Psychology Ch. 1, Psychology Ch. 2, Psychology Ch. 3, Psychology Ch. 4, Psychology Ch. 5, Psychology Ch. 6, Psychology Ch. 7, Psychology Ch. 8, Psychology Ch. 9, Psychology Ch. 10, Psychology Ch. 11, Psychology Ch. 12, Psychology Ch. 13, Psychology C...mm
78) Mild family conflict
C) informs parents of the changing needs and expectations of their children, signaling a need for adjustments in the parent-child relationship.
110) Having friends with depressive symptoms
C) is linked to a rise in teenagers' own depressive symptoms.
20) Paul is concerned because his 6-year-old son prints using large letters and numbers. You can tell Paul that his son's writing is large because he
C) makes strokes with his entire arm rather than just the wrist and fingers.
73) Seventeen-year-old Saffron strives to rely on herself and not her parents for decision making. Saffron is developing
C) autonomy.
11) Obese children tend to
C) be less responsive than normal-weight children to internal hunger cues.
93) Twelve-year-old Isabel spends most of her time with a group of six girls, who are friends and have similar family backgrounds, attitudes, and values. This group is Isabel's
C) clique.
10) From middle to late adolescence, cognitive changes enable teenagers to
C) combine their traits into an organized system.
31) Many experts believe that schools should not only offer more physical education classes but should put less emphasis on __________ and more emphasis on __________ in their physical education programs.
C) competitive sports; informal games and individual exercise
2) Sixteen-year-old Max has been introspective lately. He has been wondering who he really is, thinking about his values, and pondering the direction he will pursue in the future. Max is
C) constructing his identity
113) Research on educational philosophies indicates that
C) constructivist classrooms are associated with gains in critical thinking and greater social and moral maturity.
89) When focusing on deeper thoughts and feelings, adolescent friends Glenda and Anne repeatedly mull over problems and negative emotions, which sometimes triggers anxiety and depression. Glenda and Anne are demonstrating
C) corumination.
Excessive guilt is linked to
C) depressive symptoms.
86) According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences,
C) education often interferes with the transformation of raw potential into a mature social role.
74) Autonomy is made up of a(n) __________ component and a(n) __________ component.
C) emotional; behavioral
49) Carol Gilligan believes that feminine morality
C) emphasizes an "ethic of care" that Kohlberg's system devalues.
47) Postconventional morality is
C) exceedingly rare.
6) Current theorists agree that for most young people, identity development is not traumatic and disturbing but, rather, a process of __________ followed by __________.
C) exploration; commitment
46) Although Kohlberg proposes six stages of moral development,
C) few people move beyond Stage 4.
42) The very experience of __________ seems to promote mastery of Piagetian tasks.
C) going to school
93) On the basis of twin studies and other kinship evidence, researchers estimate that about __________ of the differences in IQ among children can be traced to their genetic makeup.
C) half
92) Herrnstein and Murray's 1994 book, The Bell Curve, implies that
C) heredity plays a sizable role in the black-white IQ gap.
98) With increasing education, parents establish a __________ style of communication, like that of classrooms and tests
C) hierarchical
39) At Kohlberg's conventional level,
C) individuals believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order.
Raymond is a single African American in his thirties. Statistically, what is the most likely reason for Raymond's singlehood?
unemployment
One reason Piagetian problems do not always elicit responses reflecting preschoolers' true cognitive abilities is that they contain
unfamiliar elements or too many pieces of information.
Tanner's parents are withdrawn. They make no demands of Tanner and are indifferent to his point of view. Tanner's parents have a(n) __________ style of child rearing.
uninvolved
Basic emotions are
universal in humans.
American employers regard recent high school graduates as
unprepared for skilled business and industrial occupations and manual trades.
By age 2 or 3, most children can
use a spoon effectively.
High-hardy individuals are likely to
use active, problem-centered coping strategies in situations they can control.
Generative midlifers
use an authoritative parenting style.
Most 3- and 4-year-olds can
use lines to represent the boundaries of objects.
Middle-aged adults tend to be rational decision makers because they
use practical problem-solving strategies.
Weight-loss maintainers are more likely than individuals who relapse to
use social support and to keep a record of their weight.
Eighteen-month-old Joey is asked to share spinach or graham crackers with his mother in a social referencing experiment. Even though Joey prefers graham crackers, he might offer the spinach to his mother if she
uses her voice and facial expressions to convey a preference for the spinach.
After the birth of a child, gender roles of husband and wife
usually become more traditional.
Narratives of highly generative people
usually contain commitment stories.
Initiation ceremonies in industrialized nations, such as the Jewish bar or bat mitzvah and the quinceañera in Hispanic communities, have less effect on the timing of puberty than initiation ceremonies in tribal and village societies because they
usually do not mark a significant change in social status in larger society.
Women who pursue nontraditional careers
usually have "masculine" traits, such as high achievement orientation and self-reliance.
A baby born between the seventh and eighth months of pregnancy
usually needs oxygen assistance to breathe.
Minimal drug experimenters are
usually psychologically healthy, sociable, curious young people.
The effects of teratogens
vary with the age of the organism at the time of exposure.
In middle and late adulthood, __________ memory suffers much less than __________ memory.
verbal; spatial
Animal studies on early sensory deprivation
verify the existence of sensitive periods in brain development.
The first laughs occur in response to
very active stimuli.
Children and adults with __________ are more likely to hold racial and ethnic prejudices.
very high self-esteem
In the United States, adolescents from immigrant families
view school success as both their own and their parents' success.
Heritability of attachment is
virtually nil.
For exploring the environment, humans depend on __________ more than any other sense.
vision
Infants' play maturity and __________ predict advanced language progress in the second year.
vocalizations during games
Emotional self-regulation requires
voluntary, effortful management of emotions.
Western adolescents are granted partial adult status upon the happening of many different events, including
voting.
Tiffany is a small-for-date baby. This means she
was born below her expected weight considering length of the pregnancy.
Donna, who has engaged in little exercise in the past decade, wants to offset both the excess weight and muscle loss of middle adulthood. She should engage in
weight-bearing exercise that includes resistance training.
Mr. Lombardo fell and fractured his hip, and he has since been diagnosed with osteoporosis. Mr. Lombardo's doctor probably recommends
weight-bearing exercise.
In Western nations, there has been an especially dramatic increase in cohabitation among
well-educated young people.
Attribution research shows that
well-intended messages from adults sometimes undermine children's competence.
Sociologist George Herbert Mead proposed that a __________ emerges when children adopt a view of the self that resembles others' attitudes toward the child.
well-organized psychological self
In one study, more active fetuses during the third trimester became 2-year-olds who
were less fearful.
Around 3 to 4 months of age,
when infants gaze, smile, or vocalize, they expect their social partner to respond in kind.
About _____ percent of U.S. 18- to 29-year-olds are unaffiliated with a particular faith.
25
About _____ percent of U.S. mothers report drinking at some time during their pregnancies.
25
By the end of high school, _____ percent of U.S. young people have tried at least one highly addictive and toxic substance.
25
Nearly _____ percent of American working women are caregivers for aging parents.
25
Dana is pregnant with her first child and wonders how much weight she should gain during the pregnancy. You should recommend a healthy diet that results in a weight gain of __________ pounds.
25 to 30
Baby Andrew accidentally kicks his mobile, producing music. Andrew then repeatedly kicks his leg to repeat the effect, gradually forming a new kicking scheme. Andrew is in which of Piaget's sensorimotor substages?
3
Between the ages of __________, napping subsides.
3 and 5 years
Laughter first appears around
3 to 4 months.
As many as _____ percent of zygotes do not survive the first two weeks.
30
The male produces an average of __________ sperm a day, yet only __________ reach the ovum.
300 million; 300 to 500
In Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study, _____ percent of the children did not fit any category and showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics.
35
In males, semen volume, sperm motility, and percentage of normal sperm decrease gradually after age
35.
Around age _____, children first become certain that a video image of themselves replayed a few minutes after it was filmed is still "me."
4
By age 6 to 7, children in diverse Western cultures have formed at least __________ broad self-evaluations.
4
In all, about _____ percent of synapses are pruned during childhood and adolescence to reach the adult level.
40
Today, about _____ percent of U.S. births are to single mothers.
40
At age 6, the average North American child weighs _____ pounds and is _____ feet tall.
45; 3½
Today, about _____ million Americans are affected by poverty.
46
Between ages 1 and 2, the typical baby grows about _____ inches and gains about _____ pounds.
4; 8
In the United States, 1 out of _____ sexually active teenagers contracts a sexually transmitted disease each year.
5
School-age children are likely to view which of the following activities as nearly as bad as a moral transgression?
5-year-old Mark wearing his mother's nail polish
About _____ percent of young people report getting information from parents about intercourse, pregnancy prevention, and sexually transmitted disease.
50
In the United States, retirees' income typically drops by _____ percent.
50
In the United States, the poverty rate for single mothers with preschool children is nearly _____ percent.
50
Nearly _____ percent of adolescents in the United States and other Western countries report having had sexual intercourse.
50
North Americans with sickle cell anemia have an average life expectancy of _____ years.
55
Between ages 2 and 6, most children acquire about _____ new words each __________.
5; day
Lynn, a Canadian, and Sasha, a Russian, are probably about _____ percent genetically identical.
99.1
87) Travis and Chase, both age 13, are best friends. Their discussions probably focus on
B) achievements in school.
65) Children who acquire effective self-regulatory skills develop a sense of
C) academic self-efficacy.
Beginning in middle childhood, children's self-descriptions start to emphasize
both negative and positive traits.
Three month old Jefferson will probably listen longer to __________ than to __________.
human speech; nonspeech sounds
The __________ adds to the soft lines and shape of the skin.
hypodermis
Dr. George predicted that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers. Dr. George's prediction is an example of a
hypothesis.
A __________ is a prediction about behavior drawn from a __________.
hypothesis; theory
Conservation refers to the
idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.
Fifteen-year-old Mary has become critical of her parents and siblings, yet envisions a world with no injustice or discrimination. This is typical of the __________ that manifests during the development of abstract reasoning.
idealism
A zygote that separates into two clusters of cells instead of just one produces
identical twins.
Critics worry that fetal monitoring
identifies babies as in danger who, in fact, are not.
While __________ development continues to be a central focus from the late teens into the mid-twenties, the decade of the twenties is accompanied by a rise in feelings of __________.
identity; personal control over life events
Our most powerful mental representations include __________ and __________.
images; concepts
Individuals who are high in openness to experience are
imaginative, creative, original, curious, and liberal.
Parents are most likely to use forceful methods of discipline when
immediate obedience is necessary.
According to the cognitive perspective of perceptual development, babies
impose meaning on what they perceive.
One of the goals of the Nurse-Family Partnership, currently implemented in hundreds of counties across 42 U.S. states, is to
improve family conditions, thereby protecting children from lasting difficulties.
Among African Americans, living within an extended family tends to produce
improved child rearing and reduced stress.
The ability to distinguish theory from evidence and use logical rules to examine their relationship
improves steadily from childhood into adolescence.
In Piaget's theory, children shift from assimilation toward accommodation when they are
in a state of cognitive disequilibrium.
Children acquire motor skills
in highly individual ways.
Infants and toddlers grow
in little spurts.
Research suggests that there is a sensitive period, __________, when babies are biologically prepared to "zero in" on socially meaningful perceptual distinctions.
in the second half of the first year
The majority of women with children are
in the work force.
With __________, a woman is given hormones that stimulate the ripening of several ova. These are removed surgically and placed in a dish of nutrients, to which sperm are added.
in vitro fertilization
When Henry is asked to judge the baking contest, he evaluates the boys more positively than the girls. This is an example of
in-group favoritism.
Research on the effects of neighborhoods suggests that
neighborhoods affect the well-being of children and adults.
At the beginning of the embryonic period, the __________ system develops fastest.
nervous
Contemporary researchers view the family as a(n)
network of interdependent relationships.
Denyse is calm, even-tempered, self-content, comfortable, unemotional, and hardy. She is low on which of the following "big five" personality traits?
neuroticism
Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals called
neurotransmitters.
In classical conditioning, once a baby's nervous system makes a connection between two stimuli, the __________ stimulus produces __________.
neutral; the behavior by itself
By the middle of the second trimester, the
new being has grown large enough that the mother can feel its movements.
In Piaget's theory, __________ are the building blocks of sensorimotor intelligence.
newborn reflexes
The concept of __________ helps explain why pairs of identical twins reared apart during childhood and later reunited may find that they have similar hobbies, food preferences, and vocations.
niche-picking
Emma, an intellectually curious child, is a familiar patron at her local library. This is an example of
niche-picking.
Adolescents who reach the formal operational stage of cognitive development
no longer require concrete things and events as objects of thought.
The best current evidence—from the National Institute of Child Health and Development Study of Early Child Care—confirms that
nonparental care by itself does not affect attachment quality.
Research conducted on adolescents in the Jimi Valley of Papua New Guinea indicates that
nonrepresentational scribbles and shapes seem to be a universal beginning stage in drawing.
Ellen and Jane recently had a new baby. If they are like most new parents, the arrival of the baby will
not cause significant marital strain.
Researchers today believe that make-believe play
not only reflects but also contributes to children's cognitive and social skills.
With the transition to toddlerhood, attraction to __________ declines and __________ improves.
novelty; sustained attention
Within every cell (except red blood cells) is a control center, or
nucleus.
According to Freud, children
obey the superego to avoid guilt.
In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method, Renée Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for
object permanence in the first few months of life.
Baby Luigi retrieves his pacifier, which his mother has hidden behind a pillow. Baby Luigi has begun to master
object permanence.
111) Burnout
occurs more often in the helping professions.
Between the ages of 6 and 12, children become more aware
of circumstances likely to spark mixed emotions.
Family and friends can help a dieter by
offering encouragement and helping foster the dieter's self-esteem and self-efficacy.
Martha and Thomas can increase the effectiveness of their parental discipline by
offering reasons for mild punishment.
Breastfeeding for just a few weeks
offers some protection against respiratory and intestinal infections.
Low-SES young people in Western nations who experience a limited or nonexistent emerging adulthood
often encounter a "floundering period" during which they alternate between unemployment and dead-end, low-paying jobs.
In cultures where extended-family households and sibling caregiving are common, make-believe is more frequent and complex with __________ than with __________.
older siblings; mothers
After meeting through friends, the most common way to meet a partner is
on the Internet.
A dependent variable is the
one the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable.
Young toddlers add to their spoken vocabularies at a rate of
one to three words per week.
What type of individual is likely to cope adaptively with stress brought on by the inevitable changes of life?
one who displays a committed, involved approach to daily activities
Approximately __________ of U.S. young people with a high school diploma have no current plans to go to college.
one-third
When adults of any age are asked how many sexual partners they have had in the past year, the usual reply is
one.
Three-year-old Nathan is a gender-schematic child. Because Nathan does not like raisins, he is likely to conclude that
only girls like raisins.
Overall stability of temperament is
only low to moderate.
If a behavior is strongly canalized, then
only powerful environmental forces can change it.
Childlessness seems to interfere with adjustment and life satisfaction
only when it is beyond a person's control.
In __________, infants act on the environment, and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again.
operant conditioning
Three-year-old J.T. understands that 3 is more than 2, and 2 is more than 1. J.T. has a grasp of
ordinality
Follow-up research indicates that even though preschoolers have difficulty with Piagetian class inclusion tasks, they
organize their everyday knowledge into nested categories at an early age.
Raymond, age 52, has porous bones and a very low bone density level. Raymond is at risk for
osteoporosis.
An ovum bursts from one of a woman's two __________ and is drawn into one of two __________.
ovaries; fallopian tubes
Paul is graduating from a university with a bachelor's degree. Out of Paul's class of 100, how many are likely to enter a career in their chosen field?
over 50
Piaget __________ preschoolers' __________.
overestimated; animistic beliefs
Alice calls untying her shoelaces "opening" her shoes. This is an example of
overextension.
Which of the following parent-child relationships is the most common among anorexic teenagers?
overprotective and controlling mothers and emotionally distant fathers
Two-year-old Aidan says, "We saw two deers." Aidan is demonstrating
overregularization.
Compared with securely attached infants, avoidant babies tend to receive __________ care.
overstimulating, intrusive
When Sayuri is distressed, her father is dismissive and her mother is hostile. Sayuri is probably
overwhelmed by negative emotion.
Candace and Christina sit side by side playing with their dolls. They do not talk or try to influence each other. They are engaging in __________ play.
parallel
Improved family communication, improved parent-child interaction, and social support are all benefits of
parent education courses.
Temperament is assessed through
parental reports, observations, and physiological measures.
To acquire effective social skills, inhibited children need
parenting tailored to their temperaments.
A study conducted showed that fifth and sixth graders describe __________ as the most influential people in their lives.
parents
According to parental imperative theory, after children reach adulthood,
parents are free to express the "other-gender" side of their personalities.
More Italian young adults reside with their parents until marriage than in other Western nations because
parents believe that moving out without a "justified" reason signifies that something is wrong in the family.
Young people's vocational aspirations correlate strongly with their
parents' jobs.
Maddy spends most of her time with a particular set of girlfriends. Within this group, there are specific standards of behavior, a specialized dress code, and identified leaders. Maddy is most likely
part of a peer group.
Ethnographic research is directed toward understanding a culture through __________ observation.
participant
In sequential designs, researchers study
participants over the same ages but in different years.
Gayle has had a few dates with Joine. Early __________ love is a strong predictor of whether they will keep dating.
passionate
If a family history of mental retardation, psychological disorders, physical defects, or inherited diseases exists, a genetic counselor prepares a __________, which identifies affected relatives in a couple's family tree.
pedigree
In Yvonne's preschool classroom, children of varying abilities work in groups, teaching and helping one another. This classroom emphasizes the Vygotskian principle of
peer collaboration
According to the concept of gene-environment interaction,
people have unique, genetically influenced reactions to particular experiences.
Appreciating mixed emotions helps children realize that
people's expressions may not reflect their true feelings.
A baby who first habituates to a visual pattern and then recovers to a new one appears to
perceive the second pattern as new and different from the first pattern.
Dr. Sardoza is interested in research on the organization and interpretation of what we see. Dr. Sardoza studies
perception.
Most infant intelligence tests emphasize
perceptual and motor responses.
Longitudinal research shows that from age 20 on, __________ decreases steadily.
perceptual speed
Compared with adults making decisions, teenagers
perform less well because they must inhibit emotion and impulses in favor of thinking rationally.
G. Stanley Hall described adolescence as a
period so turbulent that it resembles the era in which humans evolved from savages into civilized beings.
Noncustodial fathers who see their children only occasionally tend to take on a(n) __________ style of parenting.
permissive
Sophia's parents are warm but overindulgent and inattentive. They make few demands for maturity. They permit Sophia to make many decisions before she is ready. Sophia's parents have a(n) __________ style of child rearing.
permissive
Most freestanding birth centers
permit a choice of delivery positions.
Reflexes can help caregivers comfort a baby because they
permit infants to control distress and amount of stimulation.
A major strength of the clinical interview is that it
permits participants to display their thoughts in terms that are as close as possible to the way they think in everyday life.
A sequential design
permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating.
Donor insemination
permits women without a male partner to become pregnant.
Christine is 5'7" and has blue eyes. Such directly observable characteristics are called
phenotypes.
During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than any other self-esteem factor.
physical appearance
Five-year-old Chaim is participating in Piaget's three-mountains problem. When Chaim is asked to pick the picture that shows what the display looks like from the doll's perspective, he will most likely select the
picture that shows his own point of view.
The __________, located at the base of the brain, plays a critical role by releasing two hormones that induce growth.
pituitary gland
Compared with nuclear-family households, extended-family arrangements
place more emphasis on cooperation and on moral and religious values.
Every time baby Gloria nurses, she is placed on a nursing pillow. Gloria's mom later noticed that each time Gloria was placed on the pillow, she made sucking movements. In this example, __________ is the conditioned stimulus.
placement on the pillow
The years 2 to 6 are often called "the ___ years."
play
Which of the following learning experiences should Cheryl, a caregiver, use to promote experience-expectant brain growth?
playing a game of peekaboo
Characteristics that vary on a continuum among people, such as height, weight, or intelligence, are most likely determined by __________ inheritance.
polygenic
Research consistently shows that infants and young children exposed to __________ child care score lower on measures of __________ skills.
poor-quality; social and cognitive
The more alcohol a woman consumes during pregnancy, the
poorer the child's intelligence and achievement test scores during the school years.
Michaela performs well in school and communicates with her peers in sensitive, friendly, and cooperative ways. She is a __________ child.
popular-prosocial
When classmates are asked to rate each other's likeability, __________ children get many positive votes, whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned.
popular; neglected
Eleven-year-old Leah has developed a sense of competence at a number of useful skills and tasks. She has a positive but realistic self-concept and takes pride in her accomplishments. According to Erikson, Leah has
positively resolved the psychological conflict of middle childhood.
Gilles, age 50, tells his brother, "I'd like to maintain my physical health and work on getting emotionally stronger. I want to be a good friend and a role model to my nephews and nieces. I don't want to be that guy who never comes to family get-togethers because he is too busy working. I want to be successful in my career, but not at the expense of my family. Of course, I want to find my own special partner, but if I don't, I know I'll always have you and the kids." Gilles is discussing his
possible selves.
According to some researchers, cognitive development continues beyond Piaget's formal operational stage to the __________ level.
postformal thought
Bernadette, a participant in a longitudinal study, became quite familiar with the test over time and, as a result, her performance improved. This limitation of longitudinal research is known as
practice effects.
The ability to engage in effective and appropriate communication is called
pragmatics
Quality of the marital relationship
predicts mental health similarly for both men and women.
In Canada and Western Europe, where community- and school-based clinics offer adolescents contraceptives and where universal health insurance helps pay for them, __________ than in the United States.
pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates are much lower
High levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to
prematurity, low birth weight, and brain damage.
To detect developmental problems before birth, doctors use
prenatal diagnostic methods.
____ may profoundly affect handedness
prenatal events
Newborn Sam's poorly coordinated swipes or swings toward an object in front of him is called
prereaching.
Michael, age 50, has noticed a hearing loss, especially at high frequencies. He feels that his hearing is not as sharp as it once was. Michael probably has a condition called
presbycusis.
John has an eye condition. Its name literally means "old eyes." John has
presbyopia.
Research on emotional self-regulation demonstrates that
preschoolers know they can blunt emotions by restricting sensory input.
Research on peer sociability demonstrates that
preschoolers move from one type of play to another and back again.
At school, maltreated children
present serious discipline problems.
The best way to reduce the suffering of a child sexual abuse victim is to
prevent sexual abuse from continuing.
A major obstacle to the implementation of an apprenticeship program that even Germany has not overcome is
preventing low-SES youths from being concentrated in the lowest-skilled apprenticeship placements.
Mark, who lives in an individualistic culture, gets an "A" on his test. His parents will probably encourage Mark to feel
pride in his personal achievement.
According to Piaget's theory, when Baby Sasha sucks her thumb, she is demonstrating a __________ circular reaction.
primary
Michele openly lives her life as a lesbian. Statistics indicate that Michele
probably has a college degree.
In __________ coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it.
problem-centered
Suzanne viewed life as fluid. She expected change and accepted it as inevitable. When Suzanne was faced with a problem, she identified it and decided what to do about it. Suzanne used a(n) __________ coping strategy.
problem-centered
Baby Kataro frequently experiences joint attention. This means that he will probably
produce meaningful words earlier.
With age, many creators
produce works that sum up or integrate ideas.
Longitudinal research indicates that authoritative child rearing
promotes maturity and adjustment in children of diverse temperaments.
Fernando's parents respond sensitively and helpfully when he is distressed. Fernando is probably
prosocial.
According to Erikson's theory, a mistrustful baby
protects herself by withdrawing from people and things around her.
Adult students in college courses
provide valuable intergenerational contact.
Compared to men, middle-aged women report
providing their friends with more emotional support.
Compared to their Western agemates, Yucatec Mayan preschoolers
seldom ask others for something interesting to do.
People who lose their jobs in midlife
seldom duplicate the status and pay of their previous position.
As self-awareness strengthens, preschoolers begin to develop a
self-concept
The __________ perspective regards children as active thinkers about social rules.
social learning
When asked "Tell me about yourself," which of the following is 3-year-old Riley the most likely to say?
"I have new, blue shoes."
Sam is an American sixth grader. Compared to his Asian agemates, when asked to describe himself, Sam is more likely to say which of the following?
"I like hockey."
Which of the following statements to an adult child is the most likely to promote positive ties?
"Let us know if we can help."
Which of the following questions or statements will likely elicit accurate, detailed information from a child witness?
"Tell me what happened."
Which of the following statements is an example of induction?
"Your sister is crying because you won't give back her truck."
Erika becomes upset when her mother leaves. When her mother is present, Erika follows and climbs on her in preference to others. Erika is most likely in Bowlby's __________ phase.
"clear-cut" attachment
Research on gender identity demonstrates that
"masculine" and androgynous children have a higher self-esteem than those with a "feminine" identity.
According to Vaillant, __________ is a major preoccupation of midlife.
"passing the torch"
Jay, age 50, is finally comfortable with himself. He is more independent, assertive, and committed to his personal values than he was in early adulthood. Jay probably believes that midlife is
"the prime of life."
Piaget believed that infants and toddlers
"think" with their eyes, ears, and hands.
Sayuri, who lives in a collectivist culture, wins a game. Her parents will probably encourage Sayuri to feel
) embarrassed by the individual attention.
