psychology

Which of the following is an advantage of conducting psychological research in a laboratory? a. It is easy to conduct laboratory research without subjects knowing that they are being observed. b. A laboratory setting is close to the real world and therefore causes subjects to behave naturally. c. A laboratory is a controlled setting with many of the complex factors of the real world removed. d. It is possible to study all aspects of the mind and behavior in a laboratory.

A laboratory is a controlled setting with many of the complex factors of the real world removed.

What can you do to become a better consumer of psychology in everyday life? a. Stay up to date by reading about psychological research online and blogs available from all sources. b. Avoid overgeneralizing based on little information. c. Only believe in psychological principles that have been derived on the basis of personal experience. d. Draw causal conclusions from correlational studies.

Avoid overgeneralizing based on little information.

Aaron wants to study the association between sleep deprivation and the number of hours spent on a computer every day. He is not keen to establish causation, but would like to determine whether and how the increase or decrease in one variable is related to the increase or decrease in the other variable. Which of the following research methods is likely to be most effective for Aaron's study? a. survey b. correlational research c. experimental research d. case study

Correlational research

After careful observation, Dylan has stated a hypothesis that spending money on other people leads to greater happiness than spending money on oneself. In accordance with the scientific method, which of the following steps is Dylan most likely to take next? a. He will evaluate the results of his experiment. b. He will test the prediction by conducting empirical research. c. He will conclude whether spending money on others can be a strong predictor of happiness. d.He will publish the experimental results in a reputable journal.

He will test the prediction by conducting empirical research.

________ refers to the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable. a. Internal validity b. External validity c. Face validity d. Reliability

Internal validity

In the auditory system, which of the following statements is true of the middle ear? a. It consists of the pinna and the external auditory canal, which serve an important role in sound localization. b. It converts sound waves into neural impulses and sends them to the brain through the basilar membrane. c. It channels and amplifies sound through the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup to the inner ear. d. It includes the oval window, which transmits sound waves to the cochlea.

It channels and amplifies sound through the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup to the inner ear.

In which of the following ways does functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) detect the functioning of the brain? a. It exploits changes in blood oxygen that occur in association with brain activity. b. It measures the amount of glucose in various areas of the brain. c. It places electrodes on the scalp to detect brain-wave activity. d. It establishes a cause-effect relationship between variables associated with brain activity.

It exploits changes in blood oxygen that occur in association with brain activity

In the context of the chemical senses, which of the following is true of the neural pathway of smell? a. It passes through the thalamus. b. It does not go through the limbic system. c. It is the same as that of other sensory pathways. d. It goes straight to the olfactory areas in the temporal lobe.

It goes straight to the olfactory areas in the temporal lobe.

Identify a true statement about inattentional blindness. a. It is a form of a psychiatric and physiological disorder. b. It is type of color blindness. c. It is highly likely to occur when a task is difficult. d. It is predominantly associated with visual deficits or disorders.

It is highly likely to occur when a task is difficult.

Identify a true statement about sleepwalking. a. It occurs usually due to the use of sleeping pills. a. It involves a sudden, overpowering urge to sleep. c. It is more likely to occur when individuals are sleep deprived. d. It is a symptom of sleep apnea.

It is more likely to occur when individuals are sleep deprived.

Which of the following statements best defines critical thinking in psychology? a. It is the process of accepting observed events as true. b. It is the process of reflecting deeply, asking questions, and evaluating evidence. c. It is a form of thinking intended to create something new and different. d. It is a form of thinking that has been rejected by contemporary psychologists.

It is the process of reflecting deeply, asking questions, and evaluating evidence.

According to Freud, which of the following statements is true of the latent content of a dream? a. To get to the latent meaning of the dream, a person should analyze the dream images. b. It is the surface content of the dream. c. The latent content of the dream includes symbols that disguise the dream's true meaning. d. It expresses a wish in disguised form.

It is the surface content of the dream.

When conducting an experiment on time management, Jamie assigns everyone who arrives before noon to the experimental group and everyone who arrives after noon to the control group. In the context of experimental research methods, what is wrong with Jamie's experiment? a. The experiment is not ethical. b. Jamie has not used random assignment. c. Jamie has introduced a confederate into the experiment. d. The experiment is deceptive.

Jamie has not used random assignment.

