Psychology Assessment

As their final exam, Mr. Elliott requires his World History students to write a comprehensive paper explaining the Renaissance period and the Reformation period and how they intersected. Which level of the cognitive domain is Mr. Elliott requiring of his students?

Synthesis

In light of the chapter discussion on cultural differences, if you have a young Mexican American student in your forth grade class who

Try letting the student work cooperatively with peers.

When, in order to explain some complicated geometric concepts, you ask your students to imagine a flagpole and its shadow, you are employing _____ as a means of helping them understand the concept.

a concrete analogy

Riana is a sixth grade student diagnosed with ADHD. She is generally very social and upbeat, but she has difficulty staying focused in the classroom, and struggles to complete homework assignments and assessments. How can the Vocational Rehabilitation Act be used to help this student?

Move the students to a seat in the front of the classroom.

Which of the following best represents the kind of learning situation that would encourage a growth choice as defined by Maslow?

a difficult assignment that students can revise after receiving feedback

A good example of a variable ratio schedule is

a father who checks his daughter's homework progress at random times throughout the day

Which of the following is most likely to promote a sense of industry among students?

Organize an instructional approach that communicates reasonable performance standards to students.

A primary-grade child who seems to waste time in class rather than working to complete assignment should be

Praised or given a small reward whenever he or she does complete an assignment

Ms. Carlson want to use the computers in her classroom to increase her students' achievement in math. She knows that some types of computer programs help learning, but others do not. Which of the following have NOT been shown to improve student achievement?

artificial intelligence programs

Teachers who are interested in using computer technology as a way to raise student motivation should look primarily at programs that emphasize

both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation

As a kindergarten teacher, you would most likely observe which of the following play behaviors?

boys playing next to each other with trucks and cranes

A second grader is typically uncomfortable with

changing rules as the need arises

Goals are to objectives as

chapter overviews are to chapter pages.

A fifth grade teacher is leading his class through a social studies lesson on the Civil War, and gives them an assignment to compare and contrast two major political or military figures, one from each side of the struggle. Which ability is the teacher focusing on, according to Sternberg's Trairchic Theory of Successful Intelligence?

analytical

A student in Mrs. Moriarity's ninth grade English class is shy, and is hesitant to ask questions in class. She seems to be struggling with the course material, and is falling behind on her assigned homework. Mrs. Moriarity feels that the student experiences social anxiety. These conditions are not covered under IDEA. What support could the teacher offer her under the Vocational Rehabilitation Act?

Allow the student to write down questions and hand them to the teacher

Which of the following activities satisfies the complex response level of the psychomotor domain?

Cut 10 perfect paper circles independently

Which of the following is not an example of a learning tactic?

Determining ahead of time how best to go about studying for the German exam you will have in three weeks.

What strategy could be used in the classroom to support moral development, according to Kohlberg?

Facilitate a class discussion on macromoral issues and student's impressions and responses to them

You choose to respond positively to every other correct math problem that Susan completes, you are using a ________________ schedule of reinforcement

Fixed ratio

Which of the following is not a reason why mnemonic devices are effective?

Material is maintained in working memory

Deanna answers questions quickly, thinks with a fast conceptual tempo, and gives less thought to various solutions prior to answering questions. She appears to have a more global approach to information processing and does not identify the parts of a whole as readily as her peers. Which learning style does Deanna exemplify?

impulsive

Marina, a fourth-grade student, qualified for placement in a special education program. Marina's parents request that she be placed in a regular classroom for the entire day instead of being placed in a pull-out program. Marina's parents are advocating for a policy of:

inclusion

One assumption of constructivism is that meaningful learning is the result of

individuals using their knowledge and experience to create a personal view of the world.

Sarah is at the age where she is learning important academic skills and wants to compare favorably with peers in school to achieve competence. Erikson would say she is at the stage of:

industry vs. inferiority

Information held in long term memory has the effect of

influencing what we selectively perceive and find meaningful

You help one of your students determine the spelling of the word "beautiful." The student practices the spelling as he returns to his desk, but on the way another student asks him a question and interrupts his rehearsal. When he reaches his desk he cannot remember the spelling of the word. From an information processing standpoint, how can this be explained?

information in working memory began to disappear after twenty seconds or so.

You have decided that the students in your kindergarten class will no longer be allowed to participate in unstructured play or imagination activities, and will not be allowed to choose their own tasks. These types of activities, in your opinion, are a waste of learning time and have no place in a solid curriculum. Your thoughts largely ignore the need to resolve which of the following psychosocial crises?

initiative versus guilt

Rachel excels at language arts and math in school but finds P.E. challenging. She is also very reflective and prefers one or two close friends to many, probably because she finds social situations awkward. Howard Gardner might describe her as being strong in which of his multiple intelligence?

linguistic verbal, mathematical logical, and intrapersonal

Mr. Ewing notices that some of his students seem to have a natural ability to understand logical problems and numerical patterns. He believes it may be due to their high

logical mathematical intelligence

Which of the following is an example of a learning strategy?

looking through a chapter ahead of time, determined how to go about studying for the final, and thinking about how much time will be required for it

Repeating the punch line of a joke over and over to yourself while trying to find pencil and paper to write it down is an example of

maintenance rehearsal

Ms. Richter is a seventh grades science teacher who has a couple of students diagnosed with ADHD in her class. Even though they are bright students, she notices that they are struggling to keep up with the rest of the class. What non-academic support can Ms. Richter provide to assist these students?

negotiate a private signal with each student to remind them to refocus

Removing a child's name from the detention list after late homework was completed is an example of

negative reinforcement

Students who complete homework assignments every day for a week so that they are not required to take a practice quiz are responding according to the operant conditioning principle of

negative reinforcement

Roberto takes out his history book to read the assigned chapter for tomorrow's class. He ignores the music that is coming from his sister's room, thinks about how he will go about learning the material in the chapter, uses various note taking techniques, and records in his personal journal his level of satisfaction with the results. Roberto's behaviors reflect which part of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model?

performance phase

A student who has a moderate degree of self-efficacy for solving math problem will likely

persist on a mathematical task until success is attained or corrective feedback is given