About _____ percent of North American and Western European teenage girls are affected by anorexia nervosa.
1
Boys are _____ times more likely to be injured during childhood than girls.
1.5
Approximately _____ percent of U.S. children have no health insurance.
10
Boys account for about __________ percent of cases of anorexia.
10 to 15
The human brain has __________ neurons.
100 to 200 billion
Most cases of school phobia appear around age
11 to 13.
The high school dropout rate in the United States is about _____ percent.
12
Victoria is a pregnant smoker. Victoria is among the estimated _____ percent of American women who smoke during their pregnancies.
14
Among new marriages in the United States, _____ percent are between partners of a different race or ethnicity
15
Sophia has an IQ of 85. She performed as well or better than _____ percent of her agemates.
16
Which of the following teens is likely to have the most stable moods?
19-year-old Jesse
Viability occurs between __________ weeks.
22 and 26
Baby Alan started opening his mouth differently for a nipple than for a spoon. Baby Alan is probably in Stage ___ of Piaget's sensorimotor stages.
2
The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age __________, with solid foods added at __________.
2 years; 6 months
About __________ percent of children in divorced families display severe problems
20 to 25
Untreated HIV-infected expectant mothers pass the deadly virus to the developing organism __________ percent of the time.
20 to 30
Research shows that __________ genes lie along the human chromosomes.
20,000 to 25,000
About _____ percent of children are bullies, while _____ percent are repeatedly victimized.
20; 25
24) Which of the following statements about identity development is true?
24) Which of the following statements about identity development is true? A) Adolescents of both sexes typically make progress on identity concerns before experiencing genuine intimacy in relationships.
Many gay men and lesbians first sensed their biologically determined sexual orientation between ages __________, when they discovered __________.
6 and 12; their play interests were more like those of the other gender
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services advises exclusive breastfeeding for the first __________ and inclusion of breast milk in the baby's diet until at least __________.
6 months; 1 year
The average age of retirement in the United States is currently
63.
According to a recent survey of all 50 U.S. state high school athletic associations, ______ percent of sports participants are boys.
69
After age __________, both majority and minority children express in-group favoritism.
7 to 8
Today, ____ percent of American married couples bear children.
70
What percent of Americans have been married at least once?
70
Ryan is a long-distance swimmer. Ryan can expect his speed to drop off at an accelerating pace when he reaches about age
70.
A recent survey indicates that U.S. fathers under age 29 devote about _____ percent as much time as mothers do to children.
85
Adolescents need about _____ hours of sleep each night.
9
By the early thirties, _____ percent of U.S. young adults live on their own.
90
In western nations, _____ percent of the population is right-handed
90
Parent-infant "cosleeping" is the norm for approximately _____ percent of the world's population.
90
Today, the percentage of U.S. young people completing high school by age 24 is just over _____ percent.
90
Social Security and Medicare consume _____ percent of the U.S. federal budget for the elderly.
96
Zookeeper Ross knows that he shares some of his genetic makeup with the chimpanzee, Chumley. You could tell Ross that between __________ percent of their DNA is identical.
98 and 99
Worldwide, _____ percent of deaths of children under age 5 are __________.
98; in developing countries
111) The suicide rate is low in __________, intermediate in __________, and high in __________.
A) Spain; the United States; Finland
Which of the following statements about generativity is true?
A culture's "belief in the species" is a major motivator of generative action, according to Erikson.
Which of the following statements is supported by research on babbling?
A deaf infant not exposed to sign language will stop babbling entirely.
83) Which of the following statements about sibling relationships in adolescence is true?
A) Attachment between siblings remains strong for most young people.
84) Which of the following individuals would be the most likely to mention cognitive traits when asked to describe an intelligent first grader?
A) Barbara, a Caucasian
24) __________ contribute greatly to emotional and social development and are rarely contests of individual ability.
A) Child-invented games
Which of the following statements about osteoporosis is true?
A family history of osteoporosis increases the risk of the condition
72) Which of the following contributes to the superiority of Chinese over U.S. children's math knowledge?
A) Chinese parents provide their preschoolers with extensive practice in counting and adding.
39) Which of the following statements about children's map-making abilities is true?
A) Cultural frameworks influence children's map making.
96) Once adolescents join a clique or crowd,
A) it can modify their beliefs and behavior.
16) Middle-ear infections become __________ frequent in middle childhood because the Eustachian tube becomes __________.
A) less; longer, narrower, and more slanted
Which of the following statements about middle-aged children and their aging parents is true?
A longer life expectancy means that adult children and their parents are increasingly likely to grow old together.
119) As a child, David was negative, restless, willful, and physically aggressive. By age 8, he was already engaging in petty theft. Jason was a happy child who did well in school but began displaying antisocial behavior around age 13, and gradually moved to more severe delinquent acts. Which of the following statements about David and Jason is true?
A) David is at higher risk for leading a life full of aggression and criminality.
114) Which of the following statements about adolescent suicide is true?
A) Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths are at a high risk for suicide.
122) Serious violent crime is
A) mostly the domain of boys.
109) Which of the following statements about sex differences in adolescent depression is true?
A) In developing countries, rates of depression are similar for males and females.
28) Which of the following statements about children's rough-and-tumble play is true?
A) It helps children form a dominance hierarchy.
28) __________ individuals are the least mature in identity development.
A) Long-term diffused
Which of the following statements about the effects of harsh punishment is true?
A punitive adult is likely to punish with greater frequency over time.
99) Which of the following statements about dating is true?
A) Secure attachment to parents in infancy and childhood, together with recollections of that security in adolescence, predicts quality of teenagers' romantic ties.
86) __________ rises over the adolescent years.
A) Self-disclosure between friends
__________ seems to foster a more positive, coherent early self-concept.
A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship
52) Research on the origins of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) indicates that
A) ADHD is highly heritable.
117) Which of the following statements about racial integration in U.S. schools today is true?
A) African-American children are just as likely to attend a school that serves a mostly black population as they were in the 1960s.
37) Gilles finds it difficult to consider two points of view when presented with the "Heinz dilemma." He tends to overlook people's intentions and, instead, focuses on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment as reasons for behaving morally. Gilles is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
A) Stage 1: The punishment and obedience orientation
90) __________ is the preferred means of electronic interaction between teenage friends.
A) Texting
115) Which of the following statements about cooperative learning is true?
A) When more expert students cooperate with less expert students, both benefit in achievement and self-esteem.
70) With regard to teaching mathematics, most experts agree that
A) a blend of both drill in computing and "number sense," or understanding, is most beneficial.
112) According to research on class size, in which of the following elementary classrooms will children likely score the highest in reading and math achievement?
A) a class of 13 to 17 students with only one teacher
40) Although 8-year-old Claire can easily arrange sticks of differing lengths from shortest to tallest, she cannot solve the following problem: "Jack is taller than Sam, and Sam is taller than Max. Who is the tallest?" This is because Claire's concrete mental operations work poorly with
A) abstract ideas.
32) Roni is an adolescent immigrant from a collectivist culture. The longer his family has been in the United States, the lesser Roni feels committed to obeying his parents and fulfilling family obligations. As a result, Roni may experience
A) acculturative stress.
106) Research shows that children who engage in as little as 21 minutes of independent reading per day
A) are exposed to nearly 2 million words per year.
62) In a study of rural children in Cameroon, Africa, those who __________ performed much better on theory-of-mind tasks.
A) attended school
115) Which of the following contributes to the sharp rise in suicide from childhood to adolescence?
A) belief in the personal fable
13) Landon's parents wonder how his self-esteem will differentiate in adolescence. Landon will probably add which of the following dimensions of self-evaluation to those of middle childhood?
A) close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence
121) Which of the following is a characteristic of late-onset delinquency?
A) conduct problems arising from the peer context of early adolescence
76) The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition,
A) contains nonverbal subtests that do not require spoken language.
4) Once formed, identity
A) continues to be refined in adulthood as people reevaluate earlier commitments and choices.
9) Thirteen-year-old Sarah describes herself as "shy" and "outgoing." She also says she is "a smart airhead." These disparities probably result from the expansion of Sarah's social world, which
A) creates pressure to display different selves in different relationships.
94) In high school, Jamie is a class leader. She is highly social and involved in several activities. Jamie socializes with a large, loosely organized group of popular classmates. This group is Jamie's
A) crowd.
The best way for hostile and dominant people to reduce their risk of high blood pressure and heart disease is to and conflict.
A) develop effective ways of handling stress
104) School-age children's attitude toward language undergoes a fundamental shift when they
A) develop language awareness.
50) On hypothetical dilemmas as well as everyday moral problems, adolescent and adult females
A) display reasoning at the same stage as their male agemates and often at a higher stage.
For both affluent and low-SES youths, what simple routine is associated with a reduction in adjustment difficulties?
A) eating dinner with parents
56) To help herself remember that she needed cat food and gloves at the store, Cheryl imagined a cat wearing gloves. Which memory strategy did Cheryl use?
A) elaboration
74) Researchers use a complicated statistical technique called factor analysis to
A) evaluate a child's behavior during an intelligence test.
68) According to the pragmatic approach to morality,
A) everyday moral judgments are practical tools that people use to achieve their goals.
47) The information-processing perspective
A) examines separate aspects of thinking.
79) Componential analysis involves
A) examining relationships between aspects of information processing and children's intelligence test scores.
30) Adolescents who __________ tend to be in a state of moratorium or identity achievement.
A) feel attached to their parents but also free to voice their own opinions
20) Shelby accepts her family's religious beliefs without question. She is characterized by identity
A) foreclosure.
52) Kremlin, age 15, firmly asserts he has control over his clothing and hairstyle choices. Which of the following will Kremlin also argue is not subject to control by authority figures?
A) friendships
67) Educators who advocate a whole-language approach argue that
A) from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language.
69) As Lucinda enters adolescence, she begins to worry about walking, talking, eating, dressing, and laughing in ways consistent with a feminine gender role. Lucinda is experiencing
A) gender intensification.
43) Some investigators have concluded that the forms of logic required by Piagetian tasks do not emerge spontaneously but, rather, are
A) heavily influenced by training, context, and cultural conditions.
Dr. Schlocter believes that as neurons in the brain die, breaks in the neural network occur. The brain adapts by forming bypasses—new synaptic connections that go around the breaks but are less efficient. Dr. Schlocter subscribes to the __________ view.
A) neural network
87) A major shortcoming of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is that
A) neurological evidence for the independence of his abilities is weak.
58) Cross-cultural research on memory indicates that
A) people in non-Western cultures who lack formal schooling do not use or benefit from instruction in memory strategies.
66) As children make the transition from emergent literacy to conventional reading, __________ continues to predict reading and spelling progress.
A) phonological awareness
36) At Kohlberg's __________ level, morality is externally controlled.
A) preconventional
119) Compared to single-grade classrooms, multigrade classrooms
A) produce students who perform better academically.
82) During adolescence, sibling
A) relationships often become less intense, in both positive and negative feelings.
89) Mrs. Ritchie wants to foster her students' emotional intelligence. Her lesson plans should use active learning techniques that provide skill practice in __________ and __________.
A) respect and caring for others; resistance to unfavorable peer pressure
34) Jamal is able to think through a series of steps and then mentally return to the starting point. Therefore, Jamal is capable of
A) reversibility.
Cate, age 49, acknowledges both her good and bad qualities and feels positively about herself and life. Cate exhibits
A) self-acceptance
101) Research shows that __________ predicts school performance at least as well as, and sometimes better than, IQ does.
A) self-discipline
25) During middle childhood, child-invented games usually involve
A) simple physical skills and a sizable element of luck.
5) Among school-age children from middle- to high-SES families, insufficient dietary iron and folate predicted
A) slightly lower mental test performance.
71) Which of the following is the most likely to contribute to gender intensification in adolescence?
A) the magnification of sex differences in appearance caused by puberty
77) Throughout adolescence, __________ is the single most consistent predictor of mental health
A) the quality of the parent-child relationship
21) Research on sex differences in motor skills during middle childhood indicates that
A) they become more pronounced in some instances.
__________ involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment.
Adaptation
Which of the following statements about psychosocial development in midlife is true?
Adjusting one's life structure to incorporate the effects of aging requires supportive social contexts.
26) Adolescents in moratorium resemble identity-achieved individuals in using a(n) __________ cognitive style to make personal decisions and solve problems.
B) active, information-gathering
Which of the following statements about alcohol use in adulthood is true?
About half of police activities in large cities involve alcohol-related offenses.
Which of the following statements about diets and dieters is true?
About one-third of Americans on weight-reduction diets are within their normal weight range.
Which of the following is an accurate statement about divorce statistics?
About two-thirds of divorced parents marry again.
Currently, the most widely used potent teratogen is
Accutane.
__________ gene-environment correlation becomes common at older ages.
Active
Which of the following statements is supported by research on sex differences in aggression?
Although girls have a reputation for being both more verbally and relationally aggressive than boys, the sex difference is small.
Some evidence suggests that __________-American families may better prepare girls for menarche, treat it as an important milestone, and express less conflict over girls reaching sexual maturity.
African
Which of the following statements about age-related hearing loss is true?
African tribal people display little age-related hearing loss.
__________ is the most consistent predictor of marital stability.
Age of marriage
Which of the following statements is supported by research on viewing television violence?
Aggressive children have a greater appetite for violent TV programming than nonaggressive children.
Which of the following statements about alcoholism is true?
Alcoholism crosses SES and ethnic lines but is higher in some groups than others.
88) Teenage boys who are __________ are just as likely as girls to form intimate same-sex ties.
B) androgynous
23) Identity-diffused individuals
B) are apathetic, lacking both exploration and commitment.
17) By far, the most common chronic disease or condition of children in the United States is
B) asthma.
_________ leads the globe in overweight and obesity.
American Samoa
Research on mathematical abilities in adolescence shows that
American boys and girls reach advanced levels of high school math study in equal proportions.
One reason that the American people have been reluctant to accept the idea of publicly supported child care is that
American values emphasize independence and self-reliance.
Which of the following statements about generativity and stagnation is true?
Among well-educated women, those with children express greater generative concerns.
Which of the following statements about social referencing is true?
An adult's voice is more effective than a facial expression in guiding a baby's behavior.
12) Inactivity is __________ excessive weight gain in children.
B) both a cause and consequence of
98) As interest in dating increases
B) boys' and girls' cliques come together.
__________ is associated with favorable personality traits and adjustment.
Androgyny
__________, the stronger type of painkiller used in labor and delivery, block sensation.
Anesthetics
62) Schools can foster students' opportunities to experience and explore moral emotions, thoughts, and actions through
B) civic engagement.
Which of the following statements about the "random events" theory of biological aging is true?
Animal studies confirm an increase in DNA breaks and deletions and damage to other cellular material with age.
41) In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Dolph states, "Even if his wife is dying, it is still Heinz's duty as a citizen to obey the law. If everyone started breaking the law, there'd be no civilization, just crime and violence." Dolph is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
B) Stage 4: The social-order-maintaining orientation
84) Teenagers in the United States spend more time together outside the classroom than teenagers in Europe and Asia because
B) U.S. teenagers experience a shorter school year and less demanding academic standards.
__________, infants can focus on objects about as well as adults can.
Around 2 months
Which of the following statements about children's understanding of individual rights is true?
As early as age 6, children view freedom of speech and religion as individual rights.
Which of the following statements about the sex lives of American adults is true?
As number of sex partners increases, satisfaction declines sharply.
Which of the following statements about cultural influences on self-esteem is true?
Asian children score lower in self-esteem than U.S. children.
Which of the following statements about the authoritative child-rearing style is true?
Authoritative parents insist on mature behavior, give reasons for their expectations, and use "teaching moments" to promote the child's self-regulation.
__________ are so well-learned that they require no space in working memory and, therefore, permit us to focus on other information while performing them.
Automatic processes
55) __________ is a powerful predictor of movement to Kohlberg's Stage 4 or higher.
B) Years of schooling
The __________ taps a wider array of attachment-related behaviors than the Strange Situation
Attachment Q-Sort
Which of the following statements about homosexuality is true?
Attraction to members of the same sex is not limited to teens who identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual.
__________ parenting is linked to higher grades in school among adolescents varying widely in SES.
Authoritative
27) One valid criticism of youth sports is that
B) they overemphasize competition and substitute adult control for children's natural experimentation with rules and strategies.
__________ secrete antibodies into the bloodstream that multiply, capture foreign substances, and permit the blood system to destroy them.
B cells
11) Which of the following statements exemplifies 15-year-old Noah's awareness that psychological qualities can vary from one situation to the next?
B) "I have a fairly quick temper."
112) The number of boys who kill themselves exceeds the number of girls by a ratio of
B) 3 or 4 to 1.
45) Among college-educated young adults, Kohlberg's Stage _____ reasoning is the typical response.
B) 4
The IQs of 96 percent of individuals fall between _____ and _____.
B) 70; 130
7) A body mass index (BMI) above the __________ percentile for a child's age and sex is considered overweight, a BMI above the __________ percentile obese.
B) 75th; 85th
34) Which of the following statements about bicultural identity is true?
B) Biculturally identified adolescents tend to have especially favorable relations with members of other ethnic groups.
120) Which of the following statements about inclusion is true?
B) Children with special needs often do best when they receive instruction in a resource room for part of the day and in the regular classroom for the remainder.
102) Which of the following statements is supported by research on dynamic assessment?
B) Children's capacity to transfer what they have learned to novel problems contributes substantially to gains in intelligence test performance.
8) Which of the following statements about obesity rates in China is true?
B) Chinese boys are more likely than Chinese girls to be obese.
92) Which of the following statements about adolescent friendships is true?
B) Close friendships provide a foundation for future intimate relationships.
29) Which of the following statements is supported by research on recess?
B) Elementary school students are more attentive in the classroom after recess than before it.
88) Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional intelligence?
B) Emotional intelligence is positively associated with self-esteem and prosocial behavior.
123) Which of the following statements about factors related to juvenile delinquency is true?
B) Families of delinquent youths tend to be low in warmth, high in conflict, and characterized by harsh, inconsistent discipline and low monitoring.
108) Which of the following statements about the factors related to depression is true?
B) Genes can induce depression by affecting the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain.
125) Which of the following statements about multisystemic therapy aimed at preventing delinquency is true?
B) It leads to improvement in parent-adolescent relationships and school performance.
99) Which of the following statements is supported by research on intelligence test bias?
B) Low-income minority children, who often grow up in more "people-oriented" than "object-oriented" homes, may lack toys and games that promote certain intellectual skills.
122) Which of the following statements about gifted children is true?
B) Many gifted children are socially isolated.
10) Which of the following statements is supported by research on childhood obesity?
B) Overweight children tend to have overweight parents.
Which of the following statements about parenting young children is true?
B) Rearing young children is a powerful source of adult development.
107) Which of the following statements about language development during middle childhood is true?
B) School-age children's more reflective, analytical approach to language permits them to appreciate the multiple meanings of words.
40) In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Marlee says, "No one will think you're bad if you steal the drug, but your family will think you're an inhuman husband if you don't. If you let your wife die, you'll never be able to look anyone in the face again." Marlee is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
B) Stage 3: The "good-boy-good-girl" orientation
61) Mrs. Shigoka wants to strengthen her high school students' moral identity. What type of classroom should she create?
B) a just educational environment, in which Mrs. Shigoka guides the students in democratic decision making and rule setting
101) Mr. Dunn is concerned about his 17-year-old daughter, who has been exchanging text messages with one particular boy. You should tell him that
B) close romantic ties promote sensitivity, empathy, self-esteem, social support, and identity development.
76) Which of the following is linked to a variety of positive outcomes, such as prevention of delinquency, reduction in sexual activity, improved school performance, and positive psychological well-being?
B) consistent parental monitoring of daily activities, through a cooperative relationship in which the adolescent willingly discloses information
95) "Brains," "jocks," "populars," and "druggies" are typical examples of teenage
B) crowds.
75) An improved ability to reason about social relationships leads teenagers to
B) deidealize their parents.
103) Ken, age 14, has trouble concentrating, sleeps excessively, eats little, and has low energy. These might be symptoms of
B) depression.
104) The most common psychological problem of adolescence is
B) depression.
9) Research shows that obesity has caused a dramatic rise in cases of __________ in children.
B) diabetes
22) When asked about her political beliefs, Blair responds, "Oh, I don't know. It doesn't make much difference to me." Blaire is demonstrating identity
B) diffusion.
121) Rochelle is taking a test in which she is asked to come up with as many different ways as possible to make use of a straw. This is most likely a test of
B) divergent thinking.
118) Magnet schools
B) emphasize a specific area of interest.
35) Margerite passed Piaget's class inclusion problem. This indicates that Margerite can
B) focus on relations between a general and two specific categories at the same time.
65) Teachers who promote discussion of controversial issues, while insisting that students listen to and respect one another,
B) foster knowledge and critical analysis of political issues and commitment to social causes.
41) School-age children master concrete operational tasks
B) gradually, in a continuum of acquisition.
91) Arthur Jensen's 1969 monograph, "How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?" was controversial because he argued that
B) heredity is largely responsible for individual, ethnic, and SES variations in intelligence.
Adolescents develop scientific reasoning skills
B) in a step-by-step fashion on different types of tasks.
100) Early dating
B) is related to drug use, delinquency, and poor academic achievement.
53) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
B) is usually a lifelong disorder.
63) Civic engagement involves
B) knowledge of political issues, commitment to making a difference in the community, and skills for achieving civic goals.
96) An observational study carried out in low-SES African-American homes in a southeastern U.S. city revealed that black parents rarely asked their children
B) knowledge-training questions.
32) According to Piaget, thought in middle childhood is far more __________ than in early childhood.
B) logical
48) The influence of situational factors on moral judgments indicates that like Piaget's cognitive stages, Kohlberg's moral stages are
B) loosely organized and overlapping.
51) Some evidence indicates that although the morality of males and females taps both care and justice
B) males more than females tend to focus equally on justice and care.
19) Along with body growth, __________ plays a vital role in improved motor performance in middle childhood.
B) more efficient information processing
57) Adolescents who __________ are advanced in moral reasoning.
B) more often participate in conversations with their friends
80) Individuals whose __________ systems function more efficiently appear to have an edge in intellectual skills.
B) nervous
3) As muscles adapt to an enlarging skeleton, children often experience
B) nighttime "growing pains."
45) In Case's neo-Piagetian theory, children acquire central conceptual structures
B) once cognitive schemes are sufficiently automatic.
55) When Mike had to learn the state capitals, he grouped the states by region to assist his memory. Which memory strategy did Mike use?
B) organization
77) Which intellectual factor of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, is the most likely to contain culturally biased problems?
B) quantitative reasoning
59) According to Kohlberg, mature moral thinkers
B) realize that behaving in line with their beliefs is vital for creating and maintaining a just social world.
81) A major shortcoming of the componential approach is that it
B) regards intelligence as entirely due to causes within the child.
5) According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences
B) role confusion.
8) Changes in __________ and __________ set the stage for developing a unified personal identity.
B) self-concept; self-esteem
37) A concrete operational child can __________ mentally, an ability called __________.
B) seriate; transitive inference
22) Research confirms that __________ plays a large role in accounting for boys' gross-motor superiority.
B) the social environment
Which of the following statements about infant learning is true?
Babies learn through their natural preference for novel stimulation.
Which of the following statements about imitation is true?
Babies several months old often do not imitate an adult's behavior right away because they first try to play familiar social games.
Which of the following statements about basic emotions is true?
Babies' earliest emotional life consists of attraction to pleasant stimulation and withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation.
Which of the following individuals is the most likely to quickly establish positive bonds with stepchildren?
Barry, a stepfather with children of his own
83) According to Sternberg's triarchic theory, applying strategies and engaging in self-regulation are examples of __________ intelligence.
C) analytical
Which of the following individuals is the most likely to have an especially hard time following a divorce?
Beatrice, who was a homemaker throughout her marriage
__________ is a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to the diversity in human traits and abilities.
Behavioral genetics
80) Parents who __________ usually find it easier to grant teenagers appropriate autonomy and experience less conflict with them.
C) are content with their marriages
Which of the following statements about a blastocyst is true?
Between the seventh and ninth day, it burrows deep into the uterine lining.
58) Responses to moral dilemmas in collectivist cultures
C) are often more other-directed than in Western cultures.
75) The Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler intelligence tests
C) are often used to identify highly intelligent children and to diagnose children with learning problems.
__________ depth cues arise because our two eyes have slightly different views of the visual field.
Binocular
__________ is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development.
Birth weight
Which of the following mothers is the most likely to actively discourage rapid motor development?
Biyaki, a Gusii mother
124) Which of the following is Tord most likely to experience in his Finnish classroom?
C) a nationally mandated curriculum aimed at cultivating creativity
16) Which of the following factors is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence?
C) authoritative parenting
Frankie and Mike are a dual-earner couple. They would like to have a better balance between work and family. Which of the following is good advice to help them combine their work and family roles?
Both should critically evaluate the time they devote to work in view of their family values and priorities.
Which of the following statements about the sexual behavior of U.S. adolescents is true?
Boys tend to have their first intercourse earlier than girls.
__________ have a harder time regulating __________ emotion.
Boys; negative
111) Research on bilingual education shows that
C) a strategy that promotes children's native-language skills while they learn English is most effective for non-English-speaking minority children.
97) The positive impact of having academically and socially skilled peers is greatest for teenagers whose parents are
C) authoritative.