________ provide ways by which correlational researchers may attempt to demonstrate causal relations among variables, even though the causal relationship may still be somewhat unclear. a. Random selection techniques b. Sampling designs c. Longitudinal designs d. Survey designs

Longitudinal designs

________ drug dependence is the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued, whereas ________ drug dependence is the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons. a. Psychological; physical b. Physical; psychological c. Dissociated; neodissociated d. Neodissociated; dissociated

Physical; psychological

In the context of ethics guidelines in psychological research, identify a true statement about deception. a. Participants in studies involving deception are likely to be harmed during the study. b. Researchers who employ deception in their studies avoid debriefing the participants even after the study's completion. c. Participants in studies involving deception are unable to withdraw their consent. d. Researchers who employ deception in their studies must be able to justify lying to participants.

Researchers who employ deception in their studies must be able to justify lying to participants

From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is true of theories on the need for sleep? a. They propose that sleep is a way to conserve energy. b. They propose that animals are active at night to avoid becoming other animals' prey. c. They propose that animals that are likely to serve as someone else's food sleep the most of all. d. They propose that the search for food and water is the safest when it is dark.

They propose that sleep is a way to conserve energy.

________ is most often regarded the "founding father" of modern psychology. a. William James b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Sigmund Freud d. Charles Darwin

Wilhelm Wundt

According to the science of psychology, a behavior is a(n) a. feeling that is acknowledged. b. attitude that can be changed. c. action that can be directly observed. d. goal for life.

action that can be directly observed.

Plasticity best reflects which of the following characteristics of the nervous system? a. complexity b. integration c. adaptability d. electrochemical transmission

adaptability

Losing one's sense of self-consciousness and hallucinating specifically during the use of drugs exemplifies a. daydreaming. b. automatic processes. c. altered states of consciousness. d. subconscious awareness.

altered states of consciousness.

The ________ is sometimes referred to as the "master gland" because almost all of its hormones direct the activity of target glands elsewhere. a. anterior thyroid gland b. posterior adrenal gland c. anterior pituitary gland d. posterior parathyroid gland

anterior pituitary gland

Annette is an adolescent with extreme social anxiety. Dr. Benson's treatment plan for Annette focuses on rewarding her whenever she takes a step toward conquering her fears. In this scenario, Dr. Benson adheres most closely to the ________ approach to psychology. a. cognitive b. behavioral c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural

behavioural

In the context of the structure of the eye, the function of both the cornea and the lens is to: a. record electromagnetic energy and convert it into neural impulses for processing in the brain. b. help maintain the shape of the eye and to protect it from injury. c. bend the light falling on the surface of the eye just enough to focus it at the back. d. mainly regulate the amount of light that enters the eye.

bend the light falling on the surface of the eye just enough to focus it at the back.

Michelle, a researcher, conducts a study to investigate how people's hands sweat during stressful interviews. In this scenario, Michelle is most likely following the ________ to psychology. a. behavioral approach b. cognitive approach c. evolutionary approach d. biological approach

biological approach

According to the principle of ________, researchers are responsible for keeping all of the data they gather on individuals completely confidential and, when possible, completely anonymous. a. deception b. informed consent c. confidentiality d. freedom from harm

c. confidentiality

A key aspect of the process of testing hypotheses in the scientific method is a. experimenter bias. b. conjecture. c. data analysis. d. psychoanalysis.

c. data analysis.

In the context of descriptive research methods in psychology, ________ are performed mainly by clinical psychologists when, for either practical or ethical reasons, the unique aspects of an individual's life cannot be duplicated and tested in other individuals. a. case studies b. surveys c. correlational studies d. experiments

case studies

Samuel, a psychologist, wants to investigate why people remember their first dates for a lifetime but tend to forget subsequent dates with the same partner. In this scenario, Samuel is most likely a(n) a. evolutionary psychologist. b. cognitive psychologist. c. biological psychologist. d. psychodynamic psychologist.

cognitive psychologist.

The ________ approach to psychology views the mind as an active and aware problem-solving system. This view contrasts with the ________ outlook, which portrays actions as controlled by external environmental forces. a. behavioral; cognitive b. cognitive; behavioral c. psychodynamic; humanistic d. humanistic; psychodynamic

cognitive; behavioral

Andrea, a psychologist, conducts a study to determine the effect of students' ages on their college grades. She divides a class into two groups: Below Age and Above Age. Members of the Below Age group are less than 18 years of age, whereas members of the Above Age group are 18 years of age or above. In this scenario, which of the following illustrates the dependent variable? a. members of the Below Age group b. members of the Above Age group c. college grades d. ages of the students

college grades

A(n) ________ is a person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated. a. confederate b. henchman c. accessory d. control group member

confederate

Inmates at a correctional facility take part in an experiment on social development. Once the experiment is over, the correctional officer goes home and tells his roommates about the results of the study and about the inmates who did not perform well. In this scenario, which ethical guideline of psychological research has been violated by the correctional officer? a. limited deception b. informed consent c. freedom from coercion d. confidentiality

confidentiality

In the visual system, the main function of rods and cones is to a. stretch and bend the light entering the eye. b. direct the optic nerve to the brain. c. adjust sensory thresholds. d. convert light into electrochemical impulses.

convert light into electrochemical impulses

According to place theory, a. the perception of a sound's frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires. b. low-frequency sounds are adequately explained but not high-frequency sounds. c. color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retina. d. low-frequency vibrations maximally displace areas of the membrane closer to the tip of the cochlea.

d. low-frequency vibrations maximally displace areas of the membrane closer to the tip of the cochlea.