A teacher of a middle school social studies class wants to encourage students his students to work in groups, to promote more group autonomy and foster social relationships and interpersonal skills. what strategy could the teacher use to meet this goal?

place students in small groups and ask them to work together to complete an assignment on current events

Which of the following classroom practices would be most appropriate for children at Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority?

placing completed assignments in each student's Successful Work folder

A typically boisterous child is praised enthusiastically by his teacher for sitting quietly and attending to the day's lesson. In response to his teacher's praise, the child sits quietly during the next day as well. The teacher is changing the child's behavior by using

positive reinforcement

Jacy and Stella are preparing for a chemistry test together. Stella is having trouble balancing equations until Jacy reminds her that what they're learning in algebra now is a lot like what they're doing in chemistry. What types of cognitive transfer is involved in this situation?

positive, near and specific

As you read this question, you will choose an answer that you decide is correct by relating the question to information already stored in your long term memory. The mental process taking place as you do this can best be explained by which of the following concepts?

recognition

If you want your second grade students to work on an assignment at a steady rate, the best thing for you to do is to

circulate around the room and praise students at frequent but unpredictable intervals

Which teaching methodology is consistent with Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

circulate as students work in cooperative groups and provide assistance and feedback

Maria has a history project to complete. First, she makes a list of the events that relate to her topic. She decides which ones are the most interesting and then creates several sample outlines, each with a different combination of events. She then researches all of the events at the library and on her computer. Last, she selects the outline that will work best, given the information she was able to find on particular topics and how interesting each one was, and revises it if necessary. Now she is ready to begin writing. According to Jerome Kagan, Maria exhibits which of the following?

reflectivity

The information processing approach to analyzing cognitive functioning stresses all but which one of the following?

reinforcement

A substitute teacher tells her fourth-grade students that she will circulate and pick up their assignments. The students respond quite insistently that she's not supposed to do that because they always put their assignments in the baskets on the shelves. Which stage of moral development are these students demonstrating, according to Kohlberg?

conventional morality

Tara has a high level of self-efficacy. Consequently, Tara will likely

credit her successes largely to effort

A student who finds himself relating a lecturer's statement that molecular structure is of a crystalline nature to a recollection of looking at crystals through a microscope is engaging in

elaborative rehearsal (or elaborative encoding)

Ms. Sawyer observes that after reading a research report, her students can use principles of good experimental design to point out flaws in researchers procedures and conclusions. What is the highest-level objective from Bloom's taxonomy that Ms. Sawyer's students have met?

evaluation

Zamir enjoys working with model rockets. His most recent project involved an extremely complex model that required several hours of assembly. Sternberg would probably say that Zamir's style is

executive

Teaching children or adolescents is challenging because it requires

flexible decision making and a working knowledge of the topics being discussed.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a scientific study?

flexible variables

A behavioral psychologist would be most likely to recommend which of the following motivational techniques?

give students bonus points when they complete an assignment

A kindergarten teacher can help her students to develop in a healthy fashion by

giving them the freedom to explore and taking the time to answer questions.

Self-esteem is based on ______, whereas self-concept is based on ________.

global evaluations; domain-specific evaluations

Tanika is learning a new algorithm for solving math word problems. She works at her desk but the teacher walks by from time to time, checking her work and helping her correct errors. Which of the following terms best describes this instructional situation?

guided practice

Ms. Neaville's objective for today's music lesson is, "The student will reproduce a drum rhythm by clapping after listening to an audio recording." This objective is written at which level of Simpson's Psychomotor Domain?

guided resonse

Students who have a strong sense of self efficacy will likely

have high expectations of success and, therefore, persist on a given task even when it becomes difficult.

Adam frequently exhibits defiance with his parents and teachers. He dyes his hair a different color every month, and one day declares he wants to be a rock star, while the next a restaurant chef. According to Erikson Adam is in the stage of

identity vs. role confusion

Trying to determine whether to allow a student to graduate a year early from high school is a(n)

ill-structured problem

Central Elementary School provides anti-bullying education and related counseling support for students. This is an example of which level of Maslow's pyramid of needs?

satisfying safety needs

According to Erikson, personality growth occurs in eight stages that are characterized by

the confrontation and resolution of various crises for better or worse

A student near the end of the preoperational stage of cognitive development is watching her teacher pour water from a tall, narrow glass into a wide, shallow bow. When asked which container has more water, her answer is:

the containers both hold the same amount

Remembering an important date in history because it is the same date as your father's birthday is an effective type of learning because

the new information is associated with something you already know

A student on a class field trip misbehaves on the bus and is told to sit by herself for ten minutes. This technique represents an attempt at implementing

time-out

As an example of mastery of Piaget's stage of formal operations, a teacher might ask students to

write a story about living in a colony on Mars in which students must consider various scientific characteristics of Mars, including climate, gravity, atmospheric pressure, ect.

Researchers who study the play patterns of preschool and kindergarten children have noted that

young children are capable of engaging in many different types of play

Four year old Gina was unusual among her age mates because she was able to

thread a needle

Teachers who force students to compete with one another for a limited supply of rewards (as when they practice grading on the curve), are most likely to see which of the following outcomes?

A decline in students intrinsic motivation

If you were a special education teacher, you would expect most of the students in your class to be classified as having

A learning disability

Which of the following situations reflects inert learning or knowledge?

A student does well on classroom tests, but is unable to use the information she learned when trying to write a term paper for that same class.

Which of the following best reflects the focus of critical constructivism?

A teacher strives to minimize his or her expectations about what students can accomplish based on their racial, ethnic, or SES background.

Teaching as inquiry involves four steps: asking useful questions, gathering data, reflection, and taking action. Which of the following best represents the step of taking action?

A teacher works one-on-one with students who are falling behind in the class, to help them to complete homework assignments and improve their overall performance.

Which of the following best describes Piaget's concept of a scheme?

An organized pattern of behavior or thought

Santana is a fifth grade student with intellectual disabilities. He is having trouble focusing on math, and is not finishing his assignments. What non-academic support can his teacher use to support him?

Build the student's self-esteem through positive feedback

How can technology increase students intrinsic motivation?

By using hypermedia and multimedia to make learning more interesting and relevant.

Which of the following is a good example of contingency contracting?