102) High school seniors Geoff and Joy have been dating steadily for eight months. This is the first romance for each of them. How many relationships like theirs survive high school graduation?
C) about 50 percent
Which of the following employees with similar years of experience will probably perform more competently in the workplace?
Bronson, a middle-aged adult
Which of the following children is the most likely to get his or her permanent teeth first
Brooke, an obese girl
Which of the following statements about emotional self-regulation in middle childhood is true?
By age 10, most children shift adaptively between problem-centered and emotion-centered coping.
Which of the following statements about language development is true?
By age 6, most children speak in elaborate sentences and are skilled conversationalists.
Which of the following statements about moral development is true?
By middle childhood, children have had time to internalize rules for good conduct, which leads them to become considerably more independent and trustworthy.
Which of the following statements about emotional self-regulation is true?
By the end of the first year, Chinese and Japanese infants smile and cry less than American infants.
105) Among U.S. teens, __________ percent have had one or more major depressive episode.
C) 15 to 20
The average U.S. 2-year-old watches __________ of TV and video per day.
C) 1½ hours
105) During the elementary school years, on average, children learn about _____ new words each day.
C) 20
4) Between the ages of 6 and 12, __________ primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent ones.
C) 20
Which of the following statements about school transitions is true?
C) Adolescents facing added strains at school transitions are at greatest risk for self-esteem and academic difficulties.
125) Cross-cultural research shows that
C) Asian parents devote many more hours than American parents to helping their children with homework.
51) Which of the following statements about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true?
C) Boys are diagnosed with ADHD about four times as often as girls.
90) Which of the following statements is supported by research on group differences in IQ?
C) Differences in SES do not fully explain the IQ gap between black and white American children.
120) Which of the following statements about persistent adolescent delinquency is true?
C) Early-onset youths seem to inherit traits that predispose them to aggressiveness.
72) Which of the following children is likely to be psychologically healthier?
C) Gabriella, a girl who has an androgynous gender identity
123) Which of the following statements about gifted education is true?
C) Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences has inspired several model programs that provide enrichment to all students in diverse disciplines.
100) Carter, an 8-year-old African-American boy, is told by a researcher that certain verbal tasks are "not a test." He is told that other verbal tasks are "a test of how good children are at school problems." If Carter is aware of ethnic stereotypes, which of the following is probably true?
C) He will perform far worse in the "test" condition.
35) Which of the following statements about Lawrence Kohlberg's well-known "Heinz dilemma" is true?
C) Kohlberg emphasized that it is the way an individual reasons about the dilemma, not the content of the response, that determines moral maturity.
113) Which of the following teenagers is at the highest risk for suicide?
C) Lou, a Native-American boy
13) Which of the following statements about the consequences of obesity is true?
C) Obese children are stereotyped as lazy, self-doubting, and deceitful.
116) Which of the following statements about the prevention and treatment of suicide is true?
C) Restraint by journalists in the media in publicizing teenage suicides aids prevention.
107) Which of the following statements about adolescent depression is true?
C) The stereotypical view of adolescence as a period of storm and stress leads many adults to minimize the seriousness of adolescent depression.
53) A researcher asks Timmy, a fourth grader, and Thom, a tenth grader, whether it is OK to exclude a child from a peer group on the basis of gender. Which of the following responses is the researcher most likely to hear?
C) Thom will say that the exclusion is OK under certain circumstances.
60) Nine-year-old Brett views his mind as an active, constructive agent that selects and transforms information. Brett's awareness of thought is known as
C) metacognition.
19) Jacob has begun to question his parents' political beliefs and has attended several rallies to find out about alternatives. He is characterized by identity
C) moratorium.
25) Both identity __________ and __________ are psychologically healthy routes to mature self-definition.
C) moratorium; achievement
46) Hannah listens to and tells stories but rarely draws pictures. According to Case's neo-Piagetian theory, Hannah probably displays
C) more advanced central conceptual structures in storytelling.
30) Teacher ratings of classroom disruptive behavior decline for children who have
C) more than 15 minutes of recess a day.
15) The most common vision problem in middle childhood is
C) myopia.
23) Gains in __________ contribute to a child's ability to play games with rules.
C) perspective taking
42) Individuals at Kohlberg's __________ level move beyond unquestioning support for their own society's rules and laws.
C) postconventional
17) In adolescence, encouragement from teachers
C) predicts high self-esteem.
73) IQ often enters into educational decisions because it
C) predicts school performance and educational attainment.
67) Religious involvement
C) promotes responsible academic and social behavior.
85) Matthew, age 14, is likely to report that the most important characteristic of friendship is
C) psychological closeness.
43) At Kohlberg's Stage 5 of moral development, individuals
C) regard laws and rules as flexible instruments for furthering human purposes.
54) When Taylor was given a list of ingredients to memorize, she immediately repeated the list to herself over and over. Which memory strategy did Taylor use?
C) rehearsal
33) Which of the following is a strategy for helping minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts constructively?
C) respecting native languages and unique learning styles in school
118) Both police arrests and self-reports show that delinquency
C) rises over early and middle adolescence and then declines.
50) Dr. Goldberg introduces irrelevant stimuli into a task and records how well children attend to its central elements. Dr. Goldberg is probably studying
C) selectivity of attention.
64) Throughout elementary and secondary school, __________ predicts academic success.
C) self-regulation
12) Compared with school-age children, teenagers' self-evaluations place more emphasis on
C) social virtues.
108) African-American children's narratives are usually longer and more complex than those of white children because African-American children
C) tend to use a topic-associating narrative style.
95) Dr. Whittier believes that many intelligence tests sample knowledge and skills that not all groups of children have had equal opportunity to learn. Dr. Whittier's belief reflects the controversial question that ethnic differences in IQ have to do with
C) test bias.
106) Teenage girls are __________ as likely as boys to report persistent depressed mood.
C) twice
59) Research on metacognitive development shows that preschoolers
C) view the mind as a passive container of information.
31) Teenagers with __________ are more involved in exploring relationship issues, such as what they value in close friends and in a life partner.
C) warm, trusting peer ties
Men with a high school diploma or less and highly educated women in prestigious careers are overrepresented among singles after age 30 because
C) women tend to "marry up" and men tend to "marry down."
Which of the following college students is the most likely to show improvements in propositional thought?
Cali, who took a science course
Which of the following statements about overextension is true?
Children often overextend deliberately because they have difficulty recalling or have not acquired a suitable word.
Which of the following countries has a higher childhood poverty rate?
Canada
Which of the following statements about gender identity and behavior in middle childhood is true?
Children who experience rejection because of gender-atypical personality traits suffer profoundly.
38) Kim Lee is able to mentally represent her neighborhood and describe it to others. Kim Lee's representation is known as a
D) cognitive map.
__________ growth is a return to a genetically influenced growth path once negative conditions improve.
Catch-up
__________ helps infants reduce the enormous amount of new information they encounter every day so they can learn and remember.
Categorization
Fibers linking the ____ to the ____ grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic gains in motor coordination.
Cerebellum, cerebral cortex
__________ provide the best estimate of a baby's ability to recover from the stress of birth.
Changes in neonatal assessment scores over the first week or two of life
Which of the following statements about the Type A behavior pattern is true?
Current evidence pinpoints hostility as a toxic ingredient of Type A in both men and women.
63) Quinn knows that he should group items when memorizing lists, but he does not always do so. Quinn is not yet good at
D) cognitive self-regulation.
Which of the following individuals is the most likely to experience the greatest percentage of REM sleep?
Cheryl, a preterm newborn
__________ affect(s) the chances that an emotionally reactive baby will become a fearful child.
Child-rearing practices
Which of the following statements about childhood diseases is true?
Childhood diseases occur earlier in developing countries than in industrialized countries.
Which of the following statements about peer sociability in collectivist versus individualistic societies is true?
Children in collectivist societies are more willing to include a quiet, reserved child in play than children in individualistic cultures
A group of 2-year-olds watch through a window while a live adult hides an object in an adjoining room. Another group watches the same event on a video screen. Which of the following is likely to occur?
Children in the direct viewing condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the video condition will have difficulty.
Which of the following statements is supported by research on individual differences in motor skills?
Children master the motor skills of early childhood during everyday play.
57) Children who are expert in an area
D) are usually highly motivated.
Research on cultural variations in child rearing styles shows that
Chinese parents report expressing affection and using induction and other reasoning-oriented discipline as much as American parents do.
Research on cultural variations in personal storytelling reveals that
Chinese parents use storytelling to guide children toward socially responsible behavior.
54) Parents can foster adolescents' moral understanding by
D) asking clarifying questions.
2) After age 8, girls __________ than boys.
D) begin accumulating fat at a faster rate
__________ is the single most important preventable cause of death in industrialized nations.
Cigarette smoking
Which of the following statements about children's temperament and sex differences in adjustment to parental divorce is true?
Coercive maternal behavior and defiance by sons are common in divorcing households.
81) Teenagers who develop well despite family stress tend to have a(n)
D) bond with a prosocial adult outside the family who cares deeply about the adolescent's well-being.
Which of the following children is the most likely to become a target of child abuse?
Cole, a premature baby
Dan and Steven are considering getting their 4-year-old son a computer. Which of the following statements can you share with them to best help them understand the value of computers in early childhood?
Combining everyday and computer experiences with math manipulatives is especially effective in promoting math concepts and skills.
68) Educators who advocate a phonics approach argue that
D) children should learn the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds before being given complex reading material.
Which of the following statements about controversial and neglected children is true?
Controversial children display a blend of positive and negative social behaviors
Which of the following statements about creativity in adulthood is true?
Creativity is a function of "career age," not chronological age.
__________ intelligence refers to skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgment, and mastery of social conventions.
Crystallized
Barney and Cynthia met in college and married after they both graduated. They both work full-time. Which of the following is most likely true?
Cynthia spends nearly twice as much time as Barney on housework.
64) Harry holds socially responsible values. Which of the following statements is he most likely to make?
D) "I think the unemployment rate is caused by a combination of government policies and the state of the economy."
56) Which of the following statements about the influence of schooling on moral reasoning is true?
D) College students who report more perspective-taking opportunities tend to be advanced in moral reasoning.
60) Frank and Derol are both college students. Derol is functioning at a higher moral reasoning level than Frank. Which of the following statements is the most likely to be true?
D) Derol is more likely than Frank to defend victims of injustice.
91) Which of the following statements about online communication is true?
D) In unmonitored chat rooms, teenagers are likely to encounter degrading racial and ethnic slurs and sexually obscene and harassing remarks.
103) Which of the following statements regarding intelligence tests in schools is true?
D) Intelligence tests are useful when interpreted carefully by psychologists and educators who are sensitive to cultural influences on test performance.
44) In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Ruby explains, "It doesn't make sense to put respect for property above respect for life itself. Respect for human life is absolute." Ruby is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
D) Stage 6: The universal ethical principle orientation
70) Which of the following individuals will likely show stronger gender intensification?
D) Tamar, a 14-year-old girl
18) Which of the following is supported by research on unintentional injuries in middle childhood?
D) Use of protective helmets leads to a 25 percent reduction in risk of head injury.
14) Which of the following is regarded as one of the most effective interventions for treating childhood obesity?
D) a family-based approach focused on changing behaviors
18) Laurent plans to major in engineering in college. When asked if he might change his career path, he responds, "I might, but I doubt it. I've spent a lot of time studying my options. I'm pretty sure engineering is right for me." Laurent is demonstrating identity
D) achievement.
117) When asked directly and confidentially about lawbreaking, __________ teenagers admit to having committed some sort of offense, usually a minor crime.
D) almost all
3) According to Erikson, teenagers in complex societies experience
D) an identity crisis.
82) In Sternberg's triarchic theory, intelligent behavior involves balancing __________ intelligences.
D) analytical, creative, and practical
97) Many ethnic minority parents without extensive schooling prefer a(n) __________ style of communication when completing tasks with children.
D) collaborative
69) Many studies show that
D) combining phonics with whole language is the best approach for teaching beginning reading.
33) During a conservation-of-water experiment, Emme can focus on several aspects of the problem and relate them, rather than centering on just one aspect. Therefore, Emme is capable of
D) decentration.
85) Gardner believes that
D) each intelligence has a unique biological basis and a distinct course of development.
27) Jesse is an adolescent who is identity-foreclosed. As such, he will tend to
D) fear rejection by people on whom he depends for affection and self-esteem.
7) Michael is a young adult who is trying out life possibilities, gathering important information about himself and his environment, and moving toward making enduring decisions. In doing so, Michael is probably
D) forging an organized self-structure.
21) Identity-foreclosed individuals
D) have committed themselves to values and goals without exploring alternatives.
71) Children who learn how to solve math problems by rote
D) have difficultly applying "math rules" to new problems.
124) Some studies on zero tolerance policies show that they
D) heighten school dropout and antisocial behaviors.
29) Adolescents who assume that absolute truth is always attainable tend to be
D) identity-foreclosed.
Recall is more challenging than recognition because it
D) involves remembering something that is not present.
44) In Robbie Case's neo-Piagetian theory, repeated practice of cognitive schemes
D) leads them to become more automatic.
6) Research on nutrition indicates that
D) malnutrition that persists from infancy or early childhood into the school years usually leads to permanent physical and mental damage.
Among those adult learners reporting high psychological stress typically are
D) married women with nonsupportive partners.
15) Teenagers who feel highly dissatisfied with __________ are often aggressive and antisocial.
D) parental relationships
61) Research on metacognitive development shows that school-age children know that
D) people can extend their knowledge by making mental inferences.
14) In adolescence, self-esteem __________ for most young people.
D) rises
109) Children of bilingual parents who teach them both languages in infancy and early childhood
D) separate the language systems early on and attain early language milestones according to a typical timetable.
36) Seven-year-old Paolo can efficiently arrange a series of sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest. Paolo has developed an ability called
D) seriation.
110) Yolanda and Steve want their son, Manny, to attain full proficiency in English and Spanish. To achieve this goal, Manny's mastery of the second language should begin
D) sometime in childhood.
114) In social-constructivist classrooms,
D) students' learning is jointly constructed with the teacher and peers.
49) Heritability evidence suggests __________ genetic influences on various aspects of executive function, including combining information in working memory, controlling attention, and inhibiting inappropriate responses.
D) substantial
79) The reduced time that Western teenagers spend with their parents results from
D) the large amount of unstructured time available to teenagers.
26) Ten-year-old Nadia enjoys making up games and playing them with her friends. Playing these child-invented games probably allows Nadia to
D) try out different styles of cooperating and competing with little personal risk.
66) In recent national polls, nearly __________ of Americans reported actively practicing religion.
D) two-thirds
38) At Kohlberg's Stage 2 of moral development, children
D) view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors.
78) The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
D) was the first test to be standardized on children representing the total population of the United States.
94) Adoption studies reveal that
D) when children of low-IQ mothers are adopted at birth by parents who are well above average in income and education, they score above average in IQ during the school years.
116) Studies show that educational self-fulfilling prophecies are especially strong
D) when teachers emphasize competition and publicly compare children.
48) Children with persistent learning difficulties in reading and math are often deficient in
D) working-memory capacity.
According to Erikson, preschoolers' exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks break down when they
are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults.
Which of the following statements about the impact on U.S. children of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks is true?
Distress reactions declined more slowly for children with conflict-ridden parent-child relationships.
Harrison is a popular-antisocial child. Which of the following characteristics is he likely to display?
He is athletically skilled but is a poor student who causes trouble and defies adult authority.
Dr. Ramorey wants 90-year-old Mr. Higgins to participate in a research study that involves moderate risks. Mr. Higgins is incapable of consenting. Which of the following would best state your advice regarding Mr. Higgins's participation in the study?
He should only be allowed to participate in the study if it is likely to benefit him directly.
Infants engage in __________ by actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.
social referencing
Raylynne is well-liked by all of her classmates. She probably has high
social self-esteem.
__________ of U.S. 18- to 25-year-olds return to their parents' home for brief periods after first leaving.
Slightly over one-half
Students placed in general education and vocational tracks
are three times as likely to drop out of high school as those in a college preparatory track.
Because life events __________, they cannot be the single cause of midlife change.
are variable in their timing
When __________ persists, it can prevent the heart from pumping enough blood and result in faintness.
arrhythmia
One goal of mental testing is to
arrive at scores that predict future performance.
Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood is true?
Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.
In interviews with more than 1,500 U.S. parents of infants and toddlers, results indicated that
as many as one-fourth ate no fruits and one-third no vegetables.
__________ is a modern substitute for the actual physical departure of young people from the family group that takes place in industrialized nations.
Psychological distancing
A recent study of same-sex couples found that same-sex civil unions were __________ heterosexual marriages.
as stable as
A surprising aspect of brain growth is that
as synapses form, many surrounding neurons die.
Teaching people to be __________ rather than hostile and to __________ rather than explode interrupts the intense physiological response that intervenes between psychological stress and illness.
assertive; negotiate
Six-year-old Charlie realizes that his sister remains a girl even when she operates a bulldozer. Charlie has acquired the concept of gender
constancy
Principal Allen wants to reduce prejudice at his middle school. Which of the following interventions should he use?
assign children to cooperative learning groups with peers of diverse backgrounds
When children are not changing much cognitively, they __________ more than they __________.
assimilate; accommodate
During __________, children use their current schemes to interpret the external world, whereas in __________, children create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that their current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely.
assimilation; accommodation
The placenta
delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism.
In Jean's preschool classroom, teachers guide children's learning, tailoring their interventions to each child's zone of proximal development. This classroom emphasizes the Vygotskian principle of
assisted discovery
Vaginal birth after a previous cesarean delivery is
associated with slightly increased rates of rupture of the uterus and infant death.
According to Mildred Parten, two forms of true social interaction are __________ and __________ play.
associative; cooperative
In Western industrialized nations, menopause is
assumed to be a syndrome requiring treatment.
A healthy man can father a child
at any age after sexual maturity.
Which of the following college freshmen is the most likely to graduate?
Elyssa, who feels that her college community is concerned about her as an individual
Mr. and Mrs. Rodriguez want to foster a positive, secure self-image in their son. Which of the following would you suggest?
Encourage him to strive for worthwhile goals because his eventual achievement will foster his self-esteem.
As infants understand more about their world, they laugh
at events with subtler elements of surprise.
__________ brain growth refers to the young brain's rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences.
Experience-expectant
Before the late 1800s, childbirth usually took place
at home and was a family-centered event.
For boys, voice change usually takes place
at the peak of the growth spurt.
Healthy babies often cry
at the sound of another crying baby.
Darlene has heavy deposits of plaque containing cholesterol and fats collected on the walls of her main arteries. Darlene has
atherosclerosis.
Research showed that by age 3, children in Early Head Start
demonstrated gains in cognitive and language development.
Merrill has a buildup of plaque in his coronary arteries that encircle his heart and provide its muscles with oxygen and nutrients. Merrill has
atherosclerosis.
Middle-aged people
attach great value to the friendship relationship.
Cross-cultural evidence indicates that
attachment patterns may have to be interpreted differently in certain cultures.
Stephanie is a new mother. While she is entitled to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave from work, she returns to her job after only four weeks. What is the most likely reason for Stephanie's decision?
Financial pressures do not allow her to take more time off without pay.
Which of the following statements about stress management in midlife is true?
For people who have difficulty handling midlife's challenges, communities provide fewer social supports than for young adults or senior citizens.
Professor Hardwick is interested in the strong affectionate tie children have with special people in their lives that leads them to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress. Professor Hardwick studies
attachment.
Research on gender constancy demonstrates that
attainment of gender constancy is strongly related to the ability to pass verbal appearance-reality tasks.
One surprising finding of infant face perception is that infants will look longer at
attractive faces than unattractive ones.
Colleges that __________ have a higher percentage of dropouts.
do little to help high-risk students
Marlena is enrolled in an intervention program that encourages learned-helpless children to believe that they can overcome failure by exerting more effort. This approach is known as
attribution retraining.
Breastfed and bottle-fed children in industrialized nations
do not differ in later emotional adjustment.
Bobby is anxious, unhappy, and has low self-esteem. When frustrated, Bobby tends to react with hostility. His parents are most likely to fit which of the following child-rearing styles?
authoritarian
Children whose parents use a(n) __________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.
authoritative
In Bowlby's theory, babies in the preattachment phase
do not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult.
The United States
does not rank well on any key measure of children's health and well-being.
Despite the concerns of middle childhood, child rearing becomes easier for those parents who established a(n) __________ style in the early years.
authoritative
The __________ child-rearing style is the most successful approach.
authoritative
In dominant-recessive inheritance, the one allele that affects the child's characteristics is called
dominant.
In Erikson's theory, the conflict of toddlerhood, __________, is resolved favorably when parents provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices.
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Raven is less concerned about others' expectations than she was in her thirties. She is now more concerned with following her own standards. Raven exhibits
autonomy.
Of matching pairs of chromosomes, 22 of 23 are called __________ and one pair consists of __________ chromosomes.
autosomes; sex
According to the "random events" theory of biological aging,
DNA in body cells is gradually damaged through spontaneous or externally caused mutations.
Jim is a musician, Joy is an artist, and Danielle is a scientist. Which of the following statements is probably true?
Danielle's creativity will peak later than that of the other two.
Which of the following statements about death rates and causes in the United States is true?
Death rates for all causes in the United States exceed those of other industrialized nations.
Which of the following statements about sibling relationships in middle adulthood is true?
Despite reduced contact, many siblings feel closer in midlife, often in response to major life events.
__________, often caused by unsafe water and contaminated foods, leads to nearly 1 million childhood deaths each year.
Diarrhea
In the Strange Situation, Olivia seems unresponsive to her mother when she is present. When her mother leaves, Olivia is not distressed. She reacts to the stranger in much the same way. Olivia is demonstrating characteristics of __________ attachment.
avoidant
Baby Greer says "babababababa." This is an example of
babbling.
If they are all statistically average, which of the following individuals is the most likely to be lonely?
Donna, who is 25 years old and has recently divorced
Cosleeping
babies breastfeed three times longer than infants who sleep alone.
There was a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, so Aziz received three of these chromosomes rather than the normal two. Aziz has __________ syndrome.
Down
Which of the following statements is consistent with the proximodistal trend of body growth?
During childhood, the arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.
Which of the following statements is consistent with the cephalocaudal trend of body growth?
During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.
__________ greatly influences the organization of the cerebral cortex.
Early experience
Which of the following high schools is the most likely to help its students adjust to the school transition?
East High, which provides homerooms for students
Which of the following statements about the relationships among SES, education, and health is true?
Economically advantaged individuals sustain better health over most of their adult lives.
Which of the following individuals is the most likely to experience a psychological crisis during the age-30 transition?
Eddie, who has no romantic relationships and a dissatisfying job
__________ is the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response.
Effortful control
Which of the following statements accurately explains the recent appearance of the emerging adulthood transitional period?
Entry-level positions in many fields require more education than in the past.
EEG, NIRS, and fMRI measures of neural activity in various cortical regions reveal
Especially rapid growth from early to middle childhood in areas of the prefrontal lobe
Most experts today regard adaptation during midlife as the result of
a combination of growing older and social experiences
Scientists have found that __________ best explains the complexities of biological aging.
a combination of theories
Which of the following statements about preventing childhood injuries is true?
Even though they know better, many parents and children behave in ways that compromise safety.
Which of the following statements is supported by research on child maltreatment?
Every industrialized country except the United States and France prohibits corporal punishment in school.
_________ controls attention, suppresses impulses, coordinates information in working memory, and flexibly directs and monitors thought and behavior.
Executive function
__________ make(s) crawlers and walkers more aware of the consequences of their movements.
Experience in trying to keep their balance on various surfaces
__________ brain growth consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures.
Experience-dependent
Which of the following diets meets the U.S. national dietary recommendations?
Fat is 30 percent of total caloric intake, with 7 percent made up of saturated fat.
Which of the following is an accurate statement about risk and resilience in emerging adulthood?
Feelings of loneliness are higher during the emerging adulthood years than at any other time in life.
Which of the following toddlers is the most likely to have the largest vocabulary?
Fei Yen from China
Which of the following statements about gender differences in same-sex adult friendships is true?
Female friends often say they prefer to "just talk" when they get together.
Which of the following statements about physical skill in midadolescence is true?
Few girls perform as well as the average boy.
Elliott, age 11, is suddenly afraid to go to school. Which of the following is the best advice you can give to Elliott's parents?
Firmly insist that he return to school, and train him in how to cope with difficult situations.
Middle adulthood is
a contemporary phenomenon, basically nonexistent before the twentieth century.
Which of the following statements about friendships during midlife is true?
Friendships become more selective in midlife.
Which of the following statements about brain development is true?
Gains in neural fibers and myelination account for the extraordinary gain in overall brain size.
The most important cause of the age-related drop in female fertility is
a decline in the number and quality of ova.
Mounting evidence reveals that children with autism have
a deficient theory of mind.
Which of the following statements is consistent with the parental imperative theory?
Gender role identity is maintained during active parenting years to help ensure survival of the children.
Which of the following employees is the most likely to be assigned to a high-risk, high-visibility leadership role?
Gene, a Caucasian-American man
Which of the following individuals is the most likely to master formal operational tasks?
Geni, an American high school student
Ginger, a female middle manager, and Geoffrey, a male middle manager, are both promoted to comparable positions. Which of the following can you predict?
Ginger probably has earned higher performance ratings than Geoffrey.
Which of the following statements about sex differences in motor skills in early childhood is true?
Girls are ahead of boys in fine-motor skills
Which of the following statements about sex differences in computer use is true?