Which of the following is one of the issues addressed by the ethics guidelines developed by the American Psychological Association? a. debriefing b. sampling c. introspection d. validity

debriefing

Olivia, a research student, wants to determine the effect of alcoholism on domestic violence as part of her thesis paper. She realizes that informing the participants of her study about its exact nature will affect the results. The participants are likely to feel ashamed of openly discussing such sensitive issues. In this scenario, which of the following would be the best approach for Olivia? a. requesting her family members and friends to participate in the study b. obtaining informed consent from the participants c. debriefing her participants after the study's completion d. changing the topic for her thesis

debriefing her participants after the study's completion

The goal of ________ research is to determine the basic dimensions of a phenomenon. a. descriptive b. normative c. experimental d. applied

descriptive

In a ________, neither the experimenter administering the treatment nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until the results are calculated. a. double-blind experiment b. correlational research c. longitudinal design d. case study

double-blind experiment

The ________ involves gaining knowledge by observing events, collecting data, and reasoning logically. a. process of debriefing b. empirical method c. biological approach d. process of deception

empirical method

The final step in the scientific method of psychology is a. conducting empirical research. b. formulating predictions. c. evaluating conclusions. d. conducting data analysis.

evaluating conclusions.

Dr. Grant conducts research on stress management. Group A receives progressive relaxation training prior to taking the test, while Group B receives no training. Group A is the ________, while Group B is the ________. a. treatment group; placebo group b. experimental group; control group c. control group; treatment group d. placebo group; control group

experimental group; control group

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder in which individuals a. fall unexpectedly into a deep sleep in the middle of an activity. b. have difficulty falling asleep at the hour at which they would like. c. wake up earlier than desired, sometimes several times a night. d. stop breathing while they are sleeping.

fall unexpectedly into a deep sleep in the middle of an activit

A(n) ________ is a person's genetic heritage, his or her actual genetic material. a. prototype b. phenotype c. endophenotype d. genotype

genotype

If Howard, a student, has the most common form of color blindness, he will have trouble distinguishing a. red from certain combinations of blue and white. b. white from certain combinations of red and green. c. orange from certain combinations of red and blue. d. green from certain combinations of blue and red.

green from certain combinations of blue and red.

According to evolutionary psychologists a. human behaviour is traceable to problems early humans faced in adapting to their environments. b. sexual and aggressive impulses buried deep within the unconscious mind influence the way people think, feel, and behave. c. people have the ability to control their lives and are not simply controlled by the environment. d. an individual's mental processes are in control of behavior through memories, perceptions, images, and thinking.

human behavior is traceable to problems early humans faced in adapting to their environments.

Dennis, a psychologist, conducts a survey to determine why most people tend to help a crying child. After the survey, he explains that most people help a crying child because they choose to live by higher values such as altruism. In this scenario, Dennis's explanation is reflective of the ________ approach to psychology. a. biological b. behavioral c. humanistic d. psychodynamic

humanistic

Meditation has been compared to ________, the relaxed sense that all is well. a. high consciousness b. hypnagogic reverie c. self-actualization d. activation-synthesis

hypnagogic reverie

Allie has developed a theory concerning test grades of high school students. She believes that there is a strong causal relationship between students' frequency of study and their grades in school. In the context of psychology's scientific method, to test her theory, Allie would first have to state a a. conclusion. b. bias. c. fact. d. hypothesis.

hypothesis

In experimental research, the ________ is a manipulated experimental factor, and the ________ is the outcome. a. dependent variable; independent variable b. independent variable; dependent variable c. confounding variable; independent variable d. dependent variable; confounding variable

independent variable; dependent variable

Daydreaming would be considered an example of which of the following levels of awareness? a. higher-level consciousness b. lower-level consciousness c. subconscious awareness d. no awareness

lower-level consciousness

In the context of sensation, which of the following types of energy reception is most activated when a person is tickled? a. thermoreception b. chemoreception c. mechanoreception d. photoreception

mechanoreception

________ are the thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly. a. Mental processes b. Behaviors c. Fetal processes d. Mannerisms

mental processes

The ________ relays information between the brain and the eyes and ears. a. forebrain b. midbrain c. hindbrain d. cerebellum

midbrain

In the context of depth perception, familiar size and relative size, height in field of view, and shading are examples of a. binocular cues. b. monocular cues. c. stereograms. d. feature detectors.

monocular cues.