Carlos and his teacher agree that if he completes his workbook exercises successfully for four successive days, he may join the rest of the class in watching a movie on Friday.

Edgar is a student with a learning disability as defined by IDEA. He is struggling with learning the course material in his science class. What non-academic support could assist Edgar in his learning process?

Change the seating plan to help him focus in class.

Which of the following approaches to instruction would be most consistent with the work of B.F. Skinner?

Clearly express instructional goals, teach subject matter in a logical sequence, allow students to learn at their own pace.

A first grade teacher writes her spelling lesson plans so that information is presented to her students in 10 minute chunks of time. During this time, her students practice sight words and new words. This is an example of

Distributed practice

Natalie is receiving a 504 plan for her diagnosis of ADHD. The individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) stipulates that she

Does not require specialized instruction but is entitled to assurance that she will receive equal access to public education and services

Cesar finds that he tends to think of examples from his walks in the outdoors in the countryside for many of the geometry concepts he is learning. Which of the following would best explain Cesar's ability to understand geometry in this way?

Gardner's Naturalist Intelligence

Which of the following activites is an example of an objective development approach to instruction?

Give students a list of materials with the requirement that they separate magnetic materials from non-magnetic materials.

A tenth grade teacher creates a lesson on the branches of government using an objective development approach. Which activity follows the objective development approach?

Give the students ten governmental actions and have them categorize at least eight of them correctly.

It is believed by his teachers that Roger should be places in a special education program. Which of the following is not included as part of the process designed to help Roger receive the services he requires?

He should be placed in a special education class until his needs are assessed

The students in Ms. Chen's classroom include students of color, low-SES students, white middle-SES students, gifted and talented students, and students, with disabilities. In thinking about how to work with such a diverse group, Ms. Chen decides to focus on developing positive relationships among her students. Which theory could Ms. Chen utilizes, to help her achieve her goal of a socially supportive environment?

Humanistic

Which would be the best brief motto to use as a guide when trying behavior modification techniques?

Ignore bad behavior; reinforce good behavior

You assist one of your students in working out the spelling of the nine letter word, "wonderful," by relating the first syllable to the word, "won", which she can already spell, sounding out, "der", and relating the third to word "full", then pointing out that each syllable is only three letters long. When she returns to her desk she holds up three fingers and spells each syllable correctly. From an information processing standpoint, how can this strategy best be explained?

Information in working memory can be chunked so that more than 7 pieces of unrelated information become fewer pieces of related information for easier maintenance.

Ephraim, a student at Central State University, where parking spaces for students are few and far between, refuses to attempt to park in the spaces designated for students. Further, he will not buy a student parking sticker for his car. Though he receives numerous tickers, he continues to blatantly ignore all parking rules and regulations. Which of the following answers would describe postconventional justification for his behavior?

It is wrong for the university to make students pay for a service that can't guarantee.

Danny has made new friends this year because, although he is in 2nd grade, his math class also has 1st and 3rd graders in it and they all learn together and have math ability levels in common. Danny is involved with which type of grouping program?

Joplin Plan

Which one of the following statements is false regarding the tactic of note taking?

King found that students who use note taking outperformed those who used self-questioning and summarizing techniques.

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the teacher expectancy effect?

Linda's achievement test scores increase because her teacher, who feels Linda is gifted, begins to expect more of her.

According to Piaget, all but which of the following are characteristic of children in preschool and the primary grades (i.e., between the ages of two and seven)?

Logical thought is evident at this stage

Which of the following describes a behavioral event that primarily involves the pschomotor domain?

Lynda pitches the softball in the strike zone consistently

A fifth grade student has learning disabilities that are not covered under the IDEA act. He is able to stay on top of assignments and barely passes his assessments, but his reading skills are poor, and he doesn't feel confident in his ability to keep up with his peers. What support can the teacher offer him, under the Vocational Rehabilitation Act?

Protect the student from bullying in the classroom

Eric, a student with a learning disability in your history class, gets good grades in class projects, discussions, and presentations. However, you notice that he has great difficulty recalling information for the history test that you administer. What should you do in order to accommodate his disability?

Rather than a paper and pencil test, give him some alternative form of assessment

Which of the following is not true of reciprocal teaching?

Reciprocal teaching improves reading comprehension scores, but the gains fade unless maintained by constant teacher support.

Davis Elementary School implements a diagnostic program in which students are provided remedial instruction when first identified as demonstrating learning problems. They then receive remedial instruction based on best practices according to research in groups based on their performance level to see if they show achievement gains. This is an example of

Response to Intervention

Which of the following teaching strategies would be most helpful for a third grade class that is starting a new unit on science concepts, according to Piaget?

Review prior learning to help students new concepts to existing schemes

The student will, in class and in thirty minutes, correctly solve twelve of the fifteen problems on page ten of the text. This objective would most likely suit the needs of

Robert Mager

Mrs. Robbins teaches third grade. Her students are studying fractions. She has planned for a variety of instructional and assessment activities. Her students will practice working problems involving the addition/subtraction and multiplication/division of fractions until they remember to use the appropriate methods for handling like and unlike denominators. They will also work exercises in which they will be required to identify equivalent and nonequivalent values. Additionally, students will work in groups using fractions to measure ingredients for a snack they will prepare. At the end of the unit, all students will take an exam on which they will solve equations and write an essay about the use of fractions outside of math class. Mrs. Robbins's methods are best described as an application of _____ view of intelligence. (4)

Robert Sternberg's

One key difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of cognitive development is that Piaget believes that development must come first, and then learning can occur. Vygotsky believes the opposite--that the learning process causes growth and development. What is another area of disagreement between the two theorists?

Social interaction with more knowledgeable peers can greatly enhance cognitive development

Which of the following concepts would an elementary student most likely have difficulty comprehending?

Someone's personality is influenced by unconscious and conscious factors.

Ms. Berman is discussing the testing result of a student she has referred to the gifted and talented program with the district diagnostician. Ms. Berman discovers that many gifted students score highly on the IQ test that was administered, and also receive individual subtest scores. Although there are some differences among these subtest scores, they are often close, giving the student a high IQ overall. Which theory would best explain this type of profile?