Girls typically focus on information gathering and social networking.
__________ are responsible for myelination.
Glial cells
Which of the following statements is supported by research on child care?
Good child care enhances cognitive, language, and social development.
__________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning.
Goodness of fit
Which of the following individuals is the most likely to establish early residential independence?
Gretchen, whose parents are divorced and combative
__________ refers to control over actions that help infants get around in the environment, whereas __________ has to do with smaller movements, such as reaching and grasping.
Gross-motor development; fine-motor development
Babies everywhere start babbling at about the same age, but for babbling to develop further,
babies must be able to hear human speech.
Awareness of object permanence is not yet complete in Piaget's Substage 4 because
babies still make the A-not-B search error.
__________ refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication.
Guided participation
__________ refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
Habituation
Baby Hannah is shown a stuffed sheep, and then it is hidden under a blanket. Which of the following statements is true?
Hannah must coordinate two schemes to retrieve the object: "pushing" aside the blanket and "grasping" the stuffed sheep.
Once wariness of strangers develops after 6 months,
babies use the familiar caregiver as a secure base from which to explore.
Terry is approaching age 50. He can anticipate an accumulation of fat in which areas of his body?
back and upper abdomen
Fernando recently got married. What will probably happen to his same-sex friendships?
He will share less personal information with his friends.
__________ can help prevent escalating demands on families that give way to chaos.
High-quality child care that is affordable and reliable
Two-year old Mason placed a crayon on paper and quickly drew a line across the page, explaining, "Car zooms!" Which of the following statements best describes Mason's drawing progress?
His gestures rather than the resulting scribbles contained the intended representation.
Paternal availability to children is fairly similar across SES and ethnic groups, with one exception: __________ fathers spend __________ time engaged.
Hispanic; more
As children's bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy,
balance improves greatly.
1) According to Erikson, the major personality achievement of adolescence is development of
Identity
Which of the following statements about pattern perception is true?
If babies are sensitive to the contrast in two or more patterns, they prefer the one with more contrast.
Which of the following is the best advice you might give to a mother to help her son manage fears?
If he fears being at preschool, provide extra support by accompanying the child and gradually lessening the amount of time she is present.
Ignacio lives in a remote Mayan village in Yucatan, Mexico. Ignacio does not rely on conversation and play to teach his children. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this?
Ignacio's children spend their day in contact with adult work and start to assume mature responsibilities in early childhood.
Which of the following statements about perceptions of intimate relationships in Eastern cultures is true?
In choosing a mate, young people are expected to consider obligations to others.
Which of the following statements about the impact or prevention of sexual coercion is true?
In some U.S. states, a woman legally cannot rape a man.
Which of the following statements about prenatal sensitive periods with respect to teratogens is true?
In the period of the zygote, before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact.
__________ improves both school achievement and social acceptance of rejected children.
Intensive academic tutoring
__________ is best described as a sensitively tuned "emotional dance."
Interactional synchrony
Which student is most at risk for dropping out of college?
a freshman at a school with open enrollment
Which of the following statements about the development of make-believe play is true?
Increasingly, preschoolers realize that agents and recipients of pretend actions can be independent of themselves.
__________ parenting is correlated with unrealistically high self-esteem.
Indulgent
__________ is a form of communication made up of short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech segments, and repetition of new words in a variety of contexts.
Infant-directed speech
Which of the following statements about divorce in the United States is true?
Infidelity and substance abuse are among the strongest predictors of divorce.
Research indicates that __________ may predispose males to become homosexual.
a gene or group of genes on the X chromosome
Which of the following exercise formats is usually the most successful option for adults with highly stressful lives?
a group class
Which of the following statements about intergenerational continuity in adolescent parenthood is true?
Intergenerational continuity in adolescent parenthood is far greater when teenage mothers remain unmarried.
Which of the following statements about attitudes regarding marriage in the United States today is true?
Irrespective of SES and ethnicity, most U.S. 18- to 23-year-olds say they want to marry and have children.
Which of the following children is the most likely to be above the growth norms?
Isaiah, an African-American boy
Which of the following is the most likely to be among an English-speaking toddler's first 50 words?
ball
Which of the following statements about self-esteem in elementary school is true?
It declines during the first few years of elementary school and then, from fourth grade on, rises for the majority of young people.
Which of the following statements about the Attachment Q-Sort is true?
It does not differentiate between types of insecurity.
Which of the following statements about intermodal perception is true?
It fosters all aspects of psychological development.
Yao is 45 years old. How has the maximum vital capacity of his lungs changed from when he was 25?
It has decreased by about 20 percent.
Which of the following statements about the spread of STDs, including AIDS, is true?
It is at least twice as easy for a male to infect a female, as for a female to infect a male.
Which of the following statements about attribution retraining is true?
It is best begun early, before children's views of themselves become hard to change.
Which of the following statements about fetal alcohol syndrome is true?
It is distinguished by slow physical growth, a pattern of three facial abnormalities, and brain injury.
Which of the following statements about hormone therapy is true?
It is highly successful at counteracting hot flashes.
Which of the following statements about learning research strategies is true?
It is important in separating dependable information from misleading results.
Which of the following statements about role overload is true?
It is magnified for women in low-status work roles with rigid schedules and little autonomy.
Which of the following statements about the cerebral cortex is true?
It is sensitive to environmental influences for a longer period than any other part of the brain.
Which of the following statements about peer sociability is true?
It is the type, not the amount, of solitary and parallel play that changes in early childhood.
Which of the following statements about exercise is true?
It produces high-density lipoproteins that help remove LDLs.
Which of the following statements about telegraphic speech is true?
It usually copies adult word pairings.
Jenelle, a divorced mother with two children, is marrying William, a divorced father with three children. Which of the following statements is most likely true?
It will take three to five years for Jenelle and William's blended family to develop the connectedness and comfort of intact biological families.
Babies' earliest categories are
based on similar overall appearance or prominent object part.
Which of the following middle-aged individuals is the most likely to be concerned about the physical changes of aging?
Jack, a non-college-educated man
Which of the following individuals is the most likely to be able to discriminate individual faces of both humans and monkeys equally well?
Jake, a 6-month-old
Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that
boys who frequently engage in "gender-inappropriate" activities are likely to be ignored by other boys even when they engage in "masculine" activities.
Which of the following women is the most likely to report negative physical and emotional symptoms of menopause?
Jennifer, a North American woman
Research shows that children can connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter, a process called
fast-mapping
Which of the following adults most likely has a sense of stagnation?
Jill, who takes little interest in her grown children
Which of the following individuals most likely provides the most direct care and financial support to their aging parents
Johnna, a middle-income African American
Which of the following high school students is most likely to show accelerated academic progress?
Juan, who is assigned to a college preparatory track
Which of the following young adults is more likely to live on her own?
Julia, an economically well-off Caucasian American
Which of the following individuals will probably have the highest number of other-sex friends?
Kari, an employed female chemist
Hank, a noncustodial father of four, is remarrying. Which of Hank's children is the most likely to have difficulty getting along with his new wife?
Kate, his 9-year-old daughter
When 4-year-old Katherine throws a beanbag, her dad comments, "You stood still as you were throwing. Now try taking a step toward me as you throw." Assuming Katherine's dad regularly gives this sort of feedback, which of the following statements is most likely true?
Katherine is likely to show moderate levels of shame and pride and greater persistence on difficult tasks.
Which of the following couples will face extra challenges in achieving a successful transition to married life?
Ken, an African-American Baptist, and Eileen, an Asian-American Mormon, who married at age 21
Hoda, an economically disadvantaged mother of four, is considering becoming a surrogate. What is one realistic concern that Hoda might have about surrogate motherhood?
Knowledge that their mother would give away a baby might cause insecurities in Hoda's children.
Thomas became angry after a playmate took his truck away. How can Thomas's father help him to regulate his emotion?
Label Thomas's feelings, encourage him to describe his internal state, and offer a comforting hug.
__________ increases the chance of sibling conflict.
Lack of parental involvement
Laughter reflects
faster processing of information than smiling.
Which of the following statements regarding handedness is true?
Left-handedness occurs more frequently mong people with mental retardation and mental illness than in the general population
Frank, a kindergartener, says that Pat is his best friend on days they get along. But when a dispute arises, he reverses himself: "Pat is not my friend!" Frank's parents should
be aware that first friendships do not have a long-term, enduring quality based on mutual trust.
__________ is common in middle adulthood.
Life evaluation
Which of the following statements about becoming a student in midlife is true?
Life transitions often trigger a return to college.
Jack and Jami are concerned that their chubby infant son Angus will become an overweight adult. Which of the following steps can they take to help prevent that?
Limit the time Angus spends in front of the TV.
Which of the following women is the most likely to reach menopause the earliest?
Lisa, who has not borne children
Which of the following statements about mate selection is true?
Little support exists for the idea that "opposites attract."
__________ is the strongest predictor of frequent, face-to-face interaction with young grandchildren.
Living nearby
Regina eats a mostly vegetarian diet, but she eats a lot of fish. When she becomes pregnant, what should Regina know about environmental pollution in fish?
Long-lived predatory fish, such as swordfish, albacore tuna, and shark, can be heavily contaminated with mercury.
Which of the following statements about loss of bone strength in middle adulthood is true?
Loss of bone strength causes the disks of the spinal column to collapse.
Which of the following statements may explain why SES disparities in health and mortality are larger in the United States than in other industrialized nations?
Low-income and poverty-stricken U.S. families are financially less well-off than families classified in these ways in other countries.
__________ cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths in both genders, worldwide.
Lung
Which of the following maternal grandmothers is the most likely to be the preferred caregiver of her grandchildren while their parents are at work?
Lupe, a Mexican-American homemaker
Which of the following statements about sexual coercion is true?
Male victims often report that women perpetrators threatened to end a relationship unless the victim complied.
__________ doubles the risk of SIDS.
Maternal cigarette smoking
Because Thomas is highly generative, he is also likely to
be open-minded about differing viewpoints
Which of the following is one reason the United States lags behind Denmark, Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Canada in immunizations?
Many U.S. children do not have access to the health care they need.
Which of the following statements about brain plasticity is true?
Many areas of a highly plastic cerebral cortex are not yet committed to specific functions.
Current research on infant cognition yields broad agreement on which of the following?
Many cognitive changes of infancy are gradual and continuous.
Which of the following statements about "launching children and moving on" is true?
Many contemporary parents launch children a decade or more before retirement, then seek other rewarding activities.
Which of the following statements about emerging adulthood is true?
Many emerging adults can engage in activities of the widest possible scope.
By age 4,
Many parts of the cerebral cortex have overproduced synapses
Which of the following statements about the permissive child-rearing style is true?
Many permissive parents lack confidence in their ability to influence their child's behavior.
Which of the following is an accurate statement about singlehood?
Many single people go through a stressful period in their late twenties or early thirties when most of their friends have married.
Mark is from Texas, and Daryl is from Alberta, Canada. Which of the following statements about the likelihood of each sexually active teen contracting AIDS or another STD is true?
Mark is more likely than Daryl to contract AIDS or another STD.
Troy is an American high school graduate who chose not to go on to college. He is likely to
be working in a low-paid, unskilled job.
Martin, age 47, is single and has no children. Which of the following of Martin's activities reflects generativity?
Martin volunteers at the YMCA as a basketball coach and is a "big brother" in the Big Brothers/Big Sisters program.
Mary and Ashley are identical twins. Abbie and Chandra are fraternal twins. Which of the following is likely to be true about the timing of puberty?
Mary and Ashley will reach menarche within a month or two of each other.
Which of the following is an example of a direct parental influence on children's peer sociability?
Maxine arranges for her 4-year-old to play with his friend at the park.
Two Apgar ratings are given in the minutes following birth
because some babies have trouble adjusting immediately but do quite well after a few minutes.
__________ halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells.
Meiosis
Which group of women is most likely to experience a positive attitude toward menopause?
Mexican-American women
__________ million U.S. adults identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual.
More than 8
Most Americans eat
because they feel like it or it is time to do so.
Which of the following is an accurate statement about performance in pressured and self-paced conditions?
Middle-aged students will show performance declines under pressured conditions.
Which of the following statements about unemployment in midlife is true?
Middle-aged workers affected by layoffs remain jobless longer than younger workers.
_________ adults are better than __________ adults at coping with stress.
Middle-aged; young
__________ fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own.
Mirror neurons
Jay wants to protect the health of his endocrine system. The safest approach for Jay is
a healthy diet and physical activity.
The most extreme symptom of cardiovascular disease is
a heart attack.
Marleen, an obese adult, lost 20 pounds over the course of a year. Within the next two years, she is most likely to
gain back 20 or more pounds.
Four-month-old Max is easily upset by new sights and sounds. According to Kagan's research, Max probably has __________ and __________ than a social baby when faced with novelty.
a higher heart rate; a higher cortisol level
Which of the following statements about extended families in the United States is true?
More black than white adults have relatives other than their own children living in the same household.
Which of the following statements about vocational life in middle adulthood is true?
More so than in earlier or later years, people attempt to increase the personal meaning of their vocational lives.
According to Levinson, which of the following statements about gender differences in dreams is true?
Most career-oriented women have "split dreams" involving both marriage and career.
Which of the following statements about Jerome Kagan's research on the development of shyness and sociability is true?
Most children's dispositions became less extreme over time.
Which of the following provides evidence that the brain hemispheres have already begun to specialize at birth?
Most newborns show greater ERP brain-wave activity in the right hemisphere while listening to nonspeech sounds.
Which of the following statements about infantile amnesia is true?
Most older children and adults cannot retrieve events that happened before age 3.
Which of the following statements about launching children and moving on is true?
Most parents adjust well to their children's departure from the home.
Which of the following statements about menopause is true?
Most studies reveal no association between menopause and depression in the general population.
Which of the following statements is supported by research on child care in infancy?
Mother-child interaction is more favorable when children spend fewer hours in child care.
__________ is the first depth cue to which infants are sensitive.
Motion
The sperm and the ovum are sex cells, or
gametes.
__________ is a sudden but permanent change in a segment in DNA that can lead to __________.
Mutation; genetic abnormalities
Which of the following adults is the most likely to engage in commitment within relativism?
Nadia, a 30-year-old college professor
Which of the following statements about skipped-generation families is true?
Nearly 4 to 5 percent of the U.S. child population live with grandparents but apart from parents.
__________ provide(s) the most precise information about which brain regions are specialized for certain capacities.
Neuroimaging techniques
Which of the following statements is supported by research on self-awareness?
Newborns display a stronger rooting reflex in response to external stimulation than to self-stimulation.
Which of the following statements is supported by research on colic?
Newborns who react especially strongly to unpleasant stimuli are at risk for colic.
Adults often provide indirect feedback about grammar by using __________, which restructures inaccurate speech into correct form.
a recast
Scientists have begun to explore calorie restriction mimetics
because very few people would be willing to maintain a substantially reduced diet for most of their lifespan.
Which of the following statements regarding a sensitive period for mastering musical performance skills is true?
No evidence exists for a sensitive period in the first few years of life for mastering musical performance skills.
Which of the following women is the most likely to report fewer menopausal complaints?
Noriko, an Asian woman
Which of the following statements is supported by research on newborn taste preferences?
Not until 4 months do babies prefer a salty taste to plain water.
Which of the following statements about Levinson's findings is true?
Not until middle age did many women reach career maturity and take on more authority in the community.
Mr. Peabody is frustrated with his daughter's exaggerated sense of her personal uniqueness. One way he could deal with this is to
acknowledge her unique characteristics, but also point out how he felt similarly as a teenager to encourage the development of a more balanced perspective.
Which of the following statements about the obesity epidemic is true?
Obesity-related medical coverage in government-sponsored health insurance programs for low-income families could help combat the obesity epidemic.
What advice can you offer parents who want to reduce their newborn son's discomfort during circumcision?
Offer a sugar solution while gently holding the baby.
Which of the following statements about job training for older workers is true?
Older employees depend more on co-worker encouragement for vocational development.
From the freshman to the senior year of college, most students
become better at reflecting on the quality of their thinking.
When Paul started his job, he developed a close relationship with Richard, a senior colleague. Richard helped Paul succeed in his job, and with his help, Paul was quickly promoted. According to Levinson, Richard
acted as a mentor to Paul.
__________ directly undergo abnormal cell duplication.
Oncogenes
Which of the following statements about gender stereotypes in vocational choice is true?
One explanation for women's attraction to male-dominated careers is a change in gender-role attitudes.
Which of the following statements about the role of psychoanalytic theory in modern human development research is true?
One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its ability to capture the essence of personality during each period of development.
Which of the following is supported by research on dominant and recessive diseases?
Only rarely are serious diseases due to dominant alleles.
__________ and __________ provide windows into early memory by showing that retention of visual events increases dramatically over infancy and toddlerhood.
Operant conditioning; habituation
Which of the following statements about Americans and exercise is true?
Over half of Americans are inactive, with no regular brief sessions of even light activity.
Which of the following statements about sex differences in adolescents' reactions to pubertal changes is true?
Overall, boys get much less social support than girls for the physical changes of puberty.
__________ predicts confidence in career choice and career attainment beyond SES.
Parental guidance
Rachel is concerned that she might accidentally suffocate her baby if she shares a bed with him. What information can you share with Rachel about precautions taken in cultures where cosleeping is widespread?
Parents and infants usually sleep on hard surfaces, such as firm mattresses, floor mats, or wooden planks.
Maryann is pregnant and works in a smoke-filled environment. What can you tell her about passive smoking?
Passive smoking is related to low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnesses.
Which of the following statements about paternal depression is true?
Paternal depression is linked to frequent father-child conflict as children grow older.
In a study involving weather predictions, media multitaskers
activated subcortical areas involved in implicit memory.
Anthony, a well-coordinated and muscular boy, decides to play high school football. This is an example of a(n) __________ gene-environment correlation.
active
Paul is a male librarian. Which of the following individuals is the most likely to be critical of Paul's career choice?
Paul's male friends in traditional careers
Which of the following preschool children is the most likely to be a target of harsh, inconsistent discipline?
active Adam
According to cognitive-developmental theorists, preschoolers
actively make sense of their experiences.
Which of the following statements about sexual coercion is true?
People of all SES and ethnic groups are offenders and victims.
Which of the following statements about the double standard of gender and aging is true?
People often rate middle-aged women as having more negative personality characteristics than middle-aged men.
Which of the following statements about individual differences in cognitive declines is true?
People with flexible personalities are likely to maintain mental abilities well into late adulthood.
Which of the following 22-year-olds is the most likely to experience emerging adulthood?
Percy, a high-SES male in the United Kingdom
Which of the following statements about the development of self-concept is true?
Perspective-taking skills are crucial for developing a self-concept based on personality traits.
Besides self-awareness, self-conscious emotions require
adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty.
Research on infantile amnesia suggests that adults typically cannot remember events that happened during the first few years of life because
adults cannot translate early preverbal memories into language.
__________ is the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language.
Phonological awareness
Which of the following statements about good health and exercise in midlife is true?
Physical activity in midlife enhances self-efficacy and effective stress management.
Follow-up research indicates that
Piaget was partly wrong and partly right about young children's cognitive capacities
__________ are strongly associated with childhood injury.
Poverty, single parenthood, and low parental education
__________ requires people to size up real-world situations and analyze how best to achieve goals that have a high degree of uncertainty.
Practical problem solving
Which of the following statements about rape prevention and treatment is true?
Practically no services are available for victimized men, who are often too embarrassed to come forward.
__________ and __________ are at the greatest risk for physical, emotional, and sexual abuse.
Preschool; school-age children
Which of the following statements is supported by research on nutrition?
Preschoolers compensate for a meal in which they eat little by eating more at a later meal.
Which of the following statements about strategies for early word learning is true?
Preschoolers figure out many word meanings by observing how words are used in the structure of sentences.
Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional understanding?
Preschoolers who are securely attached to their mothers better understand emotion than preschoolers who are insecurely attached.
When __________, preschoolers' pictures become more comprehensible and detailed.
adults draw with children and point out the resemblances between drawings and objects
__________ cancer is the leading malignancy for men.
Prostate
__________ are the biological foundation on which our characteristics are built.
Proteins
With regard to information processing, preschoolers
become more aware of their own mental life.
ERP brain-wave recordings reveal that around 5 months, babies
become sensitive to syllable stress patterns in their own language.
Which of the following statements about REM sleep is true?
REM sleep is vital for growth of the central nervous system.
Which of the following mothers is most likely to have had inadequate prenatal care?
Rachel, who is single and 16
Which of the following women is the most likely to thrive in a nontraditional career?
Raelynne, whose three aunts have successfully dealt with family-career role conflict
Which of the following individuals will probably have the most rapid changes in hearing as a result of aging?
Randolph, a Caucasian-American male
Randy is viewed by both adults and peers as relaxed, independent, and self-confident. Maria is viewed by both groups as physically attractive, lively, and sociable. Which of the following is likely to be true?
Randy is an early-maturing boy, and Maria is a late-maturing girl.
__________ refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity.
Reactivity
With the transition to early childhood, many children
become unpredictable, picky eaters.
Most adopted children
become well-adjusted adults.
The embryonic disc
becomes the new organism.
Reece is 42. His sister, Dana, is 25. Which of the following statements is most likely true based solely on their ages?
Reece is more likely than Dana to anticipate and plan ways to handle future discomforts.
Willa gets regular headaches. While pregnant, Willa begins using aspirin to ease the pain because she is convinced that aspirin is harmless. Which of the following effects can Willa's regular aspirin use have on the developing organism?
Regular aspirin use is linked to low birth weight and poorer motor development.
Which of the following statements about the "wear-and-tear" theory of aging is true?
Regular, moderate-to-vigorous exercise predicts a longer life, which is contrary to the theory.
__________ children are at the highest risk for poor school performance, substance abuse, and antisocial behavior in adolescence and delinquency with criminality in early adulthood.
Rejected
Which of the following women is more likely to delay parenthood or decide against it altogether?
Renée, who has a high-status, demanding job
Which of the following statements about the consequences of child sexual abuse is true?
Repeated sexual abuse is associated with central nervous system damage.
Four-year-old Erin is a picky eater. How can Erin's parents encourage her to eat a new food?
Repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it.
Which of the following statements about observations conducted in the home or laboratory is true?
Researchers can better control children's experiences in a laboratory.
Which of the following statements about resilience is true?
Resilience enables children to use internal and external resources to cope with adversity.
When the inherited blood types of mother and fetus differ, the most common cause of difficulties is
Rh factor incompatibility
Which of the following statements about dropping out of high school is true?
Risk factors in first grade predict dropout nearly as well as risk factors in secondary school.
Which of the following middle-aged adults will most likely experience the biggest increase in job satisfaction?
Rodney, a male corporate vice president
Roger wants to promote his preschool son's peer interaction skills. Which of the following is a particularly effective technique for Roger to try?
Roger should engage in parent-child play with his son.
Which of the following athletes' skills will probably peak latest in life?
Rolf, a long-distance runner
__________ is associated with high blood pressure and heart disease.
Ruminating about past anger-provoking events
As neurons form connections, stimulation
becomes vital to their survival.
In the study of Romanian orphans adopted into British homes, children adopted __________ attained the highest mental test scores in childhood and adolescence.
before 6 months
__________ fat generally comes from meat and dairy products and is solid at room temperature.
Saturated
According to Bowlby, during the attachment-in-the-making phase, babies
begin to develop a sense of trust with their caregiver.
Around 7 to 9 months, infants
begin to divide the speech stream into wordlike units.
__________ involves the judgments an individual makes about his own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments.
Self-esteem
__________ are a major means through which caregivers imbue the young child's self-concept with cultural values.
Self-evaluative narratives
__________ ask research participants to provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, and feelings.
Self-reports
According to research on blended families, which of the following children is the most likely to have adjustment problems when his or her mother remarries?
Selma, a 15-year-old girl
__________ is moderately related to attachment security in diverse cultures and SES groups.
Sensitive caregiving
Which of the following statements about sex differences in spatial abilities is true?
Sex differences in spatial abilities emerge as early as the first few months of life.
__________ may heighten the effects of a high-fat diet.
Sex hormones
Which of the following statements about a school-age child's ability to use hypothetico-deductive reasoning is true?
She can understand that hypotheses must be confirmed by appropriate evidence.
Sarah is socially anxious and has an avoidant attachment history. Which of the following statements is probably true?
She has periods of intense loneliness.
Lily weighed 8 pounds and was 21 inches long at birth. Which of the following statements about her size is true?
She was heavier and longer than the average baby.
Which of the following is supported by research on sibling rivalry?
Sibling rivalry often increases when siblings intentionally strive to be different from one another.
Senescence
begins once body structures reach maximum capacity and efficiency.
X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children's
Skeletal age
School-age friends
behave more prosocially with each other.
Which of the following statements about computer use by U.S. children is true?
Some children begin visiting websites without parental supervision as early as age 4.
Which of the following statements about the family life cycle is true?
Some people do not experience all family life-cycle phases.
Research has shown that parents promote gender stereotypes by
behaving in a more mastery-oriented fashion with sons than with daughters.
Which of the following statements about the infant's production of stress hormones during childbirth is true?
Stress hormones prepare the baby to breathe effectively by causing the lungs to absorb any remaining fluid and by expanding the bronchial tubes.
According to social learning theory, __________ come(s) before __________ in the development of gender identity.
behavior; self-perceptions
John Bowlby argued that
behaviors such as smiling, babbling, and crying are innate social signals that encourage parents to interact with their infants.
