twelve-year-old Andrea has been wearing a bra for over a year. She had her first menstrual period when she was 10 years old and is taller than most of her classmates. Compared to late-maturing girls, Andrea is likely to have had:
negative experiences related to her early maturation
In comparison to the age at which young adults got married in 1960, the median age for first marriage in the year 2010 was:
older for both males and females
riding on the subway requires the use of ---- to avoid problmes with other passengers
person perception
_____ is defined as a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific group.
prejudice
negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group
prejudice
interpreting ambiguous images to assess unconscious motives and personality refers to which test
projective
the rorschach inkblot test is what type of personality assessment
projective test
The two basic types of personality tests are:
protective test and self-report inventories
Sigmund Freud is to _____ that which Carl Rogers is to _____.
psychoanalytic; humanistic
---- is the stage of reaching sexual maturity and becoming capable of reproducing
puberty
The term _____ refers to the stage in which an individual reaches sexual maturity and becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction.
puberty
After Jack's loan application for a new car was rejected, he told a friend that he was glad he had not gotten the loan because his old car was still very reliable, and he really didn't want to make monthly car payments. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Jack's behavior?
rationalization
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, children:
rely on their sensory and motor skills to acquire practical knowledge about the world
whats the name of the experiment where a fake boys camp was created to study conflict
robbers cave
Warm and responsive parenting is to _____ as neglectful and insensitive parenting is to _____
secure attachment; insecure attachment
Relying on sensory and motor skills to acquire practical knowledge is seen with what stage?
sensorimotor
Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
which theory of personality emphasizes the role of social influences and role models
social cognitive
what term describes the tendency to put forth less effort when working in a group
social loafing
The "rules," or expectations, for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation are called:
social norms
The branch of psychology that studies how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment is called:
social psychology
who performed a series of studies on conformity involving confederates and correct answers
solomon asch
The textbook defines _____ as a cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define the group.
stereotype
compared to self report inventories, projective tests of personality are higher
subjective
early maturing boys experience
success in popularity and athletics
touching a newborns lips evokes which of the following
sucking reflex
Your sense of conscience corresponds to which component of personality in Freud's theory?
superego
The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called:
the bystander effect
By ego integrity Erik Erikson meant:
the feeling that one's life has been meaningful
When you put your finger on your newborn nephew's palm, he curls his own fingers around yours, grasping your finger tightly. What behavior have you elicited from your nephew?
the grasping reflex
The tendency to see members of out-groups as very similar to each other is called:
the out-group homogeneity effect
The bus is fairly crowded when you get on. You make a rapid evaluation and quickly decide to sit next to a well-dressed senior citizen because you think that it will be safer to sit next to him than some of the other people on the bus. This example illustrates:
the process of person perception.
According to attachment theory:
the quality of attachment plays an important role in determining an infant's ability to thrive physically and psychologically
The main strength of projective tests is that:
the scoring of projective tests is extremely objective
The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget is best known for his:
theory proposing that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.
. Describing a friend as "warm, kind, and emotionally stable" follows which view on personality?
trait
When David is asked to describe his best friend, Josh, he responds: "Josh is very friendly, pretty intelligent, and a really nice guy. He seems laid back, but he actually works hard at keeping up with his college classes. " David's description of his friend's personality and his characteristics would be most consistent with which of the following approaches to personality?
trait
A person's personality traits are relatively consistent throughout his or her lifespan.
true
According to Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, repressed feelings, wishes, and drives are contained in the unconscious.
true
According to the five-factor model of personality, the five basic dimensions of personality are: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
true
As a general rule, conformity is higher in collectivistic cultures than it is in individualistic cultures.
true
Both Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers believed that people were inherently motivated to strive to fulfill their potential.
true
Carolina was reprimanded by her boss for not wearing appropriate attire to work. She was angry at her boss because he scolded her in front of the entire office. Instead of releasing her anger on her boss, Carolina went home and kicked her dog as soon as it approached her. Carolina's behavior illustrates the ego defense mechanism of displacement.
true
In general, self-report inventories, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Myers-Brigg have greater validity and reliability than projective tests, such as the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test.
true
In the Robbers Cave experiment, the researchers created rivalry by having the two groups compete against each other in a series of games.
true
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a self-report inventory that arrives at a personality type by measuring a person's preferred way of dealing with information, making decisions, and interacting with others.
true
The Robbers Cave experiments by psychologist Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues demonstrated how hostility between groups could be created and, more important, how that hostility could be overcome.
true
The social cognitive perspective on personality emphasizes the importance of observational learning and role models for developing our personality.
true
You are more likely to conform to group norms when you are facing a unanimous majority of four or five people.
true
compared to previous generations 50 years ago, people tend to marry at a later age today
true
According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, infancy is characterized by the psychosocial conflict of:
trust versus mistrust
the big include all the following except
trusting
All of the following factors promote conformity except:
you are confident in your abilities or knowledge in the situation