Spearman's two factor theory of intelligence

Cody has performed well throughout school but enjoys applying his school learning to the real world more than scoring highly on a test. He works with his dad, a contractor, on work sites when he can, where he realized he could use the Pythagorean Theorem to help square corners when framing a house, and that measuring diagonals could do the same thing. Which theory would best explain Cody's type of intelligence?

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence

Which of the following is the clearest illustration of the Premack principle?

Students are allowed to engage in an activity of their own choice as soon as they finish a workbook assignment.

Which of the following instructional activities is consistent with the constructivist view of meaningful learning?

Students attend an art fair and are required to write about their interpretations of the meaning of particular works.

Which of the following scenarios displays the operant conditioning technique of response cost?

Students must "pay" the teacher's bank 10 of their previously earned tokens when they do not clean up learning centers before leaving.

Which of the following is an example of direct instruction?

Students practice solving two-digit multiplication problems while the teacher circulates among them, offering assistance and preventing off-task behavior when necessary.

Which of the following is an example of the application of the information processing/social cognitive approach to instruction?

Students use wet sand and measuring cups to study volume and measurement.

Which of the following is not an instructional objective?

Students who graduate from the eighth grade will be sufficiently literate.

Which of the following is a good example of the type of objective that would be included in the affective domain of the taxonomy of educational objectives?

Students will be able to express a willingness to identify with and support a particular point of view regarding conservation and the environment.

All but which one of the following goals could belong in the cognitive domain of educational objectives?

Students will be able to summarize and defend a personally held belief regarding the appropriate role of women in contemporary society.

The value of a token economy is that

The reward system is flexible in that tokens can be cashed in for various rewards of predetermined value.

A science teacher is teaching a lesson on rivers and flooding, using videos and drawing on the whiteboard. He realized that his students are not paying, and do not appear to be engaged in the lesson. Which of the following strategies would represent an application of Wasserman's use of flexibility?

The teacher moves the students over to the lab area and quickly creates a mock river, and proceeds to demonstrate the concepts he is trying to teach.

What is the purpose of the least restrictive environment provision of IDEA?

To ensure that children with disabilites are educated with non-disabled children whenever possible.

A high school language arts teacher has a student who has emotional and behavioral disabilities that qualify for special educational services. This student is quite often disruptive in class, and has to be removed from the classroom and sent to the counselor or principal's office. What non-academic support use to assist this student to progress in his learning?

Utilize behavior management strategies to prevent inappropriate actions

Mr. Jennings and his wife are planning a family vacation this summer. They must choose a destination that fits within their budget, has something that entertains each and every member of the family, works within their time frame. In other words, they have a task with an engaging purpose and they must work logically within various constraints being sure to use sound reasoning. Which intelligence theory best explains the Jennings ability to complete their plan to the satisfaction of all?

Wechsler's Global Intelligence

Lesile and Tony are in a cooperative learning group assigned to solve a political problem in their government class. Lesille tells the group that she wants to hear more from the liberals in the group since the conservatives outnumber them and are more outspoken. She is especially interested in hearing their thoughts on the third criterion in the rubric used for this task and how much emphasis they would put on it. Tony is focused on the information presented in the assignment and using what they learned in class this week to analyze the problem and add his ideas to the list. Which set of learning styles are Lesile and Tony exhibiting?

Witkin's Field Dependence and field independence

Bella and Talullah are second grade students practicing their spelling words. Their teacher periodically stops the class to ask to show with thumbs if they are ready for their test. Bella always shows a thumbs up and Talullah always shows a thumbs down. Their teacher notices this pattern with most of her students. What might be a reasonable explanation based on research for this pattern of response?

a lack of metacognitive awareness of knowing something well enough for testing

Quest Atlantis is a technological tool compatible with a constructivist approach to teaching because it provides

a situated learning environment that allows students to collaborate and solve realistic problems

Which is an example of Erikson's stage of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?

a two-year old insisting on helping her mom make cookies

A child who is concrete-operational is

able to answer questions about a story they have recently read

Some psychologists believe that information in long term memory (LTM) is organized in terms of schemata. Schemata can be defined as

abstract structures or framework of information

Mr. Starkey has noticed that the more accomplished his second graders become in reading the more excited they are about library time. This will also affect his students

academic self-concept

A high-school social science teacher notices that his students are not able to identify the impact that World War 2 had on the United States' economy, although they do seem to have a good understanding of the basic facts, dates and events of the war. What strategy might the teacher use to help his students to look deeper into the topic, based on Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

ask leading questions to foster discussion

A student who is taking a course in educational psychology for the first time scans through the information processing theory chapter and notes the word metacognition, which is unfamiliar. This student's selective focusing on the term metacognition is known as

attention

Which of the following represents the proper sequence of cognitive process that occur as we process information?

attention, recognition, transformation, storage, retrieval

A two-year old child wants to wear her favorite tutu to church on Sunday. Her parents allow the choice, even though their church is somewhat conservative. What ability are the parents trying to develop, according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

autonomy

Jeremy is tutoring Cody in their math homework. Jeremy is asking good questions and explaining why each problem-solving step comes next. Cody finally tells Jeremy that he's just making it harder and can he please just tell Cody what to do? Cody is clearly not a proponent of constructivist learning because he doesn't want to _______.

be an active learner

A new 3rd grade teacher wants to use what she's learned in her teacher training program in college to her profession for the benefit of her students. How can she best apply her training to the classroom?

be flexible in applying what research says to her classroom situations

Piaget's work in moral development suggests that the typical twelve-year old

believes that extenuating circumstances should be considered

Reciprocal teaching strategy are examples of which aspect of constructivism?

cognitive apprenticeship

Mr. Delmar, a health teacher, just read a research article that reported the importance of attention to a student's ability to learn something new. The next day he arrived in class wearing a skintight bodysuit illustrated with each of the organs in order to deliver a lecture on how systems in the body work. Mr. Delmar has attempted to:

combine art with science

A history teacher is preparing his student for a big end of term exam. He tells them that they will need to be able to answer multiple choice and short answer questions about specific historical events, and that they will also have an essay question with a choice of 3 different topics. Which approach to meaningful learning is the teacher utilizing?

communicating clear goals and objectives

Which of the following verbs best reflects the analysis level of Bloom's Taxonomy?

compare and contrast

Elementary children's self-images are

composed of self-discipline, self-esteem, and self-concept

Ms. Howard gave her high school senior students a graphic representation of the events leading up to the Revolutionary War, with blanks for them to enter additional notes regarding the values and politics surrounding each event. What learning tactic is described by this document?

concept mapping

A student who is at the stage of conventional morality (as described by Kohlberg) makes moral decisions on the basis of

concern about what others might think

Within social cognitive theory, the concept of self-regulation refers to

consistently using self-control skills in new situations.