Which of the following statements regarding students' ratings of their elementary, middle-, and high school learning experiences is true?
Students report that their middle- and high school teachers care less about them and are less friendly than their elementary school teachers.
__________ originate in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus, and attack foreign substances directly.
T cells
Research findings indicate that
gay and lesbian parents are as committed to and effective as heterosexual parents.
__________ can cause telomeres to lengthen.
Telomerase
Which of the following statements about the influence of the environment on temperament is true?
Temperament and personality can be understood only in terms of complex interdependencies between genetic and environmental factors.
The dropout rate in the United States is higher among __________ than __________ and is particularly high among __________.
boys; girls; lower-SES ethnic minorities
A person who lists being a valued elder as a gratification of grandparenthood values
being perceived as a wise, helpful person.
Interviews with professional actors reveal that most memorize their lines by
breaking the script into "beats."
Dr. Ewing measured individual differences in a large sample of individuals using intelligence testing. If performances at each age level formed a normal distribution, the results were probably __________-shaped
bell
The minimum income guaranteed to Americans age 65 and older from Social Security is
below the poverty line.
Today, 45- to 54-year-olds are
better educated than any previous midlife cohort.
Accumulating evidence reveals that the relationship between heredity and the environment is
bidirectional.
When 10-month-old Delia's mother greets her, Delia is likely to display a __________ smile.
broad, "cheek-raised"
Effortful control is
considered a major dimension of temperament.
Preschoolers' self-concepts
consist largely of observable characteristics.
Two-year-old Grace believes that words are for talking about people's feelings and needs. Her vocabulary consists of many social formulas and pronouns. Grace uses
an expressive style.
About 10 percent of cases of cerebral palsy are the result of __________ during labor and delivery.
an inadequate oxygen supply
Goran is a child victim of war. Research shows that Goran is likely to experience
an increase in anxiety and depression.
Toby lives in the United States. Gerri lives in Europe. Based on research on adolescent drug use, which of the following can you infer?
Toby is less likely to use tobacco and alcohol than Gerri.
Twin studies of schizophrenia
consistently yield high heritabilities, around .80.
Tony, age 77, married Nichole, age 24. They are not using birth control because of Tony's advanced age. You can advise them that
Tony produces less semen and sperm, which negatively affects fertility, but he can probably still father children.
An estimated 28% of U.S. preschoolers have _____, a figure that raises to 60% by age 18.
Tooth decay
__________ helps stimulate early physical growth and is vital for emotional development as well.
Touch
Sharon's 46-year-old husband suffered a traumatic brain injury in an automobile accident. What information about brain plasticity can you provide to Sharon?
The adult brain can produce a small number of new neurons and generate new synapses.
Which of the following statements about sexuality in middle adulthood is true?
The best predictor of sexual frequency is marital happiness.
Which of the following statements about cognitive development in early adulthood is true?
The cognitive changes of early adulthood are supported by further development of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex.
Which of the following statements about children's questions is true?
The content of children's questions is related to their cognitive development.
Dr. Dias's research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. Which of the following conclusions is supported by this study?
The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.
Which of the following statements about marital satisfaction is true?
The sharing of family responsibilities usually enhances both men's and women's marital satisfaction.
For most people, language is
housed largely in the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.
Which of the following statements is supported by research on attachment and later development?
The effects of early attachment security are conditional.
Carmen adopted her son just after his second birthday. What can you tell Carmen about the opportunity for attachment?
The first attachment bond can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age.
Which of the following statements about the harm done by teratogens is true?
The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role.
Which of the following statements about middle-aged children and aging parents who coreside is true?
The greatest source of stress is problem behavior, especially for caregivers of parents who have deteriorated mentally
Which of the following statements about the role of physical attractiveness and the timing of puberty in Western society is true?
The ideal male image is a muscular shape that favors the early developer.
Which of the following statements about the results of the Kauai study is true?
The impact of early biological risks often wanes as children's personal characteristics and social experiences contribute increasingly to their functioning.
Which of the following is an ethical concern regarding the use of reproductive technologies?
The in vitro "sex sorter" method could lead to parental sex selection.
Michael was born with cataracts in both eyes. What can you tell his parents about the possibility of recovery as it relates to sensitive periods in brain development?
The longer cataract surgery is postponed beyond infancy, the less complete the recovery in visual skills.
Which of the following statements about part-time work during high school is true?
The more hours students work, the more likely they are to drop out of school.
Which of the following statements about prenatal rubella is true?
The organ damage inflicted by prenatal rubella can lead to lifelong health problems in adulthood.
Which of the following statements about early intervention is true?
The strongest effects of early intervention occur at sites that offer a mix of center- and home-based services.
Because a child's biologically influenced dispositions join with environmental forces to mold development, Urie Bronfenbrenner characterized his perspective as a(n) __________ model.
bioecological
Which of the following statements about middle-aged children and their aging parents is true?
The tradition of Asian family coresidence is declining in the United States.
Which of the following statements about the psychological impact of attending college is true?
The type of four-year institution attended makes little difference in psychological outcomes or even in ultimate career success and earnings.
Which of the following statements about the newborn baby's appearance is true?
Their round faces, chubby cheeks, and big eyes make adults feel like picking them up.
Which of the following statements about research on homosexuality is true?
There is limited information about the sex lives of homosexuals because many people who are gay do not report themselves as such in surveys.
Which of the following statements about children of never-married mothers is true?
They are benefited by parental marriage only if the father is a reliable source of economic and emotional support.
Dennis and Kristen are an American cohabiting couple who are not engaged to be married. Compared with their friends who waited to live together until after they were engaged or married, which of the following is likely to be true?
They are more androgynous.
Which of the following statements about the frontal lobes is true?
They are responsible for consciousness, inhibition of impulses, and integration of information.
Which of the following statements about nontraditional students is true?
They especially value forming new relationships and sharing opinions.
Which of the following statements about most basic sex education programs is true?
They last only a few sessions and provide basic facts about anatomy and reproduction to teenagers who are already sexually active.
Which of the following statements about possible selves is true?
They may be the key to continued well-being in adulthood.
Which of the following statements about grandparents who take full responsibility for raising grandchildren is true?
They often experience considerable emotional and financial strain
Which of the following statements about people who flexibly modify their identities in response to age-related changes yet maintain a sense of self-continuity is true?
They score higher in self-esteem.
Beckham's parents want to encourage him to eat fruit. Which of the following is the most effective approach to accomplish this task using social referencing?
They should smile and say, "Yummy!" when Beckham eats fruit.
Which of the following statements about mature academics is true?
They tend to favor writing memoirs and histories of their field.
Which of the following statements about individuals with anorexia nervosa is true?
They typically deny or minimize the seriousness of their disorder.
Which of the following statements about individuals with bulimia nervosa is true?
They usually feel depressed and guilty about their abnormal eating habits and desperately want help.
Which of the following statements about men who choose nontraditional careers is true?
They usually report feeling socially accepted while in training and on the job.
Which of the following individuals is the most likely to be a smoker?
Troy, a high school dropout
__________ percent of babies' total caloric intake is devoted to growth.
Twenty-five
Philip, Bob, Bill, and Walter recently joined Alcoholics Anonymous. Which of the following is probably true?
Two of them will relapse within a few months.
Observation of which of the following children is the most likely to provide a researcher with the most accurate long-term prediction of temperament?
Tyson, age 3
Which of the following statements is supported by research on childhood injuries?
U.S. children from advantaged families are at considerably greater risk for injury than children in Western Europe.
__________ are the leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations.
Unintentional injuries
Which of the following countries has the highest teenage birth rate?
United States
Which of the following statements about research findings regarding the midlife crisis is true?
Vaillant's work indicated a slow and steady change, rather than a crisis.
Which of the following adults in the most likely to be obese?
Veronica, an African-American
Which of the following statements about adolescent mothers is true?
Very few give up their infants for adoption.
__________ is the least developed of a newborn baby's senses.
Vision
__________ improves steadily, reaching 20/80 by 6 months and an adult level of about 20/20 by 4 years.
Visual acuity
Which of the following individuals has a higher risk of hypertension and heart disease?
Vivica, an African-American female
Core knowledge theorists assume that
an inherited foundation of linguistic knowledge enables swift language acquisition in early childhood.
__________ is a strongly canalized skill.
Walking
__________ is/are (a) much better indicator(s) than an early mental test score of how children will do later.
Warm, responsive parenting that builds on toddlers' current capacities
Mr. and Mrs. Frishman recently divorced. Their 5-year-old son is likely to
blame himself for the marital breakup.
Which of the following statements about other-sex friendships is true?
When a solid other-sex friendship evolves into a romance, it may be more stable and enduring than a romantic relationship formed without a foundation in friendship.
Which of the following statements about the differences between American and Western European attitudes toward cohabitation is true?
When cohabiting Western Europeans decide to marry, they more often do so to legalize their relationships.
Which of the following statements about preschoolers' ability to generate and follow a plan is true?
When parents encourage planning in everyday activities, they help children plan more effectively.
Which of the following statements about speech stream patterns is true?
When presented with controlled sequences of nonsense syllables, babies listen for statistical regularities.
Which of the following statements about violence in families is true?
When researchers ask American couples about fights that led to acts of hostility, men and women report similar rates of assault.
Which of the following statements about midlifers' relationships with grown children is true?
When warm, supportive relationships endure, intimacy between parents and children increases over the adult years
Which of the following statements about the widespread belief that intelligence inevitably declines in middle and late adulthood as the brain deteriorates is true?
Widespread testing of college students and soldiers in the 1920s revealed an age-related increase in intelligence in middle adulthood.
Ethology, evolutionary developmental psychology, sociocultural theory, and the lifespan perspective all view development as
both continuous and discontinuous.
Which of the following statements about divorce in midlife is true?
Women are more likely than men to initiate divorce, and those who do fare somewhat better in psychological well-being.
Which of the following statements about gender and ethnicity in the workplace is true?
Women who demonstrate leadership qualities encounter prejudice because they deviate from traditional gender roles.
__________ can be thought of as a "mental workspace" that we use to accomplish many activities in daily life.
Working memory
Three-year-old Cara knows that her mother will pick her up from preschool after snack and seeks her comfort whenever she is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation. These examples show that Cara has developed
an internal working model.
Skeletal age is determined by __________ to determine the extent to which soft, pliable cartilage has hardened into bone.
X-raying the long bones of the body
Which of the following children is most likely to believe in racial and ethnic equality?
Yaowu, a child who attends an ethnically diverse school and shares feelings with close, cross-race friends
__________ adults report more depressive feelings than __________ adults.
Young; middle-aged
Which of the following statements about adolescent moodiness is true?
Younger adolescents' mood swings are strongly related to situational changes.
Which of the following pictures is newborn Alex most likely to prefer to look at?
a black-and-white checkerboard with a few large squares
Which of the following preschoolers is most likely to be shunned by agemates?
a boy who wears nail polish
Alcoholism is a more common problem in cultures where alcohol is
a carefully controlled sign of adulthood.
Two-year-old Annmarie tells her mom, "I a good girl." This statement demonstrates that Annmarie is beginning to develop
a categorical self.
In associative play,
a child plays near other children with similar materials, but does not try to influence their behavior.
Which of the following factors can prompt parental strain as children depart from the home
a child who is "off-time" in development
In an evaluation of its effectiveness, Healthy Families home visitation alone reduced only neglect, not abuse. But adding __________ dramatically increased its impact.
a cognitive component
Dr. Rudy wants to compare the characteristics of family members. What kind of research method would you recommend that Dr. Rudy use?
a kinship study
A group of unmarried women in their fifties gathers every month for a book club. At one meeting, several of the members lament on the fact that they had no sexual partners during the past year. Their lack of sexual activity can most likely be attributed to
a lack of opportunity due to a higher male mortality rate.
In the final month of pregnancy,
a layer of fat is added to assist with temperature regulation.
Laurie just started a new job in her chosen field. She wants to select a helpful mentor. Which of the following people would probably be her best choice?
a member of her professional association
Kandilyn is unhappy with all the stressors in her life. The best approach for dealing with her stress is to use
a mixture of problem- and emotion-centered techniques.
Bart and Nadia are gymnasts. Their son, 4-year-old Dylan, participates in children's gymnastics. This is an example of
a passive correlation.
Erikson described early childhood as
a period of "vigorous unfolding."
In general, when a middle-aged worker experiences an extreme shift in his or her career, the reason is typically
a personal crisis.
Amelia has well-developed emotional self-regulation. She feels that she is in control of her emotional experience. Amelia has acquired
a sense of emotional self-efficacy.
Development is best understood as
a series of complex exchanges between nature and nurture.
Developmental impairments and deaths due to diarrhea can be prevented with oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which consists of
a solution of glucose, salt, and water.
Interactional synchrony is
a special form of communication that separates the experiences of secure from insecure babies.
A major reason that sustained attention improves in the preschool years is
a steady gain in children's ability to inhibit impulses and keep their mind on a competing goal.
Having __________ helps explain the relationship between SES and flexible, abstract thinking.
a stimulating, nonroutine job
Anorexia nervosa is
a tragic eating disorder in which young people starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat.
Baby Nathan is most likely to develop attachments to
a variety of familiar people.
The second stage of labor lasts
about 50 minutes for a first birth and 20 minutes with later births.
U.S. government surveys following 9,000 U.S. college-educated workers for a decade revealed that a year after receiving their bachelor's degree, women earned __________ as much as men.
about 80 percent
Ann is having more frequent disagreements with her teenage daughter. If they argue over typical parent-adolescent issues, these disagreements are most likely
about everyday matters, such as driving, dating partners, and curfew.
Rachel is the child of gay fathers. Rachel will most likely have __________ children of heterosexual parents.
about the same rate of issues with mental health and peer relations as
Samantha is a first-time expectant mother at age 35. You can tell her that healthy women in their thirties have __________ as those in their twenties.
about the same rates of pregnancy complications
Which of the following educational principles derived from Piaget's theory continues to have a major impact on classroom practices?
acceptance of individual differences
Two-year-old Laura dropped a block into her toy box. She then dropped a cup, a car, and a doll into the box, throwing some objects gently, while using more force with others. Laura's modification of her dropping scheme is an example of
accommodation.
As people discover that they are no longer as good as they once were at certain tasks, they accommodate, shifting to activities that depend more on
accumulated knowledge.
Compared with previous generations, American youths are
achieving less well.
The genetic variability produced by meiosis is
adaptive.
During a conversation, 4-year-old Maleeka will
adjust her speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of her listener.
When children ask questions, parents
adjust the complexity of their answers to fit their children's maturity.
Adults can avoid promoting self-defeating reactions in children by
adjusting their expectations to children's capacities.
Bullous lives in a shantytown. His parents can decrease the risks of persistent diarrhea by
administering oral rehydration therapy (ORT) when he is sick and giving him a regular zinc supplement.
In most tribal and village societies,
adolescence is only a brief intervening phase between childhood and full assumption of adult roles.
Parents of __________ often report a dip in marital and life satisfaction.
adolescents
Which age group is likely to do more niche-picking?
adolescents
Teenage pregnancies are a far greater problem today than several decades ago because
adolescents are far less likely to marry before childbirth, increasing the negative consequences for both mother and baby.
Androgyny in adulthood is associated with
advanced moral reasoning and psychosocial maturity.
Melissa has a family history of both cardiovascular disease and breast cancer. Her doctor is likely to
advise against hormone therapy.
Child care in the United States is
affected by a macrosystem of individualistic values and weak government regulation and funding.
Kyle, age 52, has collections of pigment under his skin, especially on his face and hands. Kyle has developed
age spots.
Research on peer victimization shows that
aggression and victimization are not polar opposites.
Sue is soft-hearted, trusting, generous, acquiescent, lenient, and good-natured. She is high on which of the following "big five" personality traits?
agreeableness
The cerebellum
aids in balance and control of body movement
Which of the following substances do American adolescents experiment with most during high school?
alcohol
Follow-up research on peer sociability indicates that
all types of play coexist in early childhood.
Mia bit her brother, so her father would not let her watch TV. This technique, known as withdrawal of privileges,
allows Mia's father to avoid harsh techniques that could easily intensify into violence.
The V-Chip (or Violence-Chip)
allows parents to block undesired TV programming.
When baby Jon's dad talks to him, Jon focuses on his dad's voice and face. Jon is detecting
amodal sensory properties.
The sex of a new organism is determined by whether
an X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum.
Over spring vacation, Gerald goes to Disney World with his family. When he returns to school, Gerald excitedly tells his teacher about the trip. Gerald's representation of this personally meaningful, one-time event is known as
an autobiographical memory.
Researchers have found that satisfying sex generally involves
an emotionally fulfilling relationship.
Lev Vygotsky's theory focuses on
how culture is transmitted to the next generation.
Carly, age 24, has a 22 percent greater body weight than she should have, based on her age, sex, and physical build. Carly is
an obese adult.
Brian is a star high school athlete, who has recently exhibited severe mood swings and aggressiveness. An initial health screening also indicates that Brian has acne, excess body hair, and high blood pressure. Brian's symptoms are consistent with
anabolic steroid use.
During her labor, Renae asks for a mild dose of painkillers to help her relax. Renae will probably be given a(n)
analgesic.
Mark rates his personality as ambitious, competitive, affectionate, cheerful, and soft-spoken. Mark's responses indicate a(n)
androgynous gender identity.
Frank has intense, crushing pain in his chest. The doctors inform him that his heart is oxygen deprived. Frank has
angina pectoris.
Janet has cardiovascular disease. Her doctor detected high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol. To relieve arterial blockage, Janet had __________, a procedure in which a surgeon threaded a needle-thin catheter into her arteries and inflated a balloon at its tip.
angioplasty
Three-year old Abah refuses to leave his stuffed elephant at home. He explains, "She feels scared because she is alone." Abah is using
animistic thinking.
The immune response is the combined work of specialized cells that neutralize or destroy __________ in the body.
antigens
The term teratogen refers to
any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.
The Apgar Scale rates
appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.
For synaptic pruning to advance,
appropriate stimulation of the child's brain is vital during periods in which the formation of synapses is at its peak
Trends in both crystallized and fluid mental abilities reported from the Seattle Longitudinal Study indicate that middle-aged adults
are "in their prime," not "over the hill."
According to Piaget, around age 11, young people enter the formal operational stage of development, in which they
are able to come up with new, general logical rules through internal reflection.
Empathy-based guilt reactions
are associated with engaging in future prosocial behavior.
To infer babies' emotions as accurately as possible, researchers
are best off attending to multiple interacting behavioral cues and seeing how they vary across situations believed to elicit different emotions.
Women with either BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations
are especially likely to develop early-onset breast cancer.
Viagra and other medications for impotence
are generally safe.
Research demonstrates that only children __________ compared to children with siblings.
are higher in self-esteem and achievement motivation
Heritability estimates
are likely to exaggerate the role of heredity.
Episodes of impotence
are more common in midlife.
Compared to their traditional-career counterparts, men who enter traditionally female-dominated careers
are more interested in working with people.
Infants with a lot of crawling experience
are more likely than their inexperienced agemates to remember object locations.
Children in self-care, who regularly look after themselves for some period of time after school, __________ than children in after-school programs.
are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior
By middle childhood, children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do
are more likely to notice instances of gender discrimination.
Sleep-deprived adolecents
are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression.
Carriers of the sickle cell gene
are more resistant to malaria than are individuals with two alleles for normal red blood cells.
Dizygotic twins
are no more alike than ordinary siblings.
Studies show that most adolescents are aware of basic facts about AIDS but
are poorly informed about how to protect themselves against other STDs.
Midlife career changes
are seldom radical.
Mothers who __________ have fewer birth complications and shorter labors.
are supported by a trained companion during childbirth
Preterm infants
are those born several weeks or more before their due date.
Carlie engages in strict dieting and excessive exercise accompanied by binge eating, often followed by deliberate vomiting and purging with laxatives. Carlie suffers from
bulimia nervosa.
Joanne has been teaching middle school for 22 years. As the new school year approaches, she feels mentally exhausted and unsure if she is making any impact in her students' lives. Joanne is experiencing
burnout.
Studies of friendship during middle childhood show that
by age 8 or 9, most children name only a handful of good friends.
Recent evidence suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception
can alter gene expression.
Gregor, an adolescent, can be characterized by the "big five" personality trait of conscientiousness. Gregor
can anticipate that this trait will increase through middle age.
Biological aging
can be modified substantially through interventions.
Evidence that preschoolers __________ supports the idea that operational thought is not absent at one point in time and present at another.
can be trained to perform well on Piagetian problems
As long as loneliness is not overwhelming, it
can encourage young people to reach out to others.
Empathy
can escalate into personal distress in some children.
Low-level radiation, resulting from industrial leakage or medical X-rays,
can increase the risk of childhood cancer.
Good quality child care
can reduce the negative impact of a stressed, poverty-stricken home life.
The leading causes of death in middle age are __________ and __________.
cancer; cardiovascular disease
Compared to younger people, middle-aged adults see themselves as
capable of managing a complex array of tasks easily and effectively.
Mastery of __________ increases the efficiency of children's counting.
cardinality
The main reason for limiting saturated fats is that they are strongly connected with
cardiovascular disease.
To work well, vocational education must
carefully integrate academic and job-related instruction.
Dr. Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies. Which method is best suited for this type of research?
case study
Prenatally malnourished babies frequently
catch respiratory illnesses.
As we age,
cells in both the epidermis and dermis decline in water content.
In the information-processing system, a special part of working memory, called the __________, directs the flow of information.
central executive
Some theorists believe that a general slowing of __________ underlies nearly all age-related declines in cognitive performance.
central nervous system functioning
Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children's thinking is characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.
centration
The __________ is the largest brain structure, accounting for 85 percent of the brain's weight
cerebral cortex
In left-handed people, the
cerebral cortex may be less clearly specialized than in right-handed people.
To avoid exposure to toxoplasmosis, Kaye should ask other family members to
change the litter box.
In low-SES families, attachment generally
changes from one insecure pattern to another.
Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory all stress
changes in thinking.
In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child's reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the
child's reading level in third grade.
A central component of Montessori education is
child-chosen activities.
Gilles has had frequent and high exposure to radiation in his occupation for the past ten years. Gilles's offspring are at greater risk for __________ than children whose fathers were not exposed to radiation.
childhood cancer
Research on language acquisition indicates that
childhood is a sensitive period for language acquisition
In the United States, public policies safeguarding __________ lag behind policies for __________.
children and youths; the elderly
One reason that public policies safeguarding children are slow to emerge in the United States is because
children cannot vote or speak out to protect their own interests.
Cross-cultural research stimulated by Vygotsky's theory reveals that
children in every culture develop unique strengths.
A study of maternal smoking during pregnancy and the DD genotype revealed that
children whose mothers had smoked during pregnancy scored higher than children of nonsmokers in impulsivity, overactivity, and oppositional behavior.
Social-interactionsts emphasize that
children's social skills and language experiences are centrally involved in language development.
The smell of __________ causes a relaxed, pleasant facial expression in newborns.
chocolate
Mia returned to college at age 45. She will probably need help in
choosing the most appropriate courses.
Generally, human __________ come in 23 matching pairs.
chromosomes
Rodlike structures called __________ store and transmit genetic information.
chromosomes
Toby moved with his family just before he entered fourth grade. In ecological systems theory, the move represents a change in Toby's
chronosystem.
The most commonly abused substances in the United States are
cigarettes and alcohol.
According to Piaget, a __________ is a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat chance motor behaviors again and again.
circular reaction
Newborn reflexes make __________ possible in the young infant.
classical conditioning
In families with 5 to 10 siblings,
close sibling bonds may replace friendships.
Infants' emotional expressions are
closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others.
In Piaget's theory, when children are in a state of disequilibrium,
cognitive change is rapid.
Complex work leads to gains in
cognitive flexibility.
Jett is an air traffic controller. Because of his occupational experiences, Jett will likely demonstrate smaller age-related declines in __________ than his middle-aged peers.
cognitive inhibition
With the birth of Brenda's first child, she felt more fulfilled than ever before. However, she also acknowledged feelings of concern and fear over being able to meet all of her parental responsibilities while maintaining personal happiness and satisfaction. Brenda's thinking reflects
cognitive-affective complexity.
People who cohabit after separation or divorce __________ than never-married cohabiters.
cohabit longer
Russell and Janine are involved in a sexually intimate relationship and share an apartment. Their relationship is referred to as
cohabitation.
In a longitudinal study, __________ effects occur when individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions.
cohort
Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by
cohort effects.
Homosexuals tend to live in
college towns.
In longitudinal research, __________ became more independent by their early forties.
college-educated women in the labor force
The voluntary childless are usually
college-educated.
Maureen and Chris, the parents of an impulsive preschooler, can foster conscience development by
combining firm correction with induction.
In the transformation of romantic involvements from passionate to companionate, __________ may be the aspect of love that determines whether a relationship survives.
commitment
Karen considers two theories she studied in her college philosophy course. She determines that neither theory is entirely accurate, and she tries to formulate a more satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions. Karen is engaged in
commitment within relativistic thinking.
Adam and Drake have a warm and trusting relationship. They share attitudes and values. They exchange trusting affection and caregiving. According to Sternberg, Adam and Drake display __________ love.
companionate
College students of Asian heritage are more likely than those of American or European descent to endorse a view of love strongly based on
companionship.
Typical parents give their sons toys that emphasize
competition.
To study the impact of biological aging on motor skills, researchers focus on
competitive athletes.
