Psychology Basics
SQ3R
(tips for studying psychology) -Survey -Question -Read -Rehearse -Review
Margaret Floy Washburn
-1st woman to receive psychology Ph. D -synthesized animal behavior research in the Animal Mind -2nd American Psychological Association female president
Wilhelm Wundt
-philosopher & psychologist -established 1st psychology laboratory (Lezpig, Germany 1879) -experiment with hearing sound & reaction time
Levels of Psychological Analysis
:the differing complementary views for analyzing any given phenomenon
Culture
:the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, & traditions shared by a large group of people & transmitted from one generation to the next
Freud is sometimes called an "__________ of the mind"
Archeologist
Freud's 2-Part Theory of Human Motivation
EROS: loving, constructive life force THANATOS: aggressive, destructive drive
Personality Psychology
-investigating our persistent traits
Psychological Approach
-learned fears & other learned expectations -emotional responses -cognitive processing & perceptual interpretations
What do EEG's record?
-records brain activity -records series of events -records brain responses
Behavioral Psychology
1940s-1950s -OBSERVABLE BEHAVIORS --overt (obvious, observable) --behaviorists want concrete facts --goal for psychology to be a hard science -ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES --derives behaviors; not free-will --at birth, we're all a blank slate & environment fills our blank slate--the consequences you got from those behaviors determine how you are/act -LEARNING -stimulus-response -conditioning -(+/-) reinforcement -generalization
Scientific Method
:a self-correcting process for asking questions & observing nature's answer -good theories explained by: 1. organizing & linking observed facts, 2. implying hypotheses that offer testable predictions &, sometimes practical applications
Freud determined ______________ to be one of our primary drives during WWI & the death of his daughter.
aggression
Freud's 1st career was to be a research scientist, but this was not possible because:
there was a quota for Jews.
1896, Upon his father's death, Freud decided to analyze himself, becoming the 1st person to investigate his own ______________.
unconscious.
Psychodynamic Psychology
(psychoanalytic) Sigmund Freud, late 1800s-1930s -THE UNCONSCIOUS (unawareness--of drives) --goal tap into & reveal the unconscious -THERAPY --way to study the unconscious *hypnosis, dream-analysis, projective tests (ink blocks), free association -EARLY-CHILDHOOD & PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP --1st relationship with parents influences all future relationships -how behavior springs from unconscious & derives conflicts -Id, ego -level of conscious -defense mechanisms -psychosexual stages -feelings of inferiority
HOW DID THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP?
-1st psychological laboratory (1879, German philosopher Wilhelm Wundt) -began as "science of mental life" -1920s changed to "science of observable behavior" -after rediscovering the mind in 1960s, psychology is now "science of behavior & mental processes"
William James
-American philosopher -1890 teacher-writer of psychology -author os an important 1890 psychology textbook -mentored Mary Calkins
Sigmund Freud
-Austrian physician -personality theorist & therapist -influenced humanities' self-understanding
Charles Darwin
-English naturalist -proposed evolutionary psychology
Aristotle
-Greek naturalist & philosopher -learning & memory, motivation & emotion, perception & personality
7 Perspectives of Psychology
-Psychodynamic -Behavioral -Cognitive -Humanistic -Biological -Sociocultural -Evolutionary
WHAT THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES DO PSYCHOLOGISTS TAKE, & HOW DOES THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH HELP INTEGRATE THESE PERSPECTIVES?
-Psychological perspectives: neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, social-cultural -BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL Approach integrates information from the biological, psychological, & social-cultural levels of analysis
Why do Psychology?
-Psychologists use the science of behavior & mental process to better understand why people think, feel, & act as they do
Contemporary Psychology
-Psychology is GROWING & GLOBALIZING
Ivan Pavlov
-Russian physiologist -pioneered the study of learning
Evolutionary Psychology
-SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST -ADAPTIVE --our behaviors aid our adaptions -HISTORY OF SPECIES -how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes
Jean Piaget
-Swiss biologist -20th century's most influential observer of children
WHAT ATTITUDES CHARACTERIZE SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY?
-a curious eagerness to skeptically scrutinize competing ideas & open-minded humility before nature--carries into CRITICAL THINKING--examines assumptions, searches for hidden values, evaluates evidence, & assesses outcomes
Clinical Psychologist
-assesses & treat mental, emotional, & behavior disorders -works with diagnosis and treatment of disorders -research & applied
What might a change in an EEG recording indicate?
-better understand the relationship between the mind & the brain
Psychiatry
-branch of medicine dealing with psychological practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy
Clinical Psychology
-branch of psychology that studies, assesses, & treats people with psychological disorders
Mary Whiton Calkins
-completed requirements of Harvard Ph. D -memory researcher -American Psychological Association's 1st female president
Educational Psychologist
-concentrate on how effective teaching & learning take place -studies issues related to how people learn -research
WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY'S HISTORIC BIG ISSUE?
-concerns the relative contributions of NATURE & NURTURE (genes & experience)
Oedipus Complex
-developed by Freud -A son directs his 1st sexual impulses towards his MOTHER & his aggressive impulses toward his FATHER
Community Psychologist
-develops & presents programs to help maintain mental health -applied
Freud's View of Women
-didn't understand women -"What do Women Want?" -Women are inferior because don't have penis
WHAT ARE PSYCHOLOGY'S SPECIALIZED SUBFIELDS?