Technology applications that lend themselves to knowledge construction, exploration, and learning by doing are consistent with a(n) _____ approach to learning.

constructivist

Monica is a diligent and successful student whose metacognitive processes have been fine tuned over the years. She knows that certain study strategies are more effective in some situations than in others, and she knows when and why to use them. She is also skilled in knowing how to apply these strategies in the appropriate situation. Monica has developed her

declarative, procedural and conditional knowledge base.

Which of the following instructional objectives would be preferred by Norman Gronlund?

demonstrates the ability to set up a light microscope

Margaret enjoys rock climbing but hates algebra because it is too confusing. In an effort to help her become a better math student, her instructor asks her to put in order the steps required to get to the top of a large rock. She then asks Margaret to list some similarities between algebra and rock climbing. Soon, Margaret begins to make the connection between the logical processes involved with each activity. The form of learning that Margaret's instructor has asked her to engage in is

discovery learning

If you wanted to use a social cognitive theory approach to motivation, you would

encourage student to imitate the behaviors of academically successful peers whom they admire

Mr. Beltran is a seventh grade teacher who feels like he spends half his time telling students, "listen up, look up, eyes on the board, attention please, I need your attention", or ringing a bell, knocking on a desk, flicking the lights of and on, etc. His efforts are intended to

engage students short term (working) memory

During algebra class, Mr. Harvey notices that many of his students are not paying attention to his famous "Quadratic Equation" lecture during which he draws funny chalk pictures to call attention to important steps. He instantly stops using the funny pictures and decides to alter his lecture by making it more interactive and student centered. The students immediately become more interested and begin to pay attention. Later that afternoon during his preparation period, he makes note of his failed attempt to capture the attention of the students with pictures and briefly outlines his altered lecture. Mr. Harvey has

exhibited some of the qualities of a reflective teacher.

Infants between birth and age two acquire an understanding of the world around them by

exploring their own bodies and senses

A teacher decides not to pay attention to Robert's wild hand-waving and calls on another students. Robert always launches into long, involves stories that change the direction of the class discussion. This teaching technique is most related to

extinction

Ian's parents have noted that he studies longer and gets better grades when they and the teacher praise his efforts and accomplishments than when they simply acknowledge his good performance. This pattern suggests that Ian is motivated primarily by

extrinsic motivation

Grace is proud of her Accelerated Reader program points and plans to read even more so she can pass more quizzes to gain points. Ariel loves to read, but sometimes forgets to take her Accelerated Reader quizzes to earn more points. Their teacher has commented on the irony of her more devoted reader not being the top scoring student in their class. Grace is __________ motivated to read while Ariel is _________ motivated to read.

extrinsically; intrinsically

If an elementary school child struggles to do well in school, which negative crisis resolution may occur, according to Erikson?

feeling of inferiority

A teacher decides to praise Imad's progress on the long-division workbook problems every twenty minutes. This teacher is using a ______ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed interval

Mr. Torrance assigned his statistics students to view several mini-lessons on correlation coefficients at home then the next day in class provided an interesting and relevant set of data on adolescents use of social media and diagnoses of depression. He assigned them to groups to analyze the data and report on their findings. This example of constructivism is called

flipping the classroom

Jennifer has always said she wanted to be an Olympic gymnast. Since the age of 6, she has participated in a gymnastics team. Her parents were actively involved in the gymnastics organization, and the whole family identifies as a 'gymnastics family'. When her friends asked her to go to "career day," Jennifer said that she didn't need to go. Her parents are proud of her dedication and talent and encourage her efforts. According to Marcia, Jennifer is demonstrating

foreclosure

Sarah, though she prefers dance to medicine, is a medical student because her parents have always dreamed of having a "Dr. Daughter." She is certain that medicine is the right career for her because her parents have supported that notion. Sarah would be classified be Marcia as which of the following types?

foreclosure

Cameron has set a goal of getting all A's on his report card for this term and has worked out a strategy that he thinks will achieve this goal. Which part of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model do these behaviors reflect?

forethought phase

A high school girl elects to take trigonometry and biology but not calculus and physics, aspire to a career in nursing rather than computer science, and rarely participates in class discussions. This pattern most likely reflects the effects of

gender bias

Ms. Douglas is returning some graded math exams to her seventh grade students. As she stops at Brandon's desk, she comments that he made another 100% and that he's really sharp when it comes to math. At Samantha's desk, she smiles and congratulates her on her perfect score and states that Samantha must have completed all of the practice problems and studied diligently. This is an example of

gender bias

Mrs. Hathaway stands at the door of her classroom each bell and welcomes students into her room. She praises students who preform appropriate responses such as a polite greeting, a smile, or a handshake. Halfway through the year, her friend across the hall, Miss, Hrause, stands at her door one day and is astonished that all of the students entering her room offer her a smile or a handshake. These students have learned to

generalize

Ms. Douglas wants her students to organize information into logical structures, integrate ideas into broad themes, and make connections with knowledge learned elsewhere. Her lessons are full of higher-order thinking skills activies, but she loads her test with short-answers and mulitple-choice items that require rote memorization. As a result,

her tests are not aligned with her objectives and instruction

Kendra's parents are very concerned about what appears to be depression and changes in her eating patterns. Kendra is reluctant to share her feelings with her parents and avoids interacting with them. Kendra is most likely in which grade level?

high school

The _______ approach to instruction has its focus on students needs and values, as well as their ability to direct their own learning.

humanistic

According to Marcia, what identify status is usually the last to emerge developmentally?

identity achievement

The first (lowest-level) three categories (in order) of the taxonomy of objects for the cognitive domain are

knowledge, comprehension, application

Ms. Kelton is trying to teach her pre-schoolers to obey rules on the playground. But the farther away from her that they are, the less likely they are to follow established playground rules. If she's not close by to praise for good behavior or apply time out for poor behavior, they do whatever suits them at the moment. According to Kohlberg, her students are in what stage of moral development?

instrumental relativist

Mr. Sanjabi's kindergarten class attends a computer lab twice each week. He has three educational programs available for his students. He assigns the reading program to those students who have difficulty with language arts. Students with poor math ability practice those skills using the math program. He also has a program that focuses on learning to be considerate and polite toward others. This third program is best described as an example of using technology to develop

interpersonal intelligence

Effective teachers recognize that teaching

is an art that should nonetheless have a good scientific basis.