At birth, newborns prefer __________ to __________.
complex sounds; pure tones
Between 12 and 18 months, toddlers first become capable of
compliance.
At all ages, __________ develops ahead of __________.
comprehension; production
Middle-aged adults who have made desired life changes are typically higher in __________ than those who acknowledge life regrets without making desired changes.
confidence and assertiveness
Following a social clock of some kind seems to foster
confidence and social stability.
The umbilical cord
connects the placenta to the developing organism.
Four-year-old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is "all spread out." Jasmine is demonstrating a lack of understanding of
conservation.
By age 7 or 8, children
consider prosocial and antisocial intentions for truthfulness.
Throughout adulthood, the personality traits people assign to their current selves show
considerable stability.
Levinson found that during the transition to early adulthood, most young people
constructed an image of themselves in the adult world that guided their decision making.
Ryan is a typical emerging adult. Which of the following is he likely to say is the most essential for attaining adult status?
constructing a set of beliefs and values to live by
An important feature of good communication in a romantic relationship is
constructive conflict resolution.
A gamete
contains 23 chromosomes.
Effortful control
continues to be vital in managing emotion during early childhood.
On a measure of peer acceptance, Michael received a large number of positive and negative votes. Michael would be considered a __________ child.
controversial
Alan likes well-structured tasks and values material possessions. Alecia prefers working with people. According to Holland's six personality types, Alan is __________ and Alecia is __________.
conventional; social
If untreated, toxemia can cause
convulsions in the mother and fetal death.
Two-month-old Penny makes vowel-like noises. This is an example of
cooing.
Regardless of the extent of their friction, divorcing parents who manage to engage in __________ greatly improve their children's chances of growing up competent, stable, and happy.
coparenting
Amelia and Andrew praise and stimulate their children, and they mutually support each other's parenting behaviors. Amelia and Andrew engage in effective
coparenting.
According to the core knowledge perspective, each of an infant's __________ permits a ready grasp of new, related information.
core domains of thought
Professor Rellinger believes that babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems. Professor Rellinger's beliefs are consistent with the __________ perspective.
core knowledge
Effective parents gradually shift control from adult to child. They do not let go entirely but, rather, engage in
coregulation.
Employed mothers who value their parenting role are more likely to use
coregulation.
The __________ secretes hormones that prepare the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum.
corpus luteum
The weights of adopted children
correlate more strongly with those of their biological than of their adoptive parents.
In a(n) __________ design, researchers look at relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior or development.
correlational
Two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are __________ and __________.
correlational; experimental
In Levinson's destruction-creation developmental task, the midlifer
counters past hurtful acts with a strong desire to leave a legacy for the future.
Infant-directed speech and parent-child conversation
create a zone of proximal development in which children's language expands
Professor Gimbly wants to investigate how children of different ages characterize their friendships. Professor Gimbly should use a __________ research design.
cross-sectional
Research on temperament shows that
cultural values affect the fit between parenting and child temperament.
Bronfenbrenner's macrosystem consists of
cultural values, laws, customs, and resources.
The area surrounding the cell nucleus is called the
cytoplasm.
Research reveals that
deaf adults who, as infants and children, learned sign language depend more than hearing individuals on the right hemisphere for language processing.
Seven-year-old Adea is asked to evaluate evidence about a hypothesis. She will probably
deal with only one or two possible variables and be unable to deal with three or more.
Itzel, a Yucatec Mayan preschooler, is hungry. She is most likely to
decide for herself when and how much to eat.
Sibling contact and support
decline from early to middle adulthood.
Neuroticism __________ from the teenage years through middle age.
declines
The video deficit effect
declines around age 2½.
The double standard for gender and aging is
declining.
Follow-up research on cognitive development indicates that __________ is present as early as 6 weeks.
deferred imitation
Rejected-aggressive children are
deficient in perspective taking.
One criticism of past research on cognitive aging is that it focused on intellectual
deficits.
The majority of adults who report experiencing a midlife crisis
define such events much more loosely than researchers do.
In collectivist societies, people
define themselves as part of a group.
Gene therapy corrects genetic abnormalities by
delivering DNA carrying a functional gene to the cells.
Research on maternal depression shows that
depressed mothers view their infants more negatively than independent observers do.
Individuals who are repeatedly enraged are more likely to be
depressed.
Spatial skills
develop gradually over childhood and adolescence
Ecological systems theory views the person as
developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
According to the concept of epigenesis,
development results from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and the environment.
Because infant scores do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence measured at older ages, they are conservatively labeled __________ rather than IQs.
developmental quotients (DQs)
When __________ and __________ are adequate, height is largely determined by heredity.
diet; health
Contemporary men and women
differ little in average number of lifetime sexual partners.
If the alleles from both parents __________, the child is __________.
differ; heterozygous
According to __________ theory, infants actively search for invariant features of the environment in a constantly changing perceptual world.
differentiation
According to Thomas and Chess's research, __________ children are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood.
difficult
Josh is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely. In Thomas and Chess's research, Josh would be classified as a(n) __________ child.
difficult
Compared with __________ children, __________ children present fewer problems in the early years.
difficult; slow-to-warm-up
When Erin and Brooke willingly comply, their parents are likely to be warm and gentle in the future. This is an example of a(n) __________ influence between parents and their children.
direct
In Paul's preschool classroom, children are encouraged to choose activities from a rich variety of materials designed to promote exploration. This preschool emphasizes the Piagetian principle of
discovery learning
Using __________, children in a Piagetian classroom are encouraged to spontaneously interact with the environment.
discovery learning
Adults can combat children's gender stereotyped beliefs by
discussing gender biases in language with children.
In the Strange Situation, Sara approaches her parent during reunion with flat, depressed emotion. Sara looks away while her parent is holding her and displays a dazed facial expression. Sara is demonstrating characteristics of __________ attachment.
disorganized/disoriented
One of the most momentous early attainments is the realization that words can be used to cue mental images of things not physically present—a symbolic capacity called
displaced reference.
Pramada attends a child-care program that stresses formal academic training. As a result, Pramada is more likely to __________ than peers who attend a child-centered program.
display a decrease in motivation and emotional well-being
Newborn infants who are brain damaged or who have experienced birth trauma often
display disturbed REM-NREM sleep cycles.
The chronic stress of early, deprived orphanage rearing
disrupts the brain's capacity to manage stress.
It is difficult to isolate the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy because
drug-using mothers often take several drugs, display other high-risk behaviors, and suffer from poverty and other stresses.
While playing house, 3-year-old Lindsay uses a straw as a "bottle" to feed her doll. Lindsay has begun to grasp
dual representation.
Xavier believes everything his college professor says because she is in a respected position. Xavier accepts what the professor says because he believes that knowledge is certain and the professor has that knowledge. Xavier is engaged in
dualistic thinking.
According to __________ of motor development, mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action.
dynamic systems theory
During middle childhood,
each parent tends to devote more time to children of their own sex.
Telomere shortening predicts
earlier death.
Women's work-related turning points peak in
early adulthood.
When an adult suffers from atherosclerosis, it typically develops
early in life and progresses during middle adulthood.
Follow-ups reveal that __________-maturing __________, especially, are prone to lasting difficulties.
early; girls
Girls with a history of family conflict tend to reach puberty __________, whereas those with warm, stable family ties tend to reach puberty __________.
early; relatively late
Postponing childbearing until the late twenties or thirties
eases the transition to parenthood.
Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child.
easy
Which of the following factors strongly predicts poor health and premature death in midlife?
economic disadvantage
Family chaos is linked to
economic disadvantage.
Early sexual activity is more common among young people from
economically disadvantaged homes
The __________ folds over to form the __________, which will become the spinal cord and brain.
ectoderm; neural tube
Toby, a baby boomer, is likely to score higher than his father at the same age on verbal memory, inductive reasoning, and spatial orientation. Toby's performance compared to his father's is likely due to generational advances in
education.
Midlife brings an increase in
effective coping strategies.
Asian parents and teachers are more likely than their American counterparts to view __________ as key to success.
effort
Because child maltreatment is embedded in families, communities, and society as a whole,
efforts to prevent it must be directed at each of these levels.
Cliff and Claire are married and have four children. Cliff works as a doctor, and Claire works as a lawyer. They both try to balance the time and energy they devote to their occupations, their children, and their relationship. They have a(n) __________ marriage.
egalitarian
Most well-educated, career-oriented women expect a(n) __________ marriage.
egalitarian
Piaget called children's self-directed utterances __________ speech, reflecting his belief that young children have difficulty taking the perspectives of others.
egocentric
According to Piaget, the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking is
egocentrism.
Verbal IQ usually begins to decline in the
eighties.
Expansions
elaborate on children's speech, increasing its complexity.
With regard to questions used to elicit children's autobiographical narratives, preschoolers who experience the __________ style recall __________ information about past events.
elaborative; more
The most rapid prenatal changes take place in the period of the
embryo.
Children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences are called
emergent literacy
Postpartum depression
emerges or strengthens after childbirth, but fails to quickly subside.
The life pursuits and subjective judgments of many contemporary young people have spawned the __________ transitional period, extending from the late teens to the mid- to late-twenties.
emerging adulthood
When Erica's best friend makes her angry, she takes a deep breath and counts to ten. Erica is using
emotion-centered coping.
Joan, who does not like being scared, decides not to see a horror film with her friends. Joan is using
emotional self-regulation.
Social learning theory focuses on
how moral behavior is learned through reinforcement and modeling.
Lauren is beginning to use strategies to adjust her emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so she can accomplish her goals. Lauren is using
emotional self-regulation.
Attachment depends on
emotional ties.
Threats to __________ health accelerate puberty, whereas threats to __________ health delay it.
emotional; physical
An important motivator of prosocial behavior is
empathy
Danielle saw a man carrying a sign that said "I'm hungry." She took the man's perspective, imagined how he felt, and asked her mom if she could give her allowance to the man so that he could buy some food. Danielle has developed
empathy.
Veronica has the ability to understand her friends' emotional state and respond emotionally in a similar way. Veronica is displaying
empathy.
By third grade, most school-age children justify their preference for verbal strategies for coping with negative emotion by
emphasizing concern for others' feelings.
The amnion
encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid.
During the period of the embryo, the __________ becomes the __________.
endoderm; digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands
Emotions
energize development.
In Substage 6 of the sensorimotor period, the ability to create mental representations enables toddlers to __________ and __________.
engage in deferred imitation; use make-believe play
Parents who __________ are more likely to gain in marital interaction, feel competent as parents, use effective child-rearing practices, and have children who are developing well.
engage in effective coparenting
Kim devoted her early adulthood to raising her daughter. When Kim turned 45, she became active in community theater, which had been a passion in adolescence. She also volunteered in the community. According to Levinson, Kim is engaged in which of the following developmental tasks?
engagement-separateness
Larissa, age 3, often plays alone. Her parents should be concerned if she
engages in functional play involving repetitive motor action.
The Children's Defense Fund
engages in public education, legal action, drafting of legislation, congressional testimony, and community organizing.
Compared with grandchildren in intact families, grandchildren in single-parent and stepparent families report
engaging in more diverse, higher-quality grandparent activities.
One reason that gains in IQ and achievement test scores from attending Head Start quickly dissolve is that many of the children
enter low-quality public schools.
Animal evidence suggests that one reason for an inconsistency in results from studies regarding the risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in individuals who are homozygous for a chromosome-5 gene (DD) may be that
environmental influences associated with ADHD modify the gene's activity.
Which of the following concepts places the most emphasis on bidirectional exchanges between heredity and the environment?
epigenesis
Bryson and his co-workers are developing a new sales strategy. When Bryson's conclusions differ radically from the rest of the team, he considers the justifiability of his conclusions and revises them slightly. Bryson is engaged in
epistemic cognition.
In 1972, the U.S. federal government required schools receiving public funds to provide
equal opportunities for males and females in all educational programs.
Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children. Jade is using the __________ research method.
ethnographic
Which of the following methods is best suited for studying whether American parents are warmer than Japanese parents?
ethnography
The __________ theory of attachment recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.
ethological
Which theory of attachment is the most widely accepted view
ethological
Angela, a cooperative and attentive child, receives more patient and sensitive interactions from her parents than Carlos, who is inattentive and hyper. This is an example of a(n) __________ gene-environment correlation.
evocative
Contemporary research suggests that the storm-and-stress notion of adolescence is
exaggerated.
A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can
examine relationships between early and later behaviors.
African Americans usually __________ than Caucasian Americans with equivalent job qualifications.
experience less stable employment
During midlife, most adults begin to
experience life-threatening health episodes—if not in themselves, then in their partners and friends.
Mature-age women in college tend to __________ than mature-age men.
experience more interruptions in their academic programs
Dr. Anderson wants to conduct a study to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between domestic violence and anger in children. Dr. Anderson should use a(n) __________ design.
experimental
Research that combines __________ and __________ designs is increasingly common because it permits correlational and causal inferences.
experimental; developmental
For young adults, __________ is supported by the specialization that begins with selecting a college major or an occupation.
expertise
With regard to scientific knowledge, Ross has an extensive, highly organized, and integrated knowledge base that can be used to support a high level of performance. Ross has __________ in science.
expertise
Gender schema theory
explains how environmental pressures and children's cognitions work together to shape gender-role development.
During the realistic period of vocational development, the first step is often __________ and the final phase is __________.
exploration; crystallization
Girls __________ are more likely to become lesbian or bisexual.
exposed prenatally to very high levels of androgens or estrogens
Children in Western nations mention __________ as the most common source of their fears.
exposure to negative information in the media
Charlie has frequent angry outbursts. He is rude, disagreeable, critical, and condescending. Charlie exhibits
expressed hostility.
Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a child's morality is
externally controlled by adults.
In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is presented alone enough times, without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus, __________ will __________.
extinction; occur
The imaginary audience is most likely responsible for adolescents'
extreme self-consciousness and sensitivity to public criticism.
Infant intelligence tests are somewhat better at making long-term predications for __________ babies.
extremely low-scoring
Alex is reserved, quiet, passive, sober, and emotionally unreactive. He is low on which of the following "big five" personality traits?
extroversion
The __________ reflex protects an infant from strong stimulation.
eye blink
A major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that
factors affecting individual development cannot be explored.
Research shows that many adolescents do not use contraception during sexual activity because they
fail to apply their reasoning skills to everyday situations.
With respect to propositional thought, young children have great difficulty reasoning from premises that contradict reality or their own beliefs because they
fail to grasp the logical necessity of propositional reasoning.
In making decisions, teenagers, more often than adults,
fall back on well-learned intuitive judgments.
Maddy, age 7, is presented with the following statement: If rats are bigger than cats and cats are bigger than mice, then rats are bigger than mice. She will probably judge such reasoning to be
false because not all relations specified occur in real life.
Children who spontaneously use, or who are trained to use, mental-state words in conversation are especially likely to pass __________ tasks.
false-belief
Eighteen-month-old Gabriella witnesses her mother finding a Duplo block in its labeled canister. When her mother isn't looking, Gabriella watches as her father moves the block to an unmarked canister. When her mother again searches for the block in the original canister, Gabriella helps her locate the block in the unmarked canister. This indicates that Gabriella may have an implicit grasp of
false-belief
Emma left home to attend college and lived on her own until she got married. As her own children grew up and left home, her parenting responsibilities declined. She eventually retired and her husband died. This series of phases that Emma has experienced is referred to as the
family life cycle.
Frequency of __________ is strongly associated with healthy eating in adolescents.
family meals
The most successful treatment for anorexia usually involves
family therapy and medication to reduce anxiety and neurotransmitter imbalances.
Compared with children in divorced, single-parent families or in blended families, children reared by grandparents
fare better in adjustment.
Some responses, such as __________, are very difficult to classically condition in young babies because they do not yet have the motor skills needed to deal appropriately with stimuli.
fear
As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in
feedback from close friends.
Christine, a college graduate, held a variety of part-time jobs in her early twenties. She had neither married nor begun a career by age 30. According to Neugarten, Christine is likely to
feel inadequately grounded.
Which of the following three-phase sequences do many homosexual adolescents and adults move through in coming out to themselves and others?
feeling different, confusion, and self-acceptance
Dwayne feels that his parents and peers disapprove of his knitting hobby. His parents have tried to encourage him to consider other hobbies, such as woodworking or coin collecting. Dwayne is distressed and stops knitting. Which of the following accurately describes Dwayne's gender identity self-evaluation?
feels pressure to conform to gender roles
Research on sex chromosome disorders shows that
females who are missing an X chromosome often have trouble with spatial relationships.
The __________ of poverty is a trend in which women who support themselves or their families have become the majority of the adult poverty population.
feminization
To inspect Jasmine's fetus for defects of the limbs and face, as well as to allow a sample of fetal blood to be obtained, permitting diagnosis of hemophilia and sickle cell anemia, her doctor should use
fetoscopy.
In __________ experiments, investigators capitalize on opportunities to assign participants randomly to treatment conditions in natural settings.
field
Researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-age classroom. This is an example of a
field experiment.
According to Vaillant, men become "keepers of meaning," or guardians of their culture, in their
fifties and sixties.
The longest stage of labor is the
first, dilation and effacement of the cervix.
On average, people in their twenties experience __________ job changes.
five or six
When John succeeds, his father says, "You're so smart!" However, when he fails, his father says, "You can't do that, can you? It's OK if you quit." John's father's messages could play a key role in John's adoption of a
fixed view of ability.
Children who believe that people's personality traits are __________ rather than __________ often judge others as either "good" or "bad."
fixed; changeable
Hart volunteers with Habitat for Humanity. When he is at a work site, he is so engrossed in activity that he loses all sense of time and self-awareness. Hart is experiencing
flow
On intelligence tests, spatial relations, digit span, and letter-number sequencing items measure __________ intelligence.
fluid
Which type of intelligence begins to decline in the twenties?
fluid
Late in life, __________ factors show greater decrements than __________ factors.
fluid; crystallized
Research on emotional understanding shows that preschoolers
focus on the most obvious aspect of an emotional situation to the neglect of other relevant information.
Compared with cognitive theories, mental tests
focus on the products of cognitive development rather than on the process of development.
Taking a __________ supplement around the time of conception greatly reduces by more than 70 percent abnormalities of the neural tube.
folic acid
Yolanda, age 2, is being raised in Texas by a single mother. While Yolanda's mother works, she does not always have sufficient funds to purchase enough food for a healthy, active life. Yolanda is skinny and withdrawn. Yolanda suffers from
food insecurity.
Coregulation is a(n)
form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment-by-moment decision making.
The earlier toddlers __________, the sooner they produce two-word utterances at the end of the second year
form word-gesture combinations
Two-year-old Katelyn asks her father to read her a story before leaving her with a babysitter. Katelyn is most likely in Bowlby's __________ phase.
formation of a reciprocal relationship
Central Middle School has a large student body. Staff can minimize the effects of school transitions by
forming smaller units within the school.
In the United States, one in every _____ individuals is likely to contract a sexually transmitted disease at some point in life.
four
It takes about __________ months for color vision to become adultlike.
four
In which of the following disorders does genomic imprinting operate on the sex chromosomes?
fragile X syndrome
In middle childhood, __________ contributes to the development of trust and sensitivity.
friendship
Although newborns sleep more at night than during the day, their sleep-wake cycles are affected more by __________ than by __________.
fullness-hunger; darkness-light
Octavio feels comfortable being a boy, which consequently makes him happy. Which of the following self-evaluations reflects Octavio's gender identity?
gender contentedness
In Michaela's preschool classroom, the girls spend more time in the housekeeping and art centers, while the boys play with blocks and Legos. This is an example of
gender typing
A __________ is a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome.
gene
According to the concept of __________, our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed.
gene-environment correlation
In recalling historical facts about the Civil War, John uses __________ knowledge.
general factual
Because the environments of most twin pairs are less diverse than those of the general population, it is often difficult to
generalize heritability findings to the whole population.
Women who quit work in order to take care of aging parents
generally fare poorly due to social isolation and financial strain.
Interventions that support parents of preterm infants
generally teach them about the infant's characteristics and promote caregiving skills.
Some aspects of __________, such as childbearing and child rearing, are under way in the twenties and thirties.
generativity
Jennifer, age 45, is a Girl Scout leader. She states that she really enjoys giving to and guiding the next generation. According to Erikson, Jennifer has developed a sense of
generativity.
Erikson's psychological conflict of midlife is called __________ versus __________.
generativity; stagnation
Mr. and Mrs. Hopewell are concerned because they have been trying without success to have a baby for over a year. Which of the following procedures would you recommend to them?
genetic counseling
The communication process of __________ can help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals.
genetic counseling
The __________ theory of aging receives some support from kinship studies indicating that longevity is a family trait.
genetically programmed
Decreased vigor of the immune response seems to be
genetically programmed, but intensified by other aging processes.
Children with diabetes tend to have fathers, not mothers, with the illness. The pattern of inheritance is best explained by
genomic imprinting.
A __________ is a complex blend of genetic information that determines the species and influences unique characteristics.
genotype
Phenotypes depend in part on an individual's
genotypes.
Children whose mothers enjoy their work outside the home and remain committed to parenting __________ than children of stay-at-home mothers.
get better grades in school
Symptoms of heart disease in women tend to
get overlooked by doctors.
Preschool viewing of educational television programming like Sesame Street is associated with
getting higher grades, reading more books, and placing more value on achievement in high school.
During infancy, __________. These sex differences will __________ during adolescence.
girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys; be greatly magnified
Many studies show that __________ are ahead of __________ in early vocabulary growth.
girls; boys
Despite their higher achievement, __________ often blame poor performance on __________.
girls; lack of ability
Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that preschool teachers
give girls more encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structured activities.
According to Erikson, a mother who __________ is likely to promote autonomy in toddlerhood.
gives a child an extra five minutes to finish playing before leaving the park
Throughout middle adulthood, parents' relationships with their young adult children tend to involve
giving more assistance than they receive.
In Piaget's theory, 8- to 12-month-olds can use __________ to solve simple problems.
goal-directed behavior
In a naturalistic observation, the investigator
goes into the field and records the behavior of interest.
Among Western children, when guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not accompanied by shame, it is related to
good adjustment.
Part-time maternal employment and flexible work schedules are associated with
good child adjustment.
The average age of retirement has decreased in the United States because of
government-sponsored retirement benefits.
Which of the following is an example of a fine-motor skill?
grasping
Neighborhoods have a(n) __________ impact on economically disadvantaged than well-to-do young people.
greater
In a study of middle-aged and older adults, theater-training participants showed __________ than no-intervention controls.
greater gains in problem solving
The poorer the mother's diet, the __________, especially if malnutrition occurs during the last trimester.
greater the loss in brain weight
The earlier people start smoking, the
greater their cigarette consumption.
Following her divorce, 48-year-old Donna reevaluated what she considered important in a healthy relationship. She most likely places
greater weight on equal friendship.
The earlier a woman reaches menopause, the __________ her chances of developing __________.
greater; osteoporosis
During the preschool years, high self-esteem
greatly contributes to children's initiative during a period in which they must master many new skills.
By the end of middle childhood, children display a strong desire for
group belonging.
The more adults highlight __________, the more likely white children will express in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice.
group distinctions
Compared to his Western agemates, Chao, who lives in China, will most likely describe himself by referencing his
group memberships and relationships.
In a cross-sectional design, researchers study
groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.
Children who lack __________ reach an average mature height of only 4 to 4½ feet.
growth hormone
Current research indicates that Freud was correct that
guilt is an important motivator of moral action.
Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?
guilt, shame, and pride
Researchers using the violation-of-expectation method may use __________ by exposing babies to a physical event until their looking declines.
habituation
Dr. Eden studies a fetus's sensitivity to external stimuli by measuring changes in fetal heart rate when various repeated sounds are presented. Dr. Eden is probably using
habituation and recovery.
At first, baby Mario was easily awakened every night by a barking dog in his neighborhood. Several weeks later, Mario's sleep is not bothered by the dog's barks. This is an example of
habituation.
On average, __________ of individual differences in temperament and personality have been attributed to differences in genetic makeup.
half
In Western cultures __________ spend more time with and interact more effectively with infants.
happily married fathers whose partners cooperate with them in parenting
For the first time in her career, 43-year-old Schuyler is truly satisfied with her job. Which of the following aspects of Schuyler's job satisfaction is the most likely to have improved?
happiness with the work itself
Which of the following are all basic emotions?
happiness, anger, and disgust
Chrissy regards most experiences as controllable. She displays a committed approach to daily activities and views change as a normal part of life and a chance for personal growth. Chrissy fits the pattern of a __________ individual.
hardy
A certified nurse-midwife
has a degree in nursing and additional training in childbirth management.
The United States
has a higher infant death rate than Canada.
The effects of stress on the developing organism can be greatly reduced if the mother
has access to social support during stressful periods.
The divorce rate of U.S. 50- to 65-year-olds
has doubled over the past two decades.
The average age of leaving home
has risen since the 1960s.
Women age 65 and older taking HRT
have an elevated risk of Alzheimer's disease.
Research suggests that infants
have basic numeric knowledge.
Stimulation and fun, as well as growth and learning experiences, are some of the most important reasons that many adults cite for choosing to
have children.
Truly moral individuals
have developed compassionate concerns and principles of good conduct.
Research on environmental influences on gender typing suggests that parents
have different expectations of sons than of daughters.
One reason older workers generally reduce their career aspirations is that they
have fewer alternative positions into which they can move.
Children with autism
have narrow and overly intense interests.