-encompass BASIC RESEARCH, APPLIED RESEARCH, & CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Cognitive Psychologist
-experimenting with how we perceive, think, & solve problems
Biological Psychologist
-explores the links between mind & brain
Social Psychologists
-exploring how we view & affect one another -studies how society influences the individual -studies how a person's mental life & behavior is shaped by interactions with other people -research
Sports Psychologist
-help athletes refine their focus on competition goals, become more motivated, & learn to deal with the anxiety & fear of failure that often accompany competition
Counseling Psychologist
-help people cope with challenges -works with people who exhibit trouble coping with everyday problems -applied
WHY ARE THE ANSWERS THAT FLOW FROM THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH MORE RELIABLE THAN THOSE BASED ON INTUITION & COMMON SENSE?
-help us sift reality from illusion, taking us beyond the limits of our intuition & common sense
Humanistic Psychology
-historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people -used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth
Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow
-humanistic psychology -emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on growth potential, & importance on meeting our needs for love & acceptance
B. F. Skinner
-later led American psychologist -behaviorist -rejected introspection & studied how consequences shape behavior
John B. Watson & Rosaline Rayner
-led American psychologists -championed psychology as the science of behavior & demonstrated conditioned responses on "Little Albert" -Watson redefined psychology as "the science of observable behavior"
Psychiatrist
-medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs & treat physical causes of psychological disorders
Biological Approach
-natural selection of adaptive physiology & behaviors -genetic predispositions responding to environment -brain mechanisms -hormonal influences
Freudian Slips
-peaks into one's unconscious -"slip" of the tongue -"You mean to say one thing, but instead say 'Your Mother'"
Social-cultural Approach
-presence of others -cultural, societal, & family expectations -peer & other group influences -compelling models (i.e. media)
Why do psychologists study human behavior?
-psychology is a window that provides a glimpse of the workings of the human mind
Experimental Psychologist
-studies any mental psychological issue -research
Developmental Psychologist
-study our changing abilities from womb to tomb -studies the maturation process -research
What is non-verbal communication & examples?
-without using words Ex: body language, facial expression, tone of voice
School Psychologist
-works to overcome educational difficulties -work directly with public & private schools -applied
Industrial/organizational Psychologist
-works with psychological issues that are related to business -apply psychological principle & research methods to the work place in the interest of improving productivity & the quality of work like -research & applied
Freud's 3 Neuroses
1. Fainting in the presence of successful or talente men 2. Addicted to cigars 3. Travel phobia
Cognitive Psychology
1960s -THINKING --thought processes--what goes into those behaviors --ex (topics studied): attention, problem solving, expectations, decision making, information processing -INDIVIDUAL'S PERCEPTIONS OF REALITY (interpretation) --everyone has different glasses with different lenses based on experiences -how we encode, process, store, & retrieve information -assimilation/accommodation -irrational thoughts -personal constructs
Humanistic Psychology
1970s, hippies Impact on therapy; not research -FOCUSES ON THE POSITIVE --everyone is essentially good -INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM --free-will, need to express one's self, listen to your inner growth -POTENTIAL --we all want to grow, improve to work towards our potential -you need to take ahold of the reigns of your life -the Self -hierarchy of needs -self-actualization -empathy -conditional positive regard
Biological Psychology
1980s -GENES, THE BRAIN, NERVOUS SYSTEM, & ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: genetic predisposition, heredity, chemical imbalances, brain structures -neuro-anatomy/physiology -hormones -genetics
Sociocultural Psychology
1990s, "piecy" -CULTURAL INFLUENCES --gender, ethnicity, ability, sexual orientation, national cultures, etc. *Impact--recognize social-cultural influences--researchers need to be aware of their own assumptions & biases -how behavior & thinking vary across situations & cultures -observational learning -reciprocal influences -self-concept -vicarious reward/punishment -self-efficacy
Operational Definition
:a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables
Hypothesis
:a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Biopsychosocial Approach
:an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, & social-cultural levels of analysis -gives a more complete picture of process
The Scientific Attitude
:being skeptical but not cynical, open but not gullible
Counseling Psychology
:branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living & achieving greater well-being
Theory
:explaining using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations & predicts behaviors or events
Basic Research
:pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base -biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, & social psychologists
Replication
:repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic findings extends to other participants & circumstances
Intuition & Common Bias
:scientific approach is more reliable than common sense & tuition
Applied Research
:scientific study that aims to solve practical problems -organizational/industrial psychologists
Nature-Nurture Issue
:the controversy over the relative contributions of biology & experience -the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes & experience make to development of psychological traits & behaviors -today's science see's traits & behaviors arising from the interaction of nature & nurture -psychological traits are to behaviors
What is Psychology?
:the scientific study of behavior & mental process -a science aimed to observe, describe, & explain how we think, feel, & act -developed from philosophy & biology
Hindsight Bias
:the tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that one would have foreseen it--20/20 hindsight bias -the "I-knew-it-all-along" Phenomenon -perceive events as obvious or inevitable after the fact -Paul Slovic & Baruch Fischhoff, 1977
Critical Thinking
:thinking that does not blindly accept arguments & conclusions -it EXAMINES assumptions, DISCERNS hidden values, EVALUATES evidence & ASSESSES conclusions
True or false?: Your behavior is only measured by what people can observer.
FALSE
What does Phillip Zimbardo consider to be a puzzling and complex creature?
Human/social animal
Freud 1873
Started medical school in Vienna
1884, started researching the therapeutic effects of
cocain
Freud studies his unconscious through ______ ____________.
free association.
1918 Freud began psychoanalyzing ____________.
his daughter, Anna.
Freud began his career as a ______________.
hypnotist
Jean Charcot taught Freud that disease can be easily caused by _____________.
ideas.
During the 1880s (Freud), it was believed that _______ was the root of all neuroses.
sex
Behaviorism
the view that psychology should be objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental process