Rhonda, a sixth grader, loves to work in her father's wood shop crafting items that she designs. Often, however, when she approaches her father about letting her work with him, he dismisses her request and tells her that she should "help your mother in the kitchen and stay out of my way." According to Erikson, Rhonda

is at risk for developing feelings of inferiority

Self-questioning is a highly recommended learning tactic because it leads to increased performance in:

knowledge integration

Audrey, a fourth grade student, always studies at the desk in her bedroom with quiet music playing because she's heard it helps her memory. She studied hard to learn the state capitals, connecting each state with its capital using items she could see in the posters on her wall, and felt confident. The next day in school, Audrey fails her capitals test and tell her teacher that she just couldn't remember anything while she was sitting in the classroom. Which of the following is most likely to explain Audrey's failed recall?

lack of retrieval cues

Direct instruction has been found to be most effective for

learning basic reading and writing skills

Ms. Tibideax wants to ensure that her students know what they should focus on as they prepare for their upcoming history final exam. Which teaching practice would help her students to know what is most important for them to learn?

learning objectives and pretests

Dustin is a proponent of constructivist instruction. He plans lessons that are meaningful and require active learning from his students. However, in comparison to one of his colleagues who favors a behavioral approach of direct teaching, Dustin finds that his lesson plans are _____ detailed but his lessons take ______ time.

less; more

Enrique, who is in ninth grade, has exhibited a high level of logical-mathematical ability but a low level of spatial ability. His parents want him to pursue a career in math or science but are concerned that he may choose a career that does not place such a heavy emphasis on spatial ability. Enrique's parents approach you asking for advice on how his spatial ability could be improved. If you shared Howard Gardner's views about intelligence, which of the following statements would guide your response to Enrique's parents?

many factors, in addition to intelligence, influence an individuals interest and career choice

Bringing a juggling clown into your eighth grade classroom to aid you in teaching some elementary physics concepts

may work well, since unpredictable changes or unusual events often command a child's attention

The need for multicultural programs and an increased sensitivity toward the educational needs of students from different ethnic groups is apparent because

members of various minority groups have lower standardized test scores and higher dropout rates.

Sonya, a student in an educational psychology course, is studying for an exam, and it is very late at night. She suddenly realizes that she has not comprehended the paragraph that she has just read. Which concept refers to the ability that allowed Sonya to recognize her failure to comprehend?

metacognitive processing

In Ms. Michel's math class, students watch and listen as she works a problem on the board and explains each step as she completes it. Her students pick up the strategy for completing similar problems. This is an example of

modeling

The fifth-graders of Westside Elementary School are allowed to volunteer as safety patrol assistants to help the crossing guard before and after school. One day some students waiting their turn to cross become rowdy and bump a second-grader waiting with them. She accidentally steps over the line behind which students are to stand. The safety patrol on duty reports her for violation of crossing rules. According to Piaget's theory of moral development, the members of the safety patrol are in the stage of

morality of constraint (moral realism)

Mrs. Prescott creates sequential lessons describing algebraic concepts. As her students work through the lessons, she monitors her students' mastery of each topic in preparation for the final exam. This is an example of what approach?

objective development

Demetria says to her teacher, "You know what? I bet I have fifty mystery books at home, and I love reading them over and over again. Each time I read them, I catch some clue that I missed before. If I had more time, I bet I could read a new book every night! Wouldn't that be cool?" According to motivational theories, Demetria continues to read her books primarily because

of high intrinsic motivation

Stephen, a highly creative and intelligent student, is not doing well in school. He has tried to conform to his teacher's methods of instruction and evaluation, and he has discussed with her what instructional changes she might make to allow him to enhance his motivation and performance. However, the teacher is unable to accommodate him because of time constraints. Stephen speaks to his parents about enrolling in a private, alternative school that would offer him a more adaptive learning environment. Sternberg would likely argue that Stephen has a high degree of ____________ intelligence.

practical

A child thinks, "I would love to run across my mom's new white carpet after playing in the mud just to see what cool designs I could make. I won't though because I am afraid that she would punish me." These thoughts reflect which level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

preconventional

A middle school student observes another cheating on a test. The student who cheated tells her after class that, "It's not a big deal because the teacher didn't see and doesn't really care." The student who cheated is exhibiting beliefs of which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

preconventional

Chloe is a very active girl who enjoys activities such as running and jumping. She loves to play "house" with the other girls and must rest frequently. She has difficulty with writing and most fine motor activities present a challenge for her. Chloe is most likely in which grade level?

preschool or kindergarten

According to the information processing/ social cognitive approach to learning, one way to help students meaningfully process information is to

present new information in relatively small amounts and over a reasonable period of time because of the limits of students working memory capacity

James frequently gets out of his seat and walks around the classroom without permission. In an effort to weaken this behavior, his teacher makes him stay in for recess and write 100 times, "I will stay in my seat during class." If this consequence has the intended effect of reducing the number of times James leaves his seat during class (an unlikely outcome), it is an example of

presentation punishment

A child who first realizes that learning is easier when words or ideas that belong to the same category are grouped together or that generating a visual image of a world makes it easier to recall is most likely to be at what grade level?

primary grades

Nathan's parents have observed that he is becoming more sensitive to his siblings feelings while at the same time he takes criticism more to heart and has a hard time adjusting when he fails at something he attempts. At which grade level do these characteristics begin to engage?

primary grades

Spencer made a lower-than-usual grade on his spelling test this week. When he discussed it with his mother after school, he responded to her questions with insight that she had not previously noticed, "Well I know how to say the words and I know what they mean, but I think I didn't practice how to spell them enough. I looked at them but I didn't spell them out loud over and over." At which grade level would these characteristics begin to emerge?