Candace and Cassidy, like all monozygotic twins,
have the same genetic makeup.
In the violation-of-expectation method, __________ suggests that the infant is surprised by a deviation from physical reality.
heightened attention to an unexpected event
Compared with younger adults, middle-aged workers are more likely to
help colleagues.
The force of contractions during childbirth causes the infant to produce high levels of stress hormones that
help infants withstand oxygen deprivation during contractions by sending a rich supply of blood to the brain and heart.
Four-year-old Simka is sociable and good at regulating emotion. She is likely to
help, share, and comfort others in distress.
Teachers who are __________ and emphasize __________ tend to have mastery-oriented students.
helpful; learning over getting good grades
Research reveals that inductive discipline
helps children notice others' feelings and points out the effects of children's misbehavior on others
Maggi is concerned because her 8-month-old daughter has gained 10 pounds since birth and has transformed into a round, plump baby. You can assure Maggi that her daughter's rise in "baby fat."
helps her maintain a constant body temperature.
The amniotic fluid
helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant.
Ursula is in the second stage of labor. She can expect __________ during this stage.
her baby to be born
Studies show that __________ makes an important contribution to homosexuality.
heredity
Research on heritability suggests that
heritability of personality does not increase over the lifespan.
Self-esteem takes on a __________ structure in the mid-elementary school years.
hierarchical
Heidi is shown 16 flowers, 4 of which are blue and 12 of which are red. Asked, "Are there more red flowers or flowers?" Heidi, a preoperational child, responds, "More red flowers." This problem demonstrates Heidi's difficulty with
hierarchical classification.
The gender gap in poverty is
higher in the United States than in other Western industrialized nations.
Adolescents prenatally exposed to smoking tend to have __________ than those born to mothers who did not smoke.
higher levels of disruptive, aggressive behavior
Immigrants from collectivist cultures report
higher levels of loneliness than people born in the United States and Canada.
Early medical records of SIDS babies reveal
higher rates of prematurity and low birth weight, poor Apgar scores, and limp muscle tone.
Compared to his Caucasian-American agemates, Leonard, an African-American fourth grader, is more likely to have
higher self-esteem and a stronger sense of ethnic pride.
Compared with __________ adults, __________ adults show a stronger cardiovascular response to stress.
higher-SES; low-SES
In the study of Romanian orphans adopted into Canadian homes, the longer the children spent in orphanage care, the __________ their __________.
higher; cortisol levels
In the first few years of life, the brain is
highly plastic.
An inner-brain structure called the __________ plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way.
hippocampus
Mateo was born prematurely to Yvonne, a cocaine addict. Mateo's caregivers can expect that
his cries might be abnormally shrill and piercing.
Maureen, an overweight 48-year-old, wants to start exercising. The format that will probably work best for her is a
home-based routine planned by a consultant.
Ainsley, who has not had a hysterectomy, is undergoing menopause. Her doctor will probably recommend
hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
To reduce the physical discomforts of menopause, Mary Beth's doctor prescribes low daily doses of estrogen known as
hormone therapy.
Lesbian mothers, Michelle and Diana, and gay fathers, Cameron and Neil, are concerned that their children will be stigmatized by their parents' sexual orientation. Most studies indicate that
incidents of teasing or bullying are rare because parents and children carefully manage the information they reveal to others.
After marriage, other-sex friendships
increase for women.
Angry reactions __________ with age.
increase in both frequency and intensity
Cancer death rates __________ sharply as __________ decreases.
increase; SES
Yellowing of the lens and increasing density of the vitreous causes __________ and __________.
increased sensitivity to lights; limits color discrimination
Research shows that divorce mediation
increases involvement of both parents in child rearing.
On complex reaction-time tasks, response time
increases steadily from the early twenties into the nineties.
In contrast to activity in the left hemisphere, activity in the right hemisphere
increases steadily throughout early and middle childhood
A growing number of studies confirm that playing violent video games
increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior.
Reviewers of thousands of studies have concluded that TV violence
increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and aggressive behaviors in viewers.
The exchange of chromosome segments during meiosis results in
incredible variability among siblings.
An intelligence quotient (IQ)
indicates the extent to which the raw score deviates from the typical performance of same-age individuals.
The United States is strongly __________, whereas most Western European countries lean toward __________.
individualistic; collectivism
Neil and Mark cannot wait to spoil their granddaughter. They love the idea of having fun with her all day and then sending her home with their son when she gets tired and cranky. Which of the following grandparent gratifications is probably most important to them?
indulgence
Jacob, a sixth grader, entered the middle school academic bowl. According to Erikson, by entering the competition, Jacob shows
industriousness.
Erikson's sense of __________ combines several developments of middle childhood: a positive but realistic self-concept, pride in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and cooperative participation with agemates.
industry
Which of the following is strongly canalized?
infant motor development
Unlike Piaget, most researchers now believe that
infants have some built-in cognitive equipment for making sense of experience.
According to Erikson, a sense of __________ can develop in middle childhood when family life fails to prepare children for school life or when teachers and peers destroy children's self-confidence with negative responses.
inferiority
Most researchers today believe that adolescent development is
influenced by biological, psychological, and social forces.
Dr. Richter believes that older adults experience greater loss of information as it moves through the cognitive system. As a result, the whole system must slow down to inspect and interpret the information. Dr. Richter subscribes to the __________ view.
information-loss
The ethical principle of __________ requires special interpretation when participants cannot fully appreciate the research goals and activities.
informed consent
Although Freud's ideas are no longer accepted as satisfactory explanations of conscience development, Erikson's image of __________ captures the diverse changes in young children's emotional and social lives.
initiative
According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is
initiative versus guilt.
Chomsky's "LAD" is a(n)
innate system that enables children to understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion as soon as they pick up enough words.
One of the greatest drawbacks of the information-processing approach is its difficulty with
integrating information into a broad, comprehensive theory
Generally, fathers __________ than mothers do.
interact and play differently with babies
Recent ideas about language development emphasize
interactions between inner capacities and environmental influences.
Newborns' remarkable capacity for __________ supports the beginnings of self-awareness.
intermodal perception
Lana understands that an object's shape is the same whether she sees it or touches it; that breaking a glass causes a sharp, crashing sound; and that the pattern of footsteps signals the approach of a person. This understanding is called
intermodal stimulation.
Compared to preschoolers, school-age children are more likely to explain emotion by referring to __________ rather than to __________.
internal states; external events
According to Bowlby, the __________ becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.
internal working model
According to Piaget, organization takes place
internally.
Deficits in __________ foreshadow poor conflict-resolution skills and eventual weakening of the marital tie.
intimacy
According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of early adulthood is
intimacy versus isolation.
According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love,
intimacy, passion, and commitment shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop.
An expert
intuitively feels when an approach to a problem will work and when it will not.
Max enjoys working with ideas; Madison is emotional and has a high need for individual expression. According to Holland's six personality types, Max is __________ and Madison is __________.
investigative; artistic
One limitation of correlational studies is
investigators cannot infer cause and effect.
In experimental studies,
investigators must take special precautions to control for participants' characteristics that could reduce the accuracy of their findings.
One limitation of the ethnographic method is that
investigators' cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see.
Bernice and Leo never had children. They married in their thirties, and their efforts at fertility treatments did not succeed. Bernice and Leo are
involuntarily childless.
Kangaroo care
involves placing the infant in a vertical position on the parent's chest, under the clothing, so the parent's body operates as a human incubator.
The most common nutritional problem of adolescence is __________ deficiency.
iron
Baby Tyler's limb movements are gentle. He stirs occasionally and facial grimacing occurs. Although his eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can be seen beneath them. Tyler is most likely in which of the following states?
irregular sleep
The most important illogical feature of preoperational thought is its
irreversibility.
Which dimension of temperament was identified by Mary Rothbart?
irritable distress
Molly says, "Only girls can be nurses." Molly
is a gender-schematic child.
Nathan is shown a picture of a male nurse. Later, when asked to describe the occupation of the person in the picture, Nathan remembers him as a doctor. Nathan
is a gender-schematic child.
Follow-up research on infant cognitive development suggests that mastery of object permanence
is a gradual achievement.
In operant conditioning, a reinforcer
is a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response.
Lanugo
is a white, downy hair that covers the fetus's entire body.
By the end of Greta's first month of pregnancy, her embryo
is about ¼ inch long.
Dr. Rodin is conducting a study on environmental factors that contribute to telomere length. Dr. Rodin can expect to find that telomere shortening
is accelerated by certain health behaviors and psychological states
Fifty-year-old James filed for divorce from his wife of 25 years. It is likely that he
is already involved romantically with someone else.
A growing number of researchers believe the midadult transition
is an adaptation to normative life events.
Because older adults find ways to compensate for cognitive slowing on familiar tasks, their reaction time
is considerably better on verbal items.
For most children, the left cerebral hemisphere
is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off
Evaluations of Incredible Years reveal that the program
is highly effective at improving parenting and reducing child behavior problems in families with aggressive children.
Compared to men, the coordination of identity and intimacy __________ for women.
is more complex
Today, inadequate nutrition
is not confined to developing countries.
Four-year-old Cain watches an adult dress a boy doll in girl's clothing. Cain is likely to insist that the doll
is now a girl
Among American young people, cohabitation
is now the preferred mode of entry into a committed intimate partnership.
Dynamic systems theory provides convincing evidence that the development of motor skills
is profoundly influenced by the physical environment.
Ineffective coping
is self-blaming, impulsive, or escapist.
Epidural analgesia
is the most common approach to controlling pain during labor.
Emotional competence
is vital for successful peer relationships and overall mental health.
Uninvolved parenting
is, at its extreme, a form of child maltreatment called neglect.
As people age, they may rely less on __________ comparisons in judging their self-worth and more on __________ comparisons.
social; temporal
The term "empty nest" is not used as often as in the past to refer to the middle adulthood phase of the family life cycle because
it implies a negative transition, especially for women.
The overall rate of STDs is higher among women than men because
it is at least twice as easy for a man to infect a woman with any STD than for a woman to infect a man.
Challenges to Chomsky's theory suggest that
it provides only a partial account of language development.
Once abuse begins,
it quickly becomes part of a self-sustaining relationship.
Leaving home very early is associated with
job seeking rather than education.
Adolescents whose parents engage in __________ decision making achieve better academically.
joint
According to Vygotsky, children master activities through
joint activities with more mature members of their society.
Jennifer and Joel's children reside with Joel and see Jennifer on a fixed schedule. Both parents have an equal say in important decisions about their children's upbringing. Which type of custodial arrangement do they have?
joint custody
In the female, meiosis results in
just one ovum.
When faced with a propositional reasoning problem, 17-year-old Max is likely to
justify his reasoning by explaining the logical rules on which it is based.
High-achieving students typically have parents who
keep tabs on their child's progress.
The rise in fear after 6 months is adaptive because it
keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check.
After all five of her children struck out on their own, Naomi made sure everyone stayed in touch by creating a family blog. She also took charge of gathering the family for celebrations. Naomi is her family's
kinkeeper.
Knowing Niraj's IQ score helps his father
know whether Niraj is ahead, behind, or on time in mental development compared with his agemates.
Yokow gets just enough calories from starchy foods, but his diet is very low in protein. He has an enlarged belly, swollen feet, and a rash on his skin. Yokow probably suffers from
kwashiorkor.
The more parents __________, the more "emotion words" children use and the better developed their emotional understanding.
label emotions, explain them, and express warmth and enthusiasm when conversing with preschoolers
About 30 percent of U.S. preschoolers
lack essential immunizations.
Piaget acknowledged that __________ is our most flexible means of mental representation.
language
Vygotsky saw __________ as the foundation for all higher cognitive processes.
language
__________ contributes to preschoolers' improved emotional self-regulation.
language
According to Noam Chomsky, all children have a __________ device that contains a universal grammar.
language acquisition
Dr. Wizda is assessing the home life of a preschool child using the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME). She observes the parent converse with the child four times during the visit. On which subscale should Dr. Wizda record this observation?
language stimulation
Creative accomplishment tends to peak in the __________ and then decline, but with considerable variation across individuals and disciplines.
late thirties or early forties
The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain is known as
lateralization.
Research shows that maternal employment
leads fathers to take on greater child-care responsibilities.
Children who develop __________ attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability.
learned helplessness
Over time, the ability of __________ children no longer predicts how well they do.
learned-helpless
Less well-educated people with lower lifetime earnings are the __________ retirement planning programs.
least likely to attend
Research suggests that training and on-the-job career counseling are
less available to middle-aged employees.
Men and women today are __________ than in previous generations.
less certain about how to rear children
Stranger anxiety is
less common in cultures where babies are frequently passed from one adult to another.
Thomas, age 45, has been married for 20 years. When asked about his sex life, Thomas will probably say that sex is __________ than it was in his early married life.
less intense
Trena is an overweight adult. Compared with her normal-weight agemates, Trena is
less likely to receive financial aid for college.
Compared to their agemates, adolescents from immigrant families are __________ likely to __________.
less; commit delinquent or violent acts
Unlike Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a __________ process.
socially mediated
Caregivers who view play as mere entertainment are __________ likely to __________.
less; encourage pretend play than those who value its cognitive and social benefits
Zachary, age 3, has autism. Zachary probably __________ often __________ than typically developing agemates
less; establishes joint attention
Quentin went to college with the goal of becoming a social worker. Instead, he gave in to pressure from his new spouse and changed his major to business. When looking back at age 50, Quentin wished he had pursued his original dream of becoming a social worker. Quentin is experiencing
life regrets.
According to Levinson, wide individual differences exist in the weights of central and peripheral components of a person's
life structure.
The strategy most Western parents first try to soothe a crying baby is
lifting the baby to the shoulder and rocking or walking.
Jason, a late-maturing boy, is
likely to be viewed by both peers and adults as anxious.
A survey of a nationally representative sample of U.S. 8- to 18-year-olds found that their most frequent type of media multitasking is
listening to music.
99) Differences in __________ skills are believed to be major contributions to a widening gender gap in college enrollments.
literacy
Children who __________ are especially vulnerable to sexual abuse.
live in homes with a constantly changing cast of characters
Lisa, age 27, is unhappy because she lacks the gratifying friendships she once had during college and she does not have an intimate partner. Lisa is experiencing
loneliness.
Compared to shorter-term friendships,
long-lasting male friends disclose more personal information to one another.
As people approach the end of middle adulthood, they focus on __________ goals.
longer-term, less personal
Animal species with __________life expectancies tend to display __________ free-radical damage to DNA.
longer; slower rates of
To examine whether depression is stable or changes with age, Dr. Bleu followed a group of participants from age 8 to age 40. This is an example of a __________ design.
longitudinal
Four-month-old Stewart is shown a video image of himself and a video image of another baby. He will probably
look longer at the video of the other baby.
According to the cross-linkage theory of aging, bonds between protein fibers in connective tissue can lead to
loss of flexibility in the skin and clogging of arteries.
The most common disadvantage of parenthood cited by contemporary couples is
loss of freedom.
Which of the following is an example of a neural change in vision?
loss of rods and cones in the retina
In the United States, the second leading cause of neonatal mortality is __________, which is largely preventable.
low birth weight
The best-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is
low birth weight.
In a study of women ages 50 to 79, a __________ diet involving __________ was associated with greater initial weight loss and success at maintaining that loss over a seven-year period.
low-fat; increased consumption of vegetables, fruits, and grains
Frequent, vigorous exercise, especially late in pregnancy, results in
lower birth weight than in healthy, nonexercising controls.
On tests of complex abilities, the slower the reaction time, the
lower the score on problem-solving tasks.
The reticular formation
maintains alertness and consciousness.
Vygotsky saw __________ play as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.
make-believe
Kia, age 14, uses hypothetico-deductive reasoning. Therefore, she probably
makes predictions about variables that might affect an outcome and then deduces logical, testable inferences from that hypothesis.
Taylor's twenty-third pair of chromosomes is XY. Taylor is
male.
Research on child maltreatment shows that
maltreating parents often lack "lifelines" to others and have no one to turn to in stressful times.
Information-processing researchers focus on
many aspects of thinking, from attention, memory, and categorization skills to complex problem solving.
In the United States,
many people show large weight gains between the ages of 25 and 40.
Shay suffers from a wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients. Shay most likely has
marasmus
Marcus, age 53, is spending a lot of time caring for his young grandson. His subordinates at work have noticed that he has become a kinder, more compassionate boss. According to Levinson, Marcus is engaged in which of the following developmental tasks?
masculinity-femininity
Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make __________ attributions, crediting their successes to __________.
mastery-oriented; ability
Adolescents feel most comfortable with peers who
match their own level of biological maturity.
The risk of bearing a child with Down syndrome rises dramatically with
maternal age.
Except for __________, prenatal diagnosis should not be used routinely because these methods have some chance of injuring the developing organism.
maternal blood analysis
Recent research on gender-stereotyped beliefs about achievement found that a majority of elementary and secondary students agreed with the idea that __________ is a "__________" subject.
math; feminine
Children conceived through in vitro fertilization
may be genetically unrelated to both of their parents.
A lateralized brain
may have evolved because it enabled humans to cope more successfully with changing environmental demands.
In men with high blood pressure or atherosclerosis, __________ heighten(s) the risk of constricting blood vessels in the optic nerve, permanently damaging it.
medications for impotence
Among the middle-aged adults who rate their health unfavorably,
men are more likely than women to suffer from fatal illnesses.
Over time, children rely on increasingly effective __________ to solve problems.
mental approaches
The gender gap favoring males in mathematical reasoning is large for
mental rotation tasks.
Priya was born with a deficiency of thyroxine. She did not receive prompt treatment. Priya is most likely
mentally retarded
The __________ eventually becomes the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and other internal organs.
mesoderm
Maria has trouble remembering where she parks her car in the large office parking lot. Therefore, she decides to park in the same area of the parking lot every day. She is using __________ knowledge.
metacognitive
88) Researchers believe that sophisticated __________ is vital for scientific reasoning.
metacognitive understanding
According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child occur in the
microsystem.
The development of expertise reaches its height in
middle adulthood.
U.S. child care settings providing the very worst quality of care tend to serve __________ families.
middle-SES
Self-conscious emotions appear in the __________ of the __________ year.
middle; second
A large, nationally representative sample of U.S. working adults showed that employees with several time-flexible options
missed fewer days of work.
Most chromosomal defects result from
mistakes occurring during meiosis.
A unique feature of DNA is that it can duplicate itself through a process called
mitosis.
Dr. Anodyne found a correlation of +.49 between illegal drug use and levels of adolescent delinquency. This correlation is __________ and __________.
moderate; positive
Preschoolers distinguish __________, which protect people's rights and welfare, from __________, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual.
moral imperatives; matters of personal choice
According to social learning theorists,
morality does not have a unique course of development.
With age, possible selves become
more concrete.
In Piaget's theory, each time the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium occurs,
more effective schemes are produced.
Compared with American Caucasian infants, Chinese and Japanese babies tend to be
more fearful.
In adolescence, the speed of thinking and processing capacity increase. As a result,
more information can be held at once in working memory and combined into increasingly complex, efficient representations.
Compared with girls, boys are
more irritable when frustrated.
Senior citizens in the United States today are
more likely than other age groups to be among the "near poor."
Compared with younger workers, laid off middle-aged workers are
more likely to find themselves "off-time" in terms of the social clock.
Compared with Caucasians, African Americans
more often engage in certain types of generativity, such as involvement in religious groups.
Compared with adult mothers, adolescent mothers
more often engage in child abuse.
Small-for-date infants __________ than preterm infants.
more often show evidence of brain damage
During the school years, friendship becomes
more psychologically based.
Free radicals are thought to be involved in
more than 60 disorders of aging.
Some form of medication is used in __________ percent of U.S. births.
more than 80
In the U.S. today,
more than half of breastfeeding mothers stop by 6 months.
The more preschoolers play with same-sex playmates, the
more their behavior becomes gender typed.
Compared with men in China and Japan, American men place __________ emphasis on their mate's __________.
more; financial prospects
Compared to those in large urban areas, adults in small towns are __________ likely to __________.
more; occupy positions of leadership
Compared to elders in large cities, elders in small towns are __________ likely to __________.
more; remain actively involved in the community
In several studies, affluent teenagers were __________ likely than low-SES youths to __________.
more; report high levels of anxiety and depression
Studies of mutation demonstrate that
some mutations occur spontaneously, simply by chance.
When Baby Ian is held horizontally on his back, he sometimes makes an "embracing" motion by arching his back, extending his legs, throwing his arms outward, and then bringing his arms in toward his body. Ian is demonstrating the
moro reflex.
Recent evidence suggests that
most children show a steady rate of word learning that continues through the preschool years.
Little is known about long-term adjustment following divorce among middle-aged men, perhaps because
most enter new relationships and remarry within a short time.
In the last weeks of pregnancy,
most fetuses assume an upside-down position.
Research on handedness demonstrates that
most left-handers have no developmental problems
Which of the following relationships are usually closer for middle-aged adults and their aging parents?
mother-daughter
Fathers frequently turn to __________ to figure out how to relate to their child.
mothers
Research shows that declines in well-being following divorce are greatest for
mothers of young children.
In a study involving mother-child conversations about gender typing,
mothers rarely explicitly countered a child's stereotype.
In the United States, __________ is/are the leading cause of death among children more than 1 year old.
motor vehicle collisions
Casey suffered damage to his cerebellum. Casey will most likely display both __________ and __________ deficits.
motor, cognitive
From early to middle adulthood, the death rate due to cancer
multiplies tenfold.
Coating the neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath during the process of __________ improves the efficiency of message transfer.
myelination
At first, babies are sensitive to virtually all speech sounds, but around 6 months, they
narrow their focus, limiting distinctions to the language they hear and will soon learn
In contrast to the United States, most European countries
nationally regulate child care to ensure its quality.
Dr. Hahn believes that language is etched into the structure of the brain. Dr. Hahn endorses the __________ perspective of language development.
nativist
Dr. Wiren observes children's responses to bullying by watching them play in a park. This is an example of a(n)
naturalistic observation.
In the chemistry of aging, a free radical is a
naturally occurring, highly reactive chemical that forms in the presence of oxygen.
Mia, age 3, is about to undergo a neurobiological exam. The doctor wishes to examine the functioning of Mia's cerebral cortex to measure blood flow and oxygen metabolism. The best method for the doctor to choose in Mia's case is probably
near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).
At birth, the brain is
nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.
At the end of high school, about 65 percent of U.S. young people have had sexual intercourse; by age 25, __________ have done so.
nearly all
Men affected by even tiny amounts of dioxin in their bloodstream father
nearly twice as many girls as boys.
Andrew received a combined Apgar score of 5. This means that Andrew
needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs.
Nadia's parents are repeatedly disapproving and insulting. As a result, Nadia probably __________ and relies heavily on __________ to affirm her self-worth
needs constant reassurance; peers
Mothers engage in __________ more often than fathers, whereas fathers engage in __________ more often than mothers.
neglect; sexual abuse
On a measure of peer acceptance, Dustin was seldom mentioned either positively or negatively. Dustin would be considered a __________ child.
neglected
Individuals who are low in conscientiousness are
negligent, lazy, disorganized, late, aimless, and nonpersistent.
A strong cardiovascular response, interference with immune system functioning, and reduced digestive activity are all symptoms of
psychological stress.
Higher-SES parents tend to emphasize the importance of __________ for their children, whereas lower-SES parents tend to emphasize __________.
psychological traits; external characteristics
Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic?
pubic hair
When reports indicate that many children are not achieving well in school, the state government grants more tax money to school districts. This is an example of a(n) __________ policy.
public
Removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response is called
punishment.
In early adulthood, Maxine worked as a waitress and devoted herself to child rearing. Which of the following is she the most likely to do next if she is engaged in Levinson's engagement-separateness task?
pursue a college degree
John Bowlby retained the psychoanalytic idea that
quality of attachment to the caregiver has profound implications for the child's capacity to form trusting relationships.
According to Erikson, a healthy outcome during infancy depends on the
quality of caregiving.
By using __________ assignment of participants to treatment conditions, investigators increase the chances that participants' characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups.
random
Professor Martinez wants to know if children who receive one-on-one instruction at school feel more self-confident than children who receive group instruction. To identify a causal relationship between type of instruction and self-confidence, Professor Martinez should
randomly assign half of the participants to group instruction and the other half to one-on-one instruction and compare measures of self-confidence for each group.
Authoritarian parents
rarely listen to the child's point of view.
Research shows that school-age children
rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations.
Nora's grandfather lived to be 87, and her father is still alive at the age of 98. Nora concludes that longevity is inherited and anticipates a very long life. Nora should know that
rather than inheriting longevity directly, people probably inherit risk factors that influence their chances of dying earlier or later.
Of all motor skills, __________ may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development.
reaching
During puberty, neurons become more responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters. As a result, adolescents
react more strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely.
Four-year-old Tristan experiences negative emotion intensely. He is more likely than other children to
react with anger or aggression when he is frustrated.
Macy spreads a rumor about Tya after Tya is cast as the lead in the school play, the role Macy desired. This is an example of __________ aggression.
reactive
Four-year-old Harry suffers from physical abuse at home. When his playmates at the child-care center become distressed, Harry probably
reacts with fear or anger.
Which of the following parent-child activities strongly predicts academic success during the school years?
reading and talking about picture books
According to Holland, the __________ person prefers working with objects and tends to choose a mechanical occupation.
realistic
Verbally and relationally aggressive acts are particularly frequent in
reality TV shows
The most important factor in the success of an adult college student is
receipt of social support.
