Psychology ch 10 & 11

stereotype

A ________ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

projective test

A(n) ________ presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or to tell a story about it—to launch their own meaning onto the stimulus.

reciprocal determinism.

According to Bandura, the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality is described as

superego

According to Freud, the ________ is reflected in what we often call conscience and evaluates the morality of our behavior.

deals with the demands of reality.

According to Freud, the ego

collective unconscious.

According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the

internal and external causes

According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?

It does not consider reality.

According to the Freudian structures of personality, which of the following statements is true of the superego?

Sarah, who resigns from her well-paid job and sets up her own business

According to the five-factor model of personality, which of the following individuals exhibits the trait of openness to experience?

extraversion

Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time. Alex would score low on what trait?

central route to persuasion.

Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is trying to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reasoning. After slowly and carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Allison finds that this person's idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the

altruism.

Amelia is known for helping her family members and friends with the ultimate goal of benefiting them, even if it incurs a cost to herself. In this scenario, Amelia's behavior best illustrates

relational aggression.

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as

normative social influence.

Conor, a high schooler, enrolls in a new school. He tries to participate in the same activities as the other students of his class do. He does not enjoy most of these activities, but his sole intention is to impress them so that they start liking him. In this scenario, Conor's behavior best exemplifies

id

Cookie Monster, one of the characters on the children's TV show Sesame Street, has an intense urge to consume cookies, even when doing so is irrational and maladaptive. Eating cookies gives Cookie Monster a great source of pleasure and satisfaction. Freud would say that Cookie Monster's behavior reflects the fact that he is ruled by his

cognitive dissonance.

Daphne feels uneasy when she notices an inconsistency between what she believes and what she does. This best illustrates

Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert.

Ernie is an extrovert. Bert is an introvert. What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research?

selecting an impartial leader.

In the context of group decision making, groupthink can be prevented by

making the biggest request at the beginning followed by the smaller request.

In the context of persuasion strategies, the door-in-the-face technique involve

People tend to look to others for cues about how to behave.

In the context of social behavior, which of the following best explains the bystander effect?

help in situations in which a perceived danger is present.

In the context of sociocultural factors predicting prosocial behavior, Eagly and Crowley (1986) noted that men are more likely than women to

involves factors such as the attractiveness of the person giving the message.

In the context of the techniques of persuasion, the peripheral route

is more persuasive when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention.

In the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, the central route

internal attribution; external attribution

Jack and John were recently dumped by their girlfriends. Jack believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she was selfish and unhappy, whereas John believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make a commitment at the moment. Jack is making a(n) ________ about his girlfriend's behavior, whereas John is making a(n) ________.

informational social influence.

Kathy is a member of the VNoItAll group in college. She usually follows her group unconditionally because she wants to be right, and she believes that the other members of her group are likely to know something that she does not. In this scenario, Kathy's behavior best exemplifies

group polarization.

Katie, who is moderately liberal, attends a very liberal college. After four years at this college, Katie is likely to become more liberal as a result of

repression

Matteo was bitten by a dog when he was 2 years old. As he grew up, he developed an intense fear of dogs. However, he did not remember when and why he started being afraid of dogs. According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which defense mechanism is Matteo exhibiting in this scenario?

give people anonymity.

One explanation for the effects of deindividuation in groups is that groups

self-fulfilling prophecy.

Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling the child "Dennis the Menace" and he behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called

psychodynamic

Projective tests are most closely aligned with which theoretical approach to personality?

self-fulfilling prophecy

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers' expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance—the academic performance of the "late bloomers" was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?

observational learning

Robert, a nine-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night, he used several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior?

directly ask people whether specific items describe their personality traits.

Self-report personality tests

oral

Six-month-old Ian loves to suck on anything he can get his hands on (e.g., fingers, dolls, blocks, rattles). The fact that Ian receives pleasure and comfort by exploring the world with his mouth suggests that he is in the ________ stage of psychosexual development.

false consensus effect

The ________ is the observers' overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do.

conscientiousness.

The big five factors of personality are neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and

self-efficacy

The term ________ refers to the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.

missing the importance of situational factors in personality and behavior.

The trait approach to personality has been faulted for

denial.

Welma is unable to accept the fact that she has been diagnosed with lung cancer. She refuses treatment despite her family's attempts to convince her. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Welma is unconsciously engaging in a defense mechanism called

the self-serving bias.

When Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes that it is because she is an intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a C on the exam, she blames the instructor's ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test questions for her poor performance. Claudia's behavior is an example of

Good people are likely to be evil when the situation supports evil deeds.

Which of the following conclusions was drawn from the Stanford prison experiment conducted by Zimbardo?

a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

Which of the following defines conformity?

The enduring patterns that make up personality are largely unavailable to an individual's conscious awareness.

Which of the following is a belief of the psychodynamic perspectives on personality?

Sexuality is not the pervasive force behind personality that Freud believed it to be.

Which of the following is a criticism of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

They overestimate people's freedom and rationality.

Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic perspectives on personality?

self-concept

Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory?

The ego acts as a mediator between the conflicting demands of the id and the superego, as well as the real world.

Which of the following is true of the structures of personality as described by Sigmund Freud?

They stress that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses.

Which of the following is true of the trait theories of personality?

discrimination

Which of the following refers to an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group?

social loafing

Which of the following refers to each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort?

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

fundamental attribution error.

You conclude that Carla is a naturally anxious woman. You ignore the fact that Carla is currently working on a tight-deadline project and is spending 100 hours per week at work. You are demonstrating the

The Thematic Apperception Test

________ consists of a series of pictures, each on an individual card or slide. The test taker is asked to tell a story about each of the pictures, including events leading up to the situation described, the characters' thoughts and feelings, and the way the situation turns out.

Displacement

________ is a defense mechanism that involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target.

Prejudice

is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group.

Social psychology

is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.