primary grades

Mrs. Young becomes dissatisfied with her school's absentee policy after reading about factors likely to influence students self-esteem, motivation, and attendance rates. Although she is nervous about challenging the established policy at her school, she makes her findings known to her principal and school board members. Mrs. Young's behavior illustrates the process of

problem finding

Providing students with many opportunities to practice previously learned skills, providing students with appropriate retrieval cues, and teaching students how to create general rules or strategies are all instructional techniques for

promoting cognitive transfer

Which of the following strategies would be an example of scaffolding, based Vyhotsky's theory of cognitive development?

provide examples to illustrate the content students are learning

A fourth grade student with developmental delays has been placed in an inclusion classroom with his peers. He does not participate much in class, and is shy around other students, even in small groups. His teacher believes that he is demonstrating low self-esteem. What non-academic support would likely help this student to participate more in small group discussions and projects?

providing group counseling with students who have similar issues

Which learning activity would be most likely to promote formal operational thinking in a high school science class

providing instructions on problem solving techniques and asking students to work on a complicated science project

Ms. Allen's goal for her second-graders is to learn how to print legibly. From which taxonomy of educational objectives will she most likely draw in order to write an appropriate lesson objective?

psychomotor

Suzanna Goodin hated her chore of feeding the cat because she hated washing the cat food spoon which always became covered with squishy, smelly cat food. Instead of just complaining, she thought, "Aha! This is a problem I can solve." Suzanna invented an edible pet food spoon made of hard pet food. After you scoop the pet food out of the can, you can throw the spoon right in the bowl with the food to be eaten right up! For her invention, Suzanna won grand prize in that year's Weekly Reader invention contest. Which step in the problem-solving process does Suzanna's "Aha!" moment represent?

realize that a problem exists

Mrs. Newton reads a section of a book out loud to her third-grade class, closes her book, then to ask her questions about the passage. Next, she asked the students to close their books and she asks questions of the students. Finally, the students answer each other's questions. Which strategy is the teacher using in this lesson, according to social cognitive theory?

reciprocal questioning

Alberto is learning algebra. His teacher provides him with classroom instruction and exercises to work at home and also solves problems with the class. When concepts are new, the teacher interacts often with Alberto and his classmates, showing them how to perform operations, giving subtle hints, asking leading questions, and making suggestions. As Alberto becomes more competent in his new skills, his teacher begins to back off, allowing him to work with increasing independence. Alberto's teacher has used the constructivist principle of

scaffolding

Casey received a score of 88 on yesterday's exam and was quite pleased with the result because it was higher than the 79 she received on the last exam. After thinking about it for a while, she concluded that her improved performance was due to a more systematic use of study skills. Casey's behavior reflects which part of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model?

self reflection phase

Justine has positive self-esteem and strongly believes that goodness and beauty exist in the world. In addition, she holds individuals with a strong sense of humor in high regard. According to Maslow, Justine may be satisfying her need for

self-actualization

Mr. Schreiber is called out of the classroom for several minutes. Before leaving, he tells his students to read the next ten pages in the text and answer the questions at the end of the chapter. A minute later, however, several students are talking about sports, other students, and what they're going to do after school. But Jada continues to read and formulate answers to the questions in the text. Jada's behavior is an example of

self-control

Ms. de Silva is teaching her second grade class strategies for working through their reading-comprehension assignments. She focuses on the steps involved in starting a new book, strategies to identify key words phrases, and how to complete the work and log their results. She then has them start their first task, and asks them to work independently to complete their assignments. Which principle of Social Cognitive theory is Ms. de Silva teaching her studnts?

self-control

Ms. Chung created a 'Get-to-Know-You' warm-up activity for the first day of class in which students will list on a note card three facts about themselves two true and one false, then other students vote on which is the false fact. Ms. Chung's students are revealing their

self-descriptions

Aubry, a sixth-grade student, remarks, "Analyzing fictional literature is too hard. I just can't do it." According to social cognitive theory, Aubry likely has low feelings of ______________ on tasks such as this.

self-efficacy

Simone is studying for her educational psychology final assessment. She has always passed her objective assessments for previous courses, but isn't sure she can learn all of the approaches in educational psychology. Which analytical ability will more likely determine whether Simone continues to devote time and effort to studying for her exam, according to social cognitive theory?

self-efficacy

Which of the following terms refers to how capable we feel we are, or how successful we will be, when performing certain kinds of tasks?

self-efficacy

Esteban tells Alfred that he hates himself for not making the basketball team because it's just more proof that he's inferior to all the other guys. Esteban's comment most probably originates from his

self-esteem

One day Jorge, a third grade student, noticed that his classmate Sharae received praise from their teacher every time she turned in her homework. Jorge decides that he will also turn in his homework, because he'd like to receive that praise, too. For the next month, Jorge meets his goal of turning in his homework and receives the teacher's praise, and the other kids start to notice, so Jorge explains to his friend what happened. What hey principle of social cognitive theory is the student demonstrating?

self-regulated skill learning

A taxonomy can best be defined as a

series of categories arranged in hierarchical order

After information is attended to, it moves into working memory, which has the capacity to hold ____ bits of ____ information for about twenty seconds.

seven; unrelated

Penny, a kindergartner, wants to learn how to draw a letter Q the way it appears in her coloring book. Penny's teacher watches her carefully and reinforces every attempt Penny makes to draw the letter Q correctly until the child actually draws the letter properly. This best demonstrates

shaping techniques

As it relates to identity development, a psychosocial moratorium

should be a period of postponing commitment

A high school student whose parents have a history of alcohol and have just gone through a divorce

should be watched for signs of depressions and considered a potential suicide risk

A student who is having a problem solving a mathematical word problem realizes that she might figure out a solution more quickly by discussing the procedure and negotiating the meaning of the problem with her peers. She is engaging in

social constructivism

Central High School has created a Student Court to help evaluate violations of school policy. A student comes before the court charged with parking in the teachers' parking lot after returning from lunch. The court asks him for an explanation of his intentions and any extenuating circumstances before determining what consequences to apply. According to Kohlberg, the members of the student court are in what level of moral develepment?