Dr. Frolicker shows a group of 4-year-olds a set of 10 items on a tray. She then mixes them up with some unfamiliar items, and asks the children to point to the ones in the original set. Dr. Frolicker is testing
recognition memory.
Following habituation, when a new stimulus causes responsiveness to return to a high level, the increase is called
recovery.
Which of the following is a recessive characteristic?
red hair
Forty-five-year-old Lizette remembers how she was caught shoplifting as a teenager, and how the visit to the police station steered her away from a troubled adolescence. She credits this event as sparking her interest in social work, and now works with troubled and at-risk youth. Lizette's commitment story contains a theme of
redemption.
Regular physical activity is linked to
reduced incidence of cancer.
Physical activity
reduces anxiety and depression.
Swaddling newborns
reduces crying.
For never-married low-SES women, child support enforcement
reduces financial stress.
One strategy of positive discipline is
reducing opportunities for misbehavior.
Mr. and Mrs. Hale plan to have a baby. Physical and genetic examinations revealed healthy reproductive systems and no family history of genetic disease. What additional steps would you recommend they take to increase their chances of having a healthy baby?
reducing or eliminating toxins under their control, taking prenatal vitamin-mineral supplements, and ensuring proper nutrition
A __________ is an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation.
reflex
Cross-linking can be reduced by
regular exercise and a healthy diet.
Older adults __________ than younger adults—a difference believed to be due to a slower rate of thinking.
rehearse less
A researcher hangs a mobile over the crib of 4-month-old Anya. When the researcher attaches Anya's foot to the mobile with a long cord, Anya can, by kicking, make the mobile turn. The turning of the mobile is an example of a(n)
reinforcer.
Chet and Leola enjoy being grandparents. They especially value being able to pass family history and values to a new generation. Which of the following grandparenthood gratifications is probably most important to them?
reinvolvement with personal past
Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because "she lies." This is an example of __________ aggression.
relational
Compared to other cultures, North American adolescents have
relatively restrictive sexual attitudes.
In college, Edward comes to the realization that his own beliefs are often subjective. He notes that his roommate, who holds vastly different beliefs from his own, has his own "truth." Edward is engaged in
relativistic thinking.
One hypothesized cause of age-related DNA and cellular abnormalities is the
release of free radicals.
Nearly two-thirds of divorced adults
remarry.
Which of the following is most helpful in keeping potential dropouts in school?
remedial instruction in small classes
By focusing on the shift from a novelty preference to a familiarity preference, researchers can use habituation to assess
remote memory.
In Substage 5 of the sensorimotor period, toddlers
repeat behaviors with variation.
Many perpetrators treated for partner abuse
repeat their violent behavior with the same or a new partner.
Twelve-year-old children of mothers who were home visited as part of the Nurse-Family Partnership __________ than comparison-group agemates.
reported less alcohol and drug use
According to Piaget, the most obvious change as children move from the sensorimotor to the preoperational stage is an increase in
representational, or symbolic, activity.
Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of
research methods.
Gloria's marriage was riddled with jealousy, emotional highs and lows, and desperation about whether her husband returned her affection. Though she offered support to her husband, Gloria did so in ways that poorly fit his needs. She was also quick to express fear and anger. Based on this information, it is likely that Gloria has a(n) __________ attachment history.
resistant
In the Strange Situation, Philip seeks closeness to his mother and fails to explore. When his mother leaves, Philip is distressed, and on her return he hits her. Philip is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.
resistant
Mrs. Frishman is concerned because her teenage son has become increasingly critical of others, while maintaining a high sense of idealism for the world at large. Mrs. Frishman could
respond patiently to his remarks and point out positive features of his targets to help him see that the world is made up of blends of virtues and imperfections.
The good news about American high school dropouts is that about one-third of them
return to finish their secondary education within a few years.
Piaget named the sensorimotor substages after
revisions in the circular reaction.
Like anger, expressions of fear
rise from the second half of the first year into the second year.
Adult learners list __________ as the most common reason for not completing their degrees
role overload
Expressions of __________ are less frequent than __________.
sadness; anger
Cindy, age 48, cares for her two teenage sons and her ailing mother-in-law. Along with her mother, she is one of a handful of caregivers for her elderly grandmother. Cindy belongs to the __________ generation
sandwich
When building a block tower with his young daughter, Samuel adjusts the support offered to his daughter to fit her current level of performance. Samuel is engaging in
scaffolding
Two-year-old Carmen is trying to fit pieces into a wooden puzzle form. Her father helps Carmen turn the pieces so they fit snuggly in place. As Carmen's skill improves, her father steps back, letting her try on her own. This example best illustrates the concept of
scaffolding.
Two-year-old Vanessa attempts to put her doll's jacket on herself. She then attempts to sit in her doll's highchair. Vanessa is displaying
scale errors.
According to Piaget, specific psychological structures called __________ are organized ways of making sense of experience.
schemes
Three-year-old Maya is asked to describe what happens at preschool. This task requires Maya to use
scripts
During the __________ month of pregnancy, the embryo responds to touch.
second
In all societies studied, the most common attachment pattern is the __________ pattern.
secure
In the Strange Situation, Bernadette uses her mother as a secure base. When separated, Bernadette does not cry, but when her mother returns, Bernadette crawls to her. Bernadette is demonstrating __________ attachment.
secure
Parents who discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance, regardless of whether their experiences were positive or negative, tend to have __________ infants.
securely attached
Highly aggressive children tend to
seek out deviant peer groups.
Evolutionary developmental psychology
seeks to understand the adaptive value of specieswide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age.
During the school years, children refine their __________, organizing their observations of behaviors and internal states into general dispositions.
self-concept
The negative outcome of Erikson's midlife stage, stagnation, focuses on
self-indulgence.
According to cognitive-developmental theory, __________ come(s) before __________ in the development of gender identity.
self-perceptions; behavior
A researcher places a red dot on 2-year-old Raven's nose. When she looks into a mirror, she tries to rub the dot off of her nose rather than off of the mirror. This behavior indicates that she has developed
self-recognition.
Janet, an emerging adult, believes in her ability to succeed. She is determined to overcome obstacles and takes personal responsibility for both positive and negative outcomes. Janet has a well-developed
sense of personal agency.
MaryAnn is taking an exercise class for the first time at age 50. MaryAnn believes she will be successful even though most of her friends quit during the first six months. MaryAnn has a
sense of self-efficacy.
A(n) __________ period is a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge.
sensitive
In Jody's preschool classroom, teachers introduce activities that build on children's current thinking, challenging their incorrect ways of viewing the world. But they do not try to hasten development by imposing new skills before children indicate interest or readiness. This preschool emphasizes the Piagetian principle of
sensitivity to children's readiness to learn.
Six-month-old Eva drops her teething ring in a fairly rigid way, simply letting go and watching it with interest. This example demonstrates Piaget's belief that, at first, schemes are
sensorimotor action patterns.
Piaget believed that __________ leads to internal images of experience, which children then label with words.
sensorimotor activity
In the __________, sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly.
sensory register
In Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase, babies display
separation anxiety.
Early intervention programs
serve economically at-risk children and their parents.
After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing
shame.
The overriding factor in positive adjustment following divorce is
shielding the child from family conflict and using authoritative child rearing.
Perhaps the most complex self-help skill of early childhood is
shoe tying
Agata suffered from persistent diarrhea in early childhood. As a result, during her school years, Agata is probably __________ than her agemates who were not stricken with persistent diarrhea.
shorter in height
Adolescent drug experimentation
should not be taken lightly because a single heavy dose can lead to permanent injury or death
While the senses of __________ have begun to emerge by 20 weeks, a fetus born at this time cannot survive because __________.
sight and sound; its brain cannot yet control breathing and body temperature
Sexual partners, whether dating, cohabiting, or married, tend to be
similar in age and education.
Adult friends are usually
similar to each other in age, sex, and SES.
In view of recent trends, it is likely that most Americans will spend a substantial part of their adult lives
single.
As in early adulthood, __________ tend to be emotionally closest during middle adulthood.
sister-sister bonds
Compared to U.S. babies, Dutch babies
sleep, on average, 2 hours more per day.
Monica experienced depression that emerged after she gave birth to her son, but failed to subside as Monica adjusted to hormonal changes in her body and the demands of motherhood. As a result, Monica's son probably
sleeps poorly.
Around the time of birth, fathers who are in contact with the mother and baby often show
slight increases in estrogens.
Research shows that dietary calorie restriction in nonhuman primates
slows aging, but does not extend the lifespan.
Which of the following fosters a mastery-oriented approach to learning?
small class size and cooperative learning
The most powerful influence on extracurricular involvement is
small school size.
Mr. and Mrs. Parsons feel that an important factor in promoting their children's academic success is frequent contact between teachers and parents. The Parsons would most likely find this offering in a(n)
small town.
During the twenties and thirties, changes in physical appearance and declines in body functioning are
so gradual that most are hardly noticeable.
In the United States and a few European countries, __________ are responsible for a modest, continuing trend toward earlier menarche.
soaring rates of overweight and obesity
When Yolanda thought about the future, she planned to get her first job at 22, be married by 24, and have her first child at 27, just like her older brother did. According to research by Bernice Neugarten, Yolanda has a well-defined
social clock.
School-age children use frequent __________ in their self-descriptions
social comparisons
Vygotsky believed that complex mental activities have their origin in
social interaction.
Toddlers who sleep alone and experience frequent daytime separations from their parents
sometimes develop strong emotional ties to comfort objects, such as blankets and stuffed animals.
By middle adulthood, thinking is characterized by an increase in
specialization.
Which of the following motor skills will probably peak earliest in life?
speed of limb movement
Preschoolers who __________ are seen as more socially competent by their teachers.
spend more time at sociodramatic play
Children who believe in the changeability of human attributes
spend more time volunteering to help the needy.
Compared with school-age children, preschoolers
spend shorter times involved in tasks and are easily distracted.
Divorce rates in the United States have __________ since the mid-1980s.
stabilized
In the form of teaching known as scaffolding, as a child's competence increases, the adult
steps back, permitting the child to take more responsibility for the task.
Research suggests that __________ cause(s) girls to do worse than their abilities allow on difficult math problems.
stereotype threat
Neurons
store and transmit information.
During early childhood, children's gender-stereotyped beliefs
strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated.
From third to sixth grade, boys tend to __________ their identification with "masculine" personality traits, whereas girls' identification with "feminine" personality traits __________.
strengthen; declines
Jessica asked each of 21 children in a kindergarten classroom to explain where rain comes from. She asked the same set of follow-up questions to each participant. This is an example of a
structured interview.
The outer ring of cells on a blastocyst, termed the trophoblast, will become the
structures that provide protective covering and nourishment.
In __________, people hold different beliefs and customs from those held by the larger culture.
subcultures
Reduction in bone density during adulthood is
substantial.
Efforts to teach language to nonhuman primates
support Chomsky's assumption that the capacity for elaborate grammar is unique to humans.
Research in diverse cultures demonstrates that fathers'
sustained affectionate involvement protects children against a wide range of childhood emotional and behavioral problems.
Two-year-old D'Arcy has parents who encourage emotional expressiveness and show empathetic concern for her feelings. When another child is unhappy, D'Arcy is likely to respond with
sympathetic concern.
When Baby Jaleel was born, stimulation in his brain resulted in a massive overabundance of synapses. Neurons that were seldom stimulated began to lose their synapses. This process is known as
synaptic pruning.
A second birth typically requires that fathers
take an even more active role in parenting.
Research using the HOME checklist reveals that the extent to which parents __________ is especially important in facilitating toddlers' intelligence test performance.
talk to their infants and toddlers
Twins occur more often among __________ women than __________ women.
tall; short
Research shows that children more often use private speech when
tasks are appropriately challenging or they are confused about how to proceed.
Natural childbirth experts Grantly Dick-Read and Fernand Lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had
taught women to fear the birth experience.
Ingredients of effective rape intervention include
teaching social skills and social awareness.
Miranda says "more apple." This two-word utterance is an example of
telegraphic speech.
A major limitation of systematic observation is that it
tells investigators little about the reasoning behind responses and behaviors.
When adults make positive lifestyle changes,
telomerase activity increases.
Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study demonstrated that
temperament can protect a child from the negative effects of a highly stressful home life.
Jaynie is cheerful and upbeat. Hank is active and energetic. Alayna is prone to angry outbursts. These descriptions refer to
temperament.
Possible selves are the __________ dimension of self-concept.
temporal
When the diets of severely malnourished children improve, they
tend to gain excessive weight.
Research on corporal punishment shows that African-American and Caucasian-American parents
tend to mete out physical punishment differently.
When asked about her future vocational choice, 14-year-old Grace says, "I'm good at math and I like solving problems. But I like helping people. So maybe teaching math or working as an engineer would be good." Grace is in the __________ period of vocational development.
tentative
The male produces sperm in the __________, two glands located in the __________.
testes; scrotum
Fourteen-year-old Phil experiences muscle growth and notices the growth of body and facial hair. Which of the following hormones is responsible for this change?
testosterone
Studies report __________ in midlife.
that both men and women become more androgynous
Warmth and responsiveness, competence and power, and consistency between assertions and behavior are all characteristics
that increase a child's willingness to imitate a model's behavior.
One major limitation of the clinical, or case study, method is
that researchers' theoretical preferences may bias their observations and interpretations.
In the United States, __________ has hampered efforts to regulate TV content.
the First Amendment right to free speech
Which of the following parents are the most likely to give positive reports of their own psychological well-being?
the Heruzzis, who have a successful only child
Korean toddlers often develop object-sorting skills later than their English-speaking counterparts because
the Korean language often omits object names from sentences.
Professor Novak is interested in assessing the quality of attachment between 1 and 2 years of age. Which of the following laboratory procedures should Professor Novak use?
the Strange Situation
Of all Western nations, __________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children.
the United States
Eric is more likely than his sister to be negatively affected by X-linked disorders because
the Y chromosome lacks many corresponding genes to override those carried on the X chromosome.
Research on child sexual abuse indicates that
the abuser is typically a parent or someone the parent knows well.
Studies of infantile amnesia suggest that __________ contributes to the end of infantile amnesia.
the advent of a clear self-image
Young infants can be classically conditioned most easily when
the association between two stimuli has survival value.
Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if
the benefits to society justify the risks to the participants.
Female puberty usually begins with
the budding of the breasts and the growth spurt.
In the male,
the cells from which sperm arise are produced continuously throughout life
During puberty,
the cephalocaudal growth trend of infancy and childhood reverses.
During mitosis,
the chromosomes copy themselves.
Jeanine is 55. According to her doctor, Jeanine's reproductive capacity has ended. She has reached the midlife reproductive transition called
the climacteric.
Which of the following research methods is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?
the clinical method
Research demonstrates that early make-believe play is
the combined result of children's readiness to engage in it and social experiences that promote it.
Women's skin ages more quickly than men's because
the dermis of women is not as thick as that of men.
Research on temperament indicates that
the ease with which children manage their reactivity in early childhood depends on the type and strength of the reactive emotion involved.
Research on friendships shows that
the ease with which kindergarteners make new friends predicts behaviors linked to gains in achievement.
Some evidence suggests that __________ contributes to negative judgments of a woman's physical appearance, especially by men.
the end of a woman's ability to bear children
By __________, infants are able to regulate emotion more effectively by approaching or retreating from various situations.
the end of the first year
Male puberty usually begins with
the enlargement of the testes.
The imaginary audience is adolescents' belief that they are
the focus of everyone else's attention and concern.
In the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, where specially trained social workers provided foster parents with counseling and support,
the foster-care group exceeded the institutional-care group in intelligence test scores, language skills, and emotional responsiveness.
The circular reaction initially centers on
the infant's own body.
Compared to Canadian agemates, Chinese schoolchildren are more likely to rate lying favorably when
the intention is modesty.
With regard to verbal abilities, girls have a biological advantage in earlier development of
the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.
Research on children's ability to provide eyewitness testimony in legal situations shows that
the more distinctive and personally relevant an event is, the more likely children are to recall it accurately over time.
Research on the consequences of corporal punishment reveals that in African-American families,
the more mothers discipline physically in childhood, the less their teenagers display angry, acting out behavior.
T. Berry Brazelton's Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale evaluates
the newborn's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, and responsiveness to stimulation.
Between birth and 2 years,
the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes substantially.
Jonathan views himself as reaching great heights of omnipotence and also sinking to unusual depths of despair. Which of the following cognitive distortions contribute to Jonathan's views?
the personal fable
Certain that others are observing and thinking about them, teenagers develop an inflated sense of their own importance known as
the personal fable.
A baby's ability to manipulate objects greatly expands with the development of __________, use of the thumb and index finger opposably
the pincer grasp
One-year-old Jameson sits on the sidewalk picking up blades of grass left after his mother mows the lawn. Jameson is using
the pincer grasp.
During the third stage of labor,
the placenta is delivered.
Beginning in middle childhood, a common fear is
the possibility of personal harm.
The most common sex chromosome disorders involve
the presence of an extra chromosome (either X or Y) or the absence of one X in females.
Research on gender typing reveals that
the presence of male sex hormones leads to a rough, noisy play style in boys.
The changes involved in women's fertility decline occur gradually over a 10-year period, during which
the production of estrogen drops.
Studies of sex differences show that
the proportion of male births has declined in many industrialized countries in recent decades.
The first outward sign of puberty is
the rapid gain in height and weight known as the growth spurt.
Research on child care in infancy has found that
the relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences.
Patsy and Terry are fraternal twins. This type of twinning results from
the release and fertilization of two ova.
Nativist Noam Chomsky believed that
the rules of sentence organization are too complex to be directly taught to or discovered by even a cognitively sophisticated young child.
In a longitudinal design, researchers study
the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.
A researcher using a structured interview would typically ask
the same set of questions in the same way to each research participant.
In the information-processing system, information first enters
the sensory register.
When skeletal ages are examined at birth,
the sexes differ by about 4 to 6 weeks.
According to anthropologist Margaret Mead, __________ is/are entirely responsible for the range of teenage experiences
the social environment
Between 6 and 10 weeks, the parent's communication with the infant evokes
the social smile.
Four-year-old Ellie is shown two pictures: one depicting a child stealing an apple, and the other showing a child eating ice cream with her fingers. Ellie is most likely to view
the stealing as worse than the bad table manners.
In an experiment on the effects of music versus acting lessons on intelligence, the independent variable would be
the type of lessons (music versus acting).
Four-month-old Kaitlyn reaches for a toy. She grabs it by closing her fingers against her palm. Kaitlyn is using
the ulnar grasp.
In adopted children with longer institutional stays,
the volume of the amygdala is atypically large.
According to Vygotsky, __________ is a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners.
the zone of proximal development
Infants in Substage 4 of the sensorimotor period, who can better anticipate events, sometimes use __________ to try to change those events.
their capacity for intentional behavior
Preschoolers' first attempts to print often involve writing
their own name.
Kipsigi and West Indian infants walk considerably earlier than North American infants because
their parents emphasize early motor maturity, practicing formal exercises to stimulate particular skills.
Research examining cultural variations in personal storytelling shows that
there are striking cultural differences in parents' selection and interpretation of events told in narratives
Even preschoolers with good language skills recall poorly because
they are not skilled at using memory strategies.
Intelligence test scores of infants and toddlers often do not reflect their true abilities because
they easily become distracted, fatigued, or bored during testing.
One reason that very young babies' habituation times are so much longer than those of older babies is that
they have difficulty disengaging attention from a stimulus.
Sal and Sadie have been married for 40 years. When asked to compare their current relationship to when they were newlyweds, they are most likely to say that
they love each other more now than they did earlier.
Most chubby babies
thin out during toddlerhood and early childhood.
Metacognition involves
thinking about thought
Katie wonders when she will first be able to hear her fetus's heartbeat through a stethoscope. You tell her that this should happen by the
third month.
Grandparents are an example of __________ that can promote children's development.
third parties
Nadine, an average-weight adult, gained a small amount of weight between the ages of 25 and 50. Nadine should know that
this is a normal part of aging, resulting from a drop in basal metabolic rate.
The cortical regions with the most extended period of development are responsible for
thought.
Apart from direct contact with the environment, schemes also change
through organization.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release __________, which is necessary for brain development and for growth hormone (GH) to have its full impact on body size.
thyroxine
A few minutes in time out can be enough to change behavior and also allows parents
time to cool off.
Synapses are
tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch.
Newborn babies respond with generalized distress
to changes in body temperature.
When it comes to dietary fat, the best suggestion is
to eat less fat of all kinds.
Vygotsky challenged Piaget's conclusion that
toddlers discover make-believe play independently, once they are capable of representational schemes.
Fetal monitors
track the baby's heart rate during labor.
Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in behavior because the investigator
tracks the performance of each person over time.
Mike and Carol are married. Mike is the head of the household. He works outside the home as an architect. Carol devotes herself to caring for Mike and their children and creating a comfortable home. They have a(n) __________ marriage.
traditional
Bulimia is usually treated by
training in changing eating habits.
According to Levinson, middle adulthood begins with a
transitional period
Adrian developed a secure attachment to his parents when he was a child. Adrian probably characterizes his most important adult love relationship in terms of
trust, happiness, and friendship.
Twenty-two-year-old Daniel is overly dependent on his girlfriend, Missy. Daniel continually doubts his ability to meet new challenges. Daniel may not have fully mastered the tasks of __________ and __________during infancy and childhood.
trust; autonomy
According to Erikson, one of the major functions of play is to allow children to
try out new skills with little risk of criticism or failure.
In response to a stroke on her cheek near the corner of her mouth, newborn Azalea should
turn her head toward the source of stimulation.
By the __________ week of pregnancy, Monica will be able to learn the sex of her fetus.
twelfth
The United States has the most up-to-date health care technology in the world and is currently ranked __________ in international infant mortality.
twenty-eighth
By 6 months of age, babies can categorize on the basis of
two correlated features.
Piaget's first stage, the sensorimotor stage, spans the first __________ of life
two years
On average, girls reach puberty __________ boys.
two years earlier than
About __________ of siblings establish similar attachment patterns with their parent.
two-thirds
Studies of the "big five" personality traits
typically do not examine the impact of cultural values.
Glaucoma
typically progresses without noticeable symptoms.
A growing number of researchers regard the question of how much heredity and environment contribute to differences among people as
unanswerable.
In a large study of children with injuries to the cerebral cortex that occurred before birth or in the first six months of life, researchers found that
undamaged areas—in either the left or the right hemisphere—took over certain language functions.
The majority of rape victims are __________, and the abusers are __________.
under age 30; men they know well
Sixteen-month-old Grayson calls all dogs "dog," but only uses the word "puppy" to refer to his family's dog. This is an example of
underextension.
When toddlers first learn words, they often apply them too narrowly, an error called
underextension.
Four-month-old Logan's parents are tracking his motor development. Which of the following motor skills is Logan likely to have already achieved?
when prone, lifts self by arms
During the first few weeks of life, newborns are most likely to smile
when they are full.
Studies in diverse Western nations confirm that by age 5 or 6, __________ children generally evaluate their own racial group favorably and other racial groups less favorably or negatively
white
U.S. government surveys following 9,000 U.S. college-educated workers for a decade revealed that ten years after college graduation, the gender pay gap had
widened.
Compared to other industrialized nations, the United States has a high childhood injury rate, largely because of
widespread childhood poverty.
In industrialized nations, childhood diseases have declined dramatically during the past half-century, largely as a result of
widespread immunization of infants and young children.
One reason that the majority of children prenatally exposed to nicotine are at high risk for learning and behavior problems is that the DD genotype is
widespread.
Eight-year-old Marcie is involved in community theater. She fantasizes about starring in a Broadway musical. Marcie's desire to be an actress
will probably bear little relation to the vocational decisions that she will eventually make.
Creative individuals are
willing to try again after failure.
Andrew has high academic self-esteem. Andrew is probably
willing to try hard.
Discipline that relies on __________ makes children so anxious and frightened that they cannot think clearly enough to figure out what they should do.
withdrawal of love
Research on peer groups during middle childhood shows that
within peer groups, children learn cooperation, leadership, followership, and loyalty to collective goals.
Most divorces occur __________ marriage.
within the first seven years of
According to Vygotksy, learning takes place
within the zone of proximal development.
Most homeless families consist of
women with children under age 5.
Friendship continuity is greater for __________, in part because they __________.
women; see one another more often
Thelma and Louise became friends when they both took a knitting class together. Lately, the friendship has been difficult. As middle-aged adults, Thelma and Louise are likely to
work hard to preserve the friendship.
Most middle-aged adults asked to describe "turning points" in the past five years report ones concerning
work.
Job satisfaction increases in midlife for
workers at all occupational levels.
As processing speed slows,
working memory declines.
Skye, a rejected-withdrawn child, is most likely
worried about being scorned and attacked.
Loneliness rises during early adulthood because
young adults expect more from their intimate ties. .
One limitation of debriefing is
young children often lack the cognitive skills to understand the reasons for deceptive procedures.
Betty just celebrated her fiftieth birthday. She celebrated by taking hang-gliding lessons and purchasing a more mature wardrobe. According to Levinson, Betty is engaged in which of the following developmental tasks?
young-old
When sperm and ovum unite at conception, a(n) __________ results.
zygote
Following fertilization, a one-celled __________ multiplies and forms a __________.
zygote; blastocyst
By the school years, low-SES U.S. children are, on average, __________ than their economically advantaged counterparts.
½ to 1 inch shorter