Emma, a psychologist, wants to study the relationship that exists among college girls who stay in hostels. She disguises herself as a college student and shares a dorm with some girls for a month. During her stay, she observes their various behaviors and makes notes when the girls are fast asleep. Which of the following is best exemplified in this scenario? a. the placebo effect b. experimenter bias c. a double-blind experiment d. naturalistic observation

naturalistic observation

Lukas is anesthetized before a surgery. In the context of the levels of awareness, which of the following levels best illustrates Lukas's state? a. no awareness b. higher-level consciousness c. altered state of consciousness d. lower-level consciousness

no awareness

Which of the following goals of science does the empirical method best fulfill? a. expectations b. objectivity c. subjectivity d. political correctness

objectivity

Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method? a. testing through empirical research b. observing some phenomenon in the world c. drawing conclusions d. formulating hypotheses and predictions

observing some phenomenon in the world

Psychology began as a science in the discipline of a. philosophy. b. physics. c. chemistry. d. sociology.

philosophy.

Sonja believes that the pill prescribed to her by the doctor has cured her of anxiety disorder. However, the pill contains no active ingredients. Sonja's belief that she is better now is an example of the ________ effect. a. control b. double-blind c. confound d. placebo

placebo

J. B. Watson and B. F. Skinner believed that a. consciousness should always be investigated through the process of individual introspection. b. psychology should focus on an organism's visible interactions with the environment—that is, behaviors. c. psychology should study both outwardly observed behaviors and inborn mental motivations. d. psychological methods could be developed to study the process of human cognition.

psychology should focus on an organism's visible interactions with the environment—that is, behaviors.

Automatic processes a. require lower levels of attention than controlled processes. b. need more conscious effort than controlled processes. c. interfere with other ongoing activities. d. are unconscious behaviors.

require lower levels of attention than controlled processes.

Professor Stenson is examining the effects of color on patients' anxiety levels. She randomly assigns patients to either a room painted white or a room painted black, and then she records their blood pressure. In this case, the independent variable is the a. participant's blood pressure. b. participant's anxiety level. c. room color. d. building type.

room color.

The subset of a population chosen by an investigator for study is a a. sample. b. case. c. confederate. d. placebo.

sample

Dr. Badal, a psychologist, is studying achievement motivation among groups of African American, Latino, and Asian American people. In this scenario, Dr. Badal is most likely practicing the ________ approach to psychology. a. sociocultural b. biological c. evolutionary d. cognitive

sociocultural

What does the magnitude of the correlation coefficient indicate about the variables in a correlational study? a. size of the variables b. strength of the relationship between the variables c. number of data points d. direction of the relationship between the variables

strength of the relationship between the variables

Sleeping would be considered an example of which of the following levels of awareness? a. higher-level consciousness b. lower-level consciousness c. subconscious awareness d. no awareness

subconscious awareness

A population is a. the entire group about which investigators want to draw conclusions. b. a smaller subset of a group of people researchers want to draw conclusions about. c. a smaller subset of a group of people about whom researchers want to draw conclusion. d. randomly defined.

the entire group about which investigators want to draw conclusions.

Dr. Steinguard wants to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between stress and memory. Which of the following research methods should he use? a. correlational studies b. the survey method c. naturalistic observation d. the experimental method

the experimental method

One of gestalt psychology's main principles is that a. perception is the same as sensation. b. we learn to perceive the world through experience. c. the whole is different from the sum of its parts. d. perception is a neurological process.

the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

Sensory nerve endings under the skin that respond to changes in temperature at or near the skin and provide input to keep the body's temperature at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit are called a. thermoreceptors. b. feature detectors. c. monocular cues. d. the kinesthetic senses.

thermoreceptors.

In the context of ethical guidelines in psychological research, when data are confidential, it is possible a. to link a participant's identity to his or her data. b. to clearly tell participants how they should act during the research. c. to explain the results of the study to the participants. d. to share a participant's details with the other participants.

to link a participant's identity to his or her data.

Emma has recently started to suffer from migraine headaches and seizures. She also suffers from anxiety and depression. In the context of neurochemical messengers, which of the following conditions is most likely to be the cause for her symptoms? a. too little norepinephrine b. too much glutamate c. too much acetylcholine d. too little dopamine

too much glutamate