social contract

Which of the following factors has not been shown to influence one's feeling about whether one can successfully complete a given task?

socioeconomic level

Educational psychologists who are familiar with research findings

sometimes construct different interpretations of what the data mean

A high school student is working on an assignment for her science class, that includes presenting her final work to her class. She is allowed to present her work in any way that she chooses, and is allowed to be creative in how she puts her work together. She has been working on creating a visual representation of the periodic table, including creating a 3-D visual diagram of each element. For her presentation, she displays her diagram, and provides her explanation in rap music style. Which group of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences is this student displaying

spatial, linguistic, and musical

Dr. Valentine is explaining the art of writing a good love poem. He stands at the front of the classroom and writes key phrases and transitions on the board. He works very deliberately in hopes that every student will be able to follow his instruction. Which of the following terms best describes this instructional situation?

structured practice

Ms. Morgan's professional goal this school year is to keep a journal in which she uses an inquiry process to improve her teaching. Which of the following practices would not fit her goal?

take action based on her instincts in the situation

A limitation to applying Maslow's theory in the classroom is that

teachers may be unable to satisfy one or more of their students deficiency needs

If you wanted to use computer-based technology in a way that was consistent with Vygotsky's principles of cognitive development, which of the following applications would you select?

teleapprenticeship programs

Mr. Fradigio would like to investigate the effectiveness of wearing bandanas on the retention of information among his high school seniors. He believes that the tighter students tie their bandanas the better they will recall lecture material. To see if his theory is correct, one-third of his morning history class wear extremely tight bandanas, one-third wear moderately tight bandanas, and one-third wear a loose fitting band. He lectures and then administers the regular exam to each of the classes. He repeats the same experiment the following term with a new group of students. He then writes about his experiment and reports the results in the weekly school newsletter. Mr. Fradigio's inquiry is an example of

the scientific method

According to attribution theory, high achievers typically attribute success in school to _________ and failure in school to ___________.

their own abilities; lack of effort

Today, students with disabilities are more likely than they were in the past to succeed academically because:

there are more assistive technologies because of federal legislation that requires schools to accommodate their needs.

The research findings on ability grouping discussed in the text suggest that

there is no empirical support for between class ability grouping

A teacher shows her fifth-grade students a new type of fraction problem that she would like them to solve. She is certain that they will be able to work the unfamiliar problem, because they are familiar with the style of the problem she is presenting and have been doing well with fractions so far. She should start her students off by having them

thoroughly understand the problem

Teachers who adopt a humanistic approach to instruction are primarily interested in

understanding and addressing students needs, values, and motives

A four or five year old child who has begun to develop a theory of mind

understands that people's behavior is a reflection of their beliefs about the world.

Maria was so happy and proud that she beat her teacher by one second on a timed multiplication facts test. But when her big sister challenged her to a competition to calculate are and perimeter formulas for different shapes, she had a harder time memorizing them and couldn't beat her sister. Maria is most likely in which grade level?

upper elementary

Bailey has recently begun asking for her mother's opinion less and less, and is referring to her friends' opinions more often. Bailey's self-image is changing and seems to be a reflection of her friends opinions. She has mentioned that she might enjoy playing basketball in the community league. Bailey is most likely in which grade level?

upper elementary grades

Students who have high levels of self-efficacy are likely to

use a variety of advanced learning skills

Which of the following statements represents the most appropriate application of learning styles research to one's teaching practices?

use a variety of instructional methods so that students will have opportunities to excel in their strong areas and to develop weaker areas

Mr. Parker's unit test assesses students understanding at Bloom's knowledge and comprehension levels. Based on this assessment, he should assume that his students will be able to do all of the following except:

use concepts they have learned in new situations

A fourth-grade teacher notices that his students are struggling with understanding science concepts that require basic problem-solving skills. What strategy might the teacher use, based on Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

use concrete materials or props to solve problems

A fourth grade teacher has unintentionally positively reinforced his students to ask repeatedly for privileges by first saying no then, when they repeat the request, finally agreeing so that they will stop bothering her with the reported requests. Sometimes she agrees after their third request, sometimes not until the 5th or 6th, and other times any number in between. What schedule of reinforcement has she unintentionally used to create this bothersome and persistent behavior in her students?

variable ratio

During recess, a normally well-behaved student sees the rest of his class throwing pine cones at one another. The recess monitor was not paying attention, and did not intervene. The student sees that other students seem to be having fun in this inappropriate activity, so he picks up pine cones and throws them at his friends. This is an example of

vicarious learning

Ms. Chavez students were instructed at the beginning of the school year to turn in their reading logs in a special box in front of the room every Friday morning when they come into the classroom. One Friday, Susie is the first one to turn in her reading log, and the teacher rewards her with verbal praise and a special snack. Lori didn't remember to turn in her log, but after seeing the reward Susie received, she made sure to turn in her reading log the next Friday. What is Lori experiencing, according to motivational theory?

vicarious reinforcement

According to Erikson, if Robert has successfully resolved the psychosocial crisis of adolescence, he is now able to

view himself as having a meaningful role in life

Mr. Torres is looking to purchase computer software that students will find engaging and that will allow them to work collaboratively in small groups. Which of the following types of programs best meets this description?

virtual environments

Vygotsky's research in the area of cognitive development in children indicates that

we learn best when instruction is pitched just above the lower limit of our zone of proximal development

Zane: I just don't understand how you can like analyzing poetry more than solving geometry problems. Greg: because it's fun to try to figure out what the poet meant by using a mysterious metaphor Zane: but with geometry you actually know when you find the answer. Greg: yeah, too predictable. Like I said, I enjoy thinking about all the possible meanings. Zane is a fan of _______ problems, while Greg prefers ________ problems.

well-structured; ill-structured

Maria was administered an IQ test in fourth grade. She received an overall score of 135 on this test (which is more than two standard deviations above average). On the basis of this score, we can infer that Maria

will probably do very well as she moves through the school system

Which of the following is supported by research findings regarding the effectiveness of ability grouping for science and math instruction?

within-class grouping and the Joplin Plan seem to be effective.

Research on the effectiveness of using objectives leads to the conclusion that objectives

work best when students are aware of them