Psychology Basics

SQ3R

(tips for studying psychology) -Survey -Question -Read -Rehearse -Review

Margaret Floy Washburn

-1st woman to receive psychology Ph. D -synthesized animal behavior research in the Animal Mind -2nd American Psychological Association female president

Wilhelm Wundt

-philosopher & psychologist -established 1st psychology laboratory (Lezpig, Germany 1879) -experiment with hearing sound & reaction time

Levels of Psychological Analysis

:the differing complementary views for analyzing any given phenomenon

Culture

:the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, & traditions shared by a large group of people & transmitted from one generation to the next

Freud is sometimes called an "__________ of the mind"

Archeologist

Freud's 2-Part Theory of Human Motivation

EROS: loving, constructive life force THANATOS: aggressive, destructive drive

Personality Psychology

-investigating our persistent traits

Psychological Approach

-learned fears & other learned expectations -emotional responses -cognitive processing & perceptual interpretations

What do EEG's record?

-records brain activity -records series of events -records brain responses

Behavioral Psychology

1940s-1950s -OBSERVABLE BEHAVIORS --overt (obvious, observable) --behaviorists want concrete facts --goal for psychology to be a hard science -ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES --derives behaviors; not free-will --at birth, we're all a blank slate & environment fills our blank slate--the consequences you got from those behaviors determine how you are/act -LEARNING -stimulus-response -conditioning -(+/-) reinforcement -generalization

Scientific Method

:a self-correcting process for asking questions & observing nature's answer -good theories explained by: 1. organizing & linking observed facts, 2. implying hypotheses that offer testable predictions &, sometimes practical applications

Freud determined ______________ to be one of our primary drives during WWI & the death of his daughter.

aggression

Freud's 1st career was to be a research scientist, but this was not possible because:

there was a quota for Jews.

1896, Upon his father's death, Freud decided to analyze himself, becoming the 1st person to investigate his own ______________.

unconscious.

Psychodynamic Psychology

(psychoanalytic) Sigmund Freud, late 1800s-1930s -THE UNCONSCIOUS (unawareness--of drives) --goal tap into & reveal the unconscious -THERAPY --way to study the unconscious *hypnosis, dream-analysis, projective tests (ink blocks), free association -EARLY-CHILDHOOD & PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP --1st relationship with parents influences all future relationships -how behavior springs from unconscious & derives conflicts -Id, ego -level of conscious -defense mechanisms -psychosexual stages -feelings of inferiority

HOW DID THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP?

-1st psychological laboratory (1879, German philosopher Wilhelm Wundt) -began as "science of mental life" -1920s changed to "science of observable behavior" -after rediscovering the mind in 1960s, psychology is now "science of behavior & mental processes"

William James

-American philosopher -1890 teacher-writer of psychology -author os an important 1890 psychology textbook -mentored Mary Calkins

Sigmund Freud

-Austrian physician -personality theorist & therapist -influenced humanities' self-understanding

Charles Darwin

-English naturalist -proposed evolutionary psychology

Aristotle

-Greek naturalist & philosopher -learning & memory, motivation & emotion, perception & personality

7 Perspectives of Psychology

-Psychodynamic -Behavioral -Cognitive -Humanistic -Biological -Sociocultural -Evolutionary

WHAT THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES DO PSYCHOLOGISTS TAKE, & HOW DOES THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH HELP INTEGRATE THESE PERSPECTIVES?

-Psychological perspectives: neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, social-cultural -BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL Approach integrates information from the biological, psychological, & social-cultural levels of analysis

Why do Psychology?

-Psychologists use the science of behavior & mental process to better understand why people think, feel, & act as they do

Contemporary Psychology

-Psychology is GROWING & GLOBALIZING

Ivan Pavlov

-Russian physiologist -pioneered the study of learning

Evolutionary Psychology

-SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST -ADAPTIVE --our behaviors aid our adaptions -HISTORY OF SPECIES -how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes

Jean Piaget

-Swiss biologist -20th century's most influential observer of children

WHAT ATTITUDES CHARACTERIZE SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY?

-a curious eagerness to skeptically scrutinize competing ideas & open-minded humility before nature--carries into CRITICAL THINKING--examines assumptions, searches for hidden values, evaluates evidence, & assesses outcomes

Clinical Psychologist

-assesses & treat mental, emotional, & behavior disorders -works with diagnosis and treatment of disorders -research & applied

What might a change in an EEG recording indicate?

-better understand the relationship between the mind & the brain

Psychiatry

-branch of medicine dealing with psychological practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

Clinical Psychology

-branch of psychology that studies, assesses, & treats people with psychological disorders

Mary Whiton Calkins

-completed requirements of Harvard Ph. D -memory researcher -American Psychological Association's 1st female president

Educational Psychologist

-concentrate on how effective teaching & learning take place -studies issues related to how people learn -research

WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY'S HISTORIC BIG ISSUE?

-concerns the relative contributions of NATURE & NURTURE (genes & experience)

Oedipus Complex

-developed by Freud -A son directs his 1st sexual impulses towards his MOTHER & his aggressive impulses toward his FATHER

Community Psychologist

-develops & presents programs to help maintain mental health -applied

Freud's View of Women

-didn't understand women -"What do Women Want?" -Women are inferior because don't have penis

WHAT ARE PSYCHOLOGY'S SPECIALIZED SUBFIELDS?

-encompass BASIC RESEARCH, APPLIED RESEARCH, & CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Cognitive Psychologist

-experimenting with how we perceive, think, & solve problems

Biological Psychologist

-explores the links between mind & brain

Social Psychologists

-exploring how we view & affect one another -studies how society influences the individual -studies how a person's mental life & behavior is shaped by interactions with other people -research

Sports Psychologist

-help athletes refine their focus on competition goals, become more motivated, & learn to deal with the anxiety & fear of failure that often accompany competition

Counseling Psychologist

-help people cope with challenges -works with people who exhibit trouble coping with everyday problems -applied

WHY ARE THE ANSWERS THAT FLOW FROM THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH MORE RELIABLE THAN THOSE BASED ON INTUITION & COMMON SENSE?

-help us sift reality from illusion, taking us beyond the limits of our intuition & common sense

Humanistic Psychology

-historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people -used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth

Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

-humanistic psychology -emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on growth potential, & importance on meeting our needs for love & acceptance

B. F. Skinner

-later led American psychologist -behaviorist -rejected introspection & studied how consequences shape behavior

John B. Watson & Rosaline Rayner

-led American psychologists -championed psychology as the science of behavior & demonstrated conditioned responses on "Little Albert" -Watson redefined psychology as "the science of observable behavior"

Psychiatrist

-medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs & treat physical causes of psychological disorders

Biological Approach

-natural selection of adaptive physiology & behaviors -genetic predispositions responding to environment -brain mechanisms -hormonal influences

Freudian Slips

-peaks into one's unconscious -"slip" of the tongue -"You mean to say one thing, but instead say 'Your Mother'"

Social-cultural Approach

-presence of others -cultural, societal, & family expectations -peer & other group influences -compelling models (i.e. media)

Why do psychologists study human behavior?

-psychology is a window that provides a glimpse of the workings of the human mind

Experimental Psychologist

-studies any mental psychological issue -research

Developmental Psychologist

-study our changing abilities from womb to tomb -studies the maturation process -research

What is non-verbal communication & examples?

-without using words Ex: body language, facial expression, tone of voice

School Psychologist

-works to overcome educational difficulties -work directly with public & private schools -applied

Industrial/organizational Psychologist

-works with psychological issues that are related to business -apply psychological principle & research methods to the work place in the interest of improving productivity & the quality of work like -research & applied

Freud's 3 Neuroses

1. Fainting in the presence of successful or talente men 2. Addicted to cigars 3. Travel phobia

Cognitive Psychology

1960s -THINKING --thought processes--what goes into those behaviors --ex (topics studied): attention, problem solving, expectations, decision making, information processing -INDIVIDUAL'S PERCEPTIONS OF REALITY (interpretation) --everyone has different glasses with different lenses based on experiences -how we encode, process, store, & retrieve information -assimilation/accommodation -irrational thoughts -personal constructs

Humanistic Psychology

1970s, hippies Impact on therapy; not research -FOCUSES ON THE POSITIVE --everyone is essentially good -INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM --free-will, need to express one's self, listen to your inner growth -POTENTIAL --we all want to grow, improve to work towards our potential -you need to take ahold of the reigns of your life -the Self -hierarchy of needs -self-actualization -empathy -conditional positive regard

Biological Psychology

1980s -GENES, THE BRAIN, NERVOUS SYSTEM, & ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: genetic predisposition, heredity, chemical imbalances, brain structures -neuro-anatomy/physiology -hormones -genetics

Sociocultural Psychology

1990s, "piecy" -CULTURAL INFLUENCES --gender, ethnicity, ability, sexual orientation, national cultures, etc. *Impact--recognize social-cultural influences--researchers need to be aware of their own assumptions & biases -how behavior & thinking vary across situations & cultures -observational learning -reciprocal influences -self-concept -vicarious reward/punishment -self-efficacy

Operational Definition

:a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables

Hypothesis

:a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Biopsychosocial Approach

:an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, & social-cultural levels of analysis -gives a more complete picture of process

The Scientific Attitude

:being skeptical but not cynical, open but not gullible

Counseling Psychology

:branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living & achieving greater well-being

Theory

:explaining using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations & predicts behaviors or events

Basic Research

:pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base -biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, & social psychologists

Replication

:repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic findings extends to other participants & circumstances

Intuition & Common Bias

:scientific approach is more reliable than common sense & tuition

Applied Research

:scientific study that aims to solve practical problems -organizational/industrial psychologists

Nature-Nurture Issue

:the controversy over the relative contributions of biology & experience -the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes & experience make to development of psychological traits & behaviors -today's science see's traits & behaviors arising from the interaction of nature & nurture -psychological traits are to behaviors

What is Psychology?

:the scientific study of behavior & mental process -a science aimed to observe, describe, & explain how we think, feel, & act -developed from philosophy & biology

Hindsight Bias

:the tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that one would have foreseen it--20/20 hindsight bias -the "I-knew-it-all-along" Phenomenon -perceive events as obvious or inevitable after the fact -Paul Slovic & Baruch Fischhoff, 1977

Critical Thinking

:thinking that does not blindly accept arguments & conclusions -it EXAMINES assumptions, DISCERNS hidden values, EVALUATES evidence & ASSESSES conclusions

True or false?: Your behavior is only measured by what people can observer.

FALSE

What does Phillip Zimbardo consider to be a puzzling and complex creature?

Human/social animal

Freud 1873

Started medical school in Vienna

1884, started researching the therapeutic effects of

cocain

Freud studies his unconscious through ______ ____________.

free association.

1918 Freud began psychoanalyzing ____________.

his daughter, Anna.

Freud began his career as a ______________.

hypnotist

Jean Charcot taught Freud that disease can be easily caused by _____________.

ideas.

During the 1880s (Freud), it was believed that _______ was the root of all neuroses.

sex

Behaviorism

the view that psychology should be objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental process