Psychology Ch. 12
Which of the following strategies is LEAST beneficial for Shuyler's parents to use to get Shuyler to play the violin? a) Provide small extrinsic rewards when he first begins his violin lessons. b) Praise him often for making the effort to practice. c) Reward his practice efforts even when done poorly or without enthusiasm. d) Encourage Shuyler to focus on how playing the violin is personally rewarding.
C
Your best friend just won the lottery. Even though you may experience envy, you also cannot help feeling excited along with him because you are both grinning from ear to ear. This reaction supports the ______ regarding the origin and intensification of emotion. a) social reciprocity theory b) two-factor hypothesis c) facial feedback hypothesis d) Cannon-Bard theory
C
_____ involves extreme weight loss due to an obsessive fear of obesity and self-imposed starvation. a) Agoraphobia b) The Pritikin diet c) Anorexia nervosa d) Bulimia nervosa
C
_____ is a feeling of fullness that has an effect on the perception of hunger. a) Insatiety b) Protrudation c) Satiety d) Grandiosity
C
_____ is one of the MOST important external factors related to when, what, where, and why we eat. a) Advertising b) Sound c) Cultural conditioning d) all of these options are equally important
C
_____ refers to the desire to perform an act for its own sake whereas _____ refers to the desire to perform an act because of external rewards or the avoidance of punishment. a) Personal motivation; external motivation b) Internal drive; external drive c) Intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation d) Individual drive; social drive
C
_____ theory suggests that organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an ideal or optimal level of stimulation that maximizes their performance. a) Drive reduction b) Incentive c) Optimal arousal d) Instinct
C
A person with emotional intelligence knows and manages the ______ component of his emotions. a) cognitive b) behavioral c) physiological d) all of these options
D
According to _____, bodily arousal must be labeled or interpreted for an emotional experience to occur. a) Cannon-Bard theory b) James-Lange theory c) the facial feedback hypothesis d) Schachter's two-factor theory
D
Although researchers have found that basic emotions and their expression seem to be culturally universal, there are cultural differences in how, when, and where people express emotion. These differences are governed by _____. a) manners b) mores c) social signals d) display rules
D
Arousal detected by a polygraph is related to _____. a) lying b) anxiety c) telling the truth d) all of the above
D
During a routine polygraph test for a job at a bank, Armin is asked if he has ever stolen money. He says, "Never." Immediately, the polygraph recorded sympathetic arousal, which indicates that Armin _____. a) told a lie b) was very nervous c) told the truth d) any of these options
D
Evolutionary theories of emotion propose that ______. a) emotions play a role in survival and natural selection b) basic emotions originate in the limbic system c) basic emotions evolved before thought d) all of these options
D
Hunger, arousal, and achievement are three basic _____. a) emotions b) feelings c) responses d) motives
D
Schachter would agree with which of the following statements? a) The experience of emotion comes from awareness of bodily arousal. b) Emotions are physiologically similar. c) We look to environmental cues to decide what emotion is being felt. d) All of these options
D
Sonja has a high need for achievement. This means that she has _____. a) a preference for feedback on her efforts toward goals b) an attraction to competitive careers and tasks c) the desire to assume responsibility for projects d) all of these options
D
The _____ hypothalamus signals an animal to start eating, whereas the _____ hypothalamus signals the animal to stop eating. a) lateral; ventromedial b) ventro; medial c) ventromedial; lateral d) medial; ventro
A
The cerebral cortex plays a major role in our emotions because it _____. a) plays a role in the ability to recognize and regulate emotions b) visualizes dangers and possible responses to them c) stimulates the autonomic nervous system d) relays information from all the senses to assist in processing what is important
A
The polygraph, or "lie detector," measures primarily the _____ component of emotions. a) physiological b) articulatory c) cognitive d) subjective
A
The three components of emotion are _____. a) cognitive, physiological, and behavioral b) perceiving, thinking, and acting c) positive, negative, and neutral d) active/passive, positive/negative, direct/indirect
A
The two factors in Schachter's theory of emotion are _____. a) physical arousal and cognitive labeling b) psychological arousal and emotional expression c) emotional expression and physical arousal d) cognitive labeling and psychological arousal
A
We see a bear in the woods, our hearts race as we begin to run, and then we experience fear. This is BEST explained by the _____. a) James-Lange theory b) Cannon-Bard theory c) facial feedback hypothesis d) Schachter Two-Factor theory
A
What role does the stomach play in feelings of hunger? a) Pressure receptors in the stomach walls signal fullness or emptiness. b) Stomach contractions signal the brain that it is time to eat again. c) Fullness receptors and stomach contractions both play a role. d) None of these options
A
When the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, animals will _____. a) stop eating, and must be force-fed b) overeat to obesity c) become picky eaters d) any of these options
A
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched? a) Cannon-Bard theory: emotions occur before a body response b) James-Lange theory: emotions occur after a body response c) Facial feedback hypothesis: emotional intensity is affected by facial expressions d) Schachter's two-factor theory: emotions are the result of a cognitive label for arousal
A
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched? a) Drive-reduction theory: external stimuli b) Incentive theory: external stimuli c) Cognitive theory: attributions and expectancies d) Maslow: hierarchy of needs
A
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of bulimia nervosa? a) People with bulimia are underweight. b) People with bulimia are often impulsive in other areas of their lives. c) Bulimia can cause tooth erosion, tooth loss, damage to the throat and stomach, serious digestive disorders, and even death. d) All of these options are characteristic of bulimia
A
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the arousal motive? a) It is the desire for an optimum level of arousal. b) It is rarely observed in non-human species. c) Performance is best when an organism is in a high state of arousal. d) Performance is best when an organism is in a low state of arousal.
A
Which of the following is characteristic of anorexia nervosa? a) Bone fractures, osteoporosis, amenorrhea, and loss of brain tissue b) Very few of its victims will die c)Loss of teeth, severe throat and stomach damage d) Nearly 90% of its victims will die
A
You feel anxious because you are sweating and your heart is beating rapidly. This statement illustrates the _____ theory of emotion. a) James-Lange b) two-factor c) Cannon-Bard d) physiological feedback
A
_____ involves consuming large quantities of food followed by self-induced vomiting, the use of laxatives, or extreme exercise. a) Anorexia nervosa b) The binge-purge syndrome c) Bulimia nervosa d) Pritikin dieting
A
_____ is the body's tendency to maintain a relatively stable state for internal processes. a) Homeostasis b) Heterogeneity c) Drive-induction d) Biostability
A
This theory says that emotions are physiologically similar and are due to simultaneous arousal, cognitive, and behavioral expressions. a) Schachter's Two Factor b) Cannon-Bard c) James-Lange d) Facial feedback
B
This theory that you perceive an event, you body reacts, and then you interpret the bodily changes as a specific emotion. a) Cannon-Bard b) James-Lange c) Facial feedback d) Schachter's two-factor
B
Two parts of the brain that play an important role in emotion are the _____. a) hypothalamus and cerebellum b) limbic system and cerebral cortex c) pituitary gland and brain stem d) CNS and PNS
B
Which of the following statements about the polygraph test is TRUE? a) An innocent person has nothing to fear from a polygraph test. b) Traditional polygraphs measure sympathetic and parasympathetic responses. c) The polygraph can detect subtle physiological differences between arousal due to anxiety versus excitement. d) The polygraph is accurate in detecting truth or lies in about 90% of cases.
B
You just stuffed yourself with a hot dog, a large tub of popcorn, and a box of Milk Duds while watching a movie. When you come out of the theater, you smell the cinnamon buns across the mall and decide to get one even though you are full. This can BEST be explained by _____. a) drive-reduction theory b) incentive theory c) the push-pull theory d) your lack of will power
B
Zuckerman's test for sensation seeking measures which of the following characteristics? a) Dangerousness, antisocial traits, "letting loose," and intolerance for boredom b) Thrill seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and susceptibility to boredom c) Adventurousness, physical prowess, creative morality, and charisma d) Dangerousness, adventurousness, creativity, and thrill seeking
B
Subjects in Schachter's classic study on emotions were given an injection of epinephrine, which caused physiological arousal. Some subjects were correctly informed about the drug's effects, others were either uninformed or misinformed. Which of the following happened? a) Correctly informed participants were unaffected by the behavior of others around them. b) Misinformed participants took on the emotions of others around them. c) Uninformed participants took on the emotions of others around them. d)All of these options
D
The _____ motive causes us to look for a certain amount of novelty and complexity from our environment for no apparent reason. a) sensory b) social c) drive d) arousal
D
The _____ theory says people are "pulled" by external stimuli to act a certain way. a) cognitive b) drive-reduction c) Maslow's hierarchy of needs d) incentive
D
The feeling of fullness you get once you have ingested enough food is called _____. a) bloating b) gastrointestinal fullness c) insanity d) satiety
D
The theory that some motives have to be satisfied before a person can advance to fulfilling higher motives is based on _____. a) Freud's psychosexual stages of development b) Kohlberg's moral stages of development c) Erikson's psychosocial stages of development d) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
D
There are approximately _____ genes that contribute to a person's weight. a) 10 b) 20 c) 200 d) 2000
D
This is a criticism of Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion. a) The limbic system, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex are important to the emotional experience. b) PET scans show subtle differences between several emotions. c) Some emotional pathways bypass the cortex where thinking occurs. d) All of these options
D
This is a criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion. a) Physical arousal can occur without any emotional experience. b) Requires distinctly pattern of arousal for each emotion c) Most people are not aware of slight variations in physical arousal patterns for basic emotions. d) All of these options
D
What percent of women in western industrialized countries show signs of an eating disorder? a) 15 b) 25 c) 40 d) 50
D
Jay, a single male just saw a very attractive woman in the student lounge. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, what would be MOST likely to happen next? a) Jay might fall in love. b) Jay might experience lust. c) Jay might notice an increase in his heart rate and breathing. d) Jay would rather focus on studying for his psychology exam
C
Keiko was visiting several Latin American cities over the summer, and was very uncomfortable by all the warm hugs and embraces she received when first meeting her host's friends. Keiko's discomfort was likely due to differences in _____ between her native and host cultures. a) manners b) sexual standards c) display rules d) courtship signals
C
Kevin was not enrolled in school, nor did he have a job that required mathematical skills or reasoning, yet he spent several nights a week reading and solving problems in an old calculus textbook. How would you BEST explain this behavior? Kevin is _____. a) mentally ill b) externally motivated c) intrinsically motivated d) driven by the incentive motive
C
Performance is BEST for most tasks when you are experiencing _____ levels of arousal. a) high b) low c) moderate d) low or high
C
Researchers believe all our feelings can be condensed to _____ culturally universal emotions. a) 2 to 3 b) 5 to 6 c) 7 to 10 d) 11 to 15
C
Sociobiologists emphasized that _____ are in born, genetic factors in motivation. a) aggression b) competition c) instincts d) cooperation
C
The _____ nervous system produces obvious signs of emotional arousal. a) somatic b) central c) autonomic d) parasympathetic
C
The evolutionary theory of emotions is supported by _____. a) brain-scan studies b) Zuckerman's sensation-seeking studies c) cross-cultural studies d) Schachter's epinephrine studies
C
The heat generated in response to food ingestion is called _____. a) satiation b) dehydration c) thermogenesis d) thermolosis
C
The polygraph detects _____ arousal. a) limbic system b) central nervous system c) sympathetic nervous system d) autonomic nervous system
C
To study the cognitive component of emotions, psychologists are MOST likely to use _____ techniques. a) cross-cultural observation b) naturalistic observation c) self-report d) all of these options
C
Which of the following extrinsic rewards is LEAST likely to REDUCE enjoyment or productivity related to the stated task? a) Georgina's parents pay her money to get good grades. b) Mikala's figure-skating coach keeps telling her "Skate better or you'll never win the gold." c) Edwina obtained the highest output during the present fiscal year and was given a surprise bonus to acknowledge her accomplishment. d) Marcella cheated on her history exam and passed with a "C."
C
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the U.S. Congressional bill regarding the use of polygraph tests? a) Its use was moderately restricted in government. b) Its use was unlimited in private industry. c) Its use was severely restricted in the courts, government, and private industry. d) Its use was severely restricted in the courts.
C
When the ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed or lesioned, animals will _____. a) overeat to the point of extreme obesity b) become picky about what they eat c) experience an increase in insulin d) all of these options
D
Which of the following has been linked to the origin of eating disorders? a) Genetic, hormonal, neurotransmitter, or hypothalamus abnormalities b) A desire for perfection or control, or a distorted body image c) A dysfunctional family, and/or sexual abuse d) All of these options
D
Which of the following is the CORRECT order of events in the James-Lange theory of emotion? a) Perception of event → emotion → body response b) Perception of event and emotion simultaneously → body response c) Perception of event and body response simultaneously → emotion d) Perception of event → perception of body response → emotion
D
You bring a package home from the department store and your dog immediately jumps on you to investigate it; your 3-year-old niece comes to visit and opens all your kitchen cupboards to see what is inside; on a television documentary program, you see a monkey trying to open a box left in its cage. All of these are examples of _____. a) a lack of discipline b) sensation-seeking behavior c) the achievement motive d) the arousal motive
D
_____ theories emphasize the importance of attributions and expectancies in motivating behaviors. a) Attribution b) Motivational c) Achievement d) Cognitive
D
According to Zuckerman, which of the following people will have the MOST difficulty in their career or home relationships? a) Yachi is a low sensation seeker working as an air traffic controller. b) Jacob is a high sensation seeker working as a test pilot for the Air Force. c) Mr. Dudley has a low to moderate need for arousal, Mrs. Dudley has a moderate to low need for arousal. d) Peony has a moderate need for arousal, and works as a mail carrier.
A
According to the cognitive theory of motivation, _____ influence our goal-directed behavior. a) attributions and expectancies b) expectancies and internal needs c) internal needs and attributions d) attributions, expectancies, and internal needs
A
According to your textbook, the MOST important cure for test anxiety is _____. a) advance preparation and hard work b) deep breathing c) meditation d) an aerobic workout
A
Animals who have been surgically prevented from experiencing physiological arousal still demonstrate behaviors that are characteristic of emotional arousal. This supports the _____ theory of emotions. a) Cannon-Bard b) James-Lange c) Schachter's two-factor d) facial feedback
A
Besides fear, anger, joy, and happiness, which of the following emotions have been found by all cross-cultural researchers in this field? a) Sign of pleasure or displeasure b) Shame and guilt c) Interest and anticipation d) Shame/guilt and interest/anticipation
A
Electrical stimulation of parts of the _____ can produce a "sham rage" in cats. a) Limbic system b) Cerebellum c) Frontal lobe d) Motor cortex
A
Extrinsic motivation is based on _____. a) the desire for rewards or threats of punishment b) the arousal motive c) the achievement motive d) all of these options
A
Factors that contribute irrelevant data and confuse results of a study are called _____ variables. a) extraneous b) confounding c) bias d) homeostatic
A
In a _____, the cheek muscles are pulled back, and the muscles around the eyes also contract. a) Duchenne smile b) Madonna smile c) Mona Lisa smile d) De Vinci smile
A
Intrinsic motivation comes from _____. a) personal enjoyment b) a desire for rewards c) a fear of punishment d) all of these options
A
Ishaya was startled awake by a major earthquake. He immediately felt frightened, broke out in a cold sweat, and jumped out of bed to run for cover-all in the same instant. This description of Ishaya's experience BEST fits the ______ theory of emotion. a) Cannon-Bard b) James-Bard c) Cannon-Lange d) James-Lange
A
Low levels of arousal lead to _____ and high levels of arousal lead to _____. a) reduced behavior efficiency; reduced behavior efficiency b) increased behavior efficiency; reduced behavior efficiency c) increased behavior efficiency; increased behavior efficiency d) reduced behavior efficiency; increased behavior efficiency
A
Motivation is BEST defined as a) the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior toward a goal b) the physiological and psychological arousal that occurs when a person really wants to achieve a goal c) what makes you do what you do d) the conscious and unconscious thoughts that focus a person's behaviors and emotions in the same direction toward a goal
A
Research has shown that men in a state of fear may be more attracted to women than men in a relaxed state. This is primarily due to: a) misattribution of arousal b) drive reduction c) two factor theory of emotion d) men are weird
A
Sensation seeking is related to _____. a) the arousal motive b) the achievement motive c) Maslow's hierarchy of needs d) Zuckerman's dangerousness model
A
Sociobiologist, Edward O. Wilson believed that humans also had instincts like _________, are genetically transmitted from one generation to the next. a) aggression and competition b) competition and cooperation c) aggression d) cooperation
A
In the drive-reduction theory, motivation decreases once _____ occurs. a) exhaustion b) reward c) homeostasis d) punishment
C
. Emotion is BEST defined as _____. a) affective feelings b) a subjective feeling that includes arousal, cognitions, and behavioral expressions c) affective responses that are the result of external or internal stimuli d) physical or psychological responses to the fulfillment or frustration of our goals
B
A therapist advises his depressed client to make himself smile for at least a few seconds every hour. This therapist may _____. a) supporting the arousal theory of emotion b) believe in the facial feedback hypothesis regarding emotions c) be using Schachter's two-factor theory of emotions d) need therapy himself
B
According to your text, the critical factor in our future enjoyment of a task is _____. a) our prior interest in that task b) how we interpret our motivation for engaging in that task c) whether or not we receive external rewards (e.g., praise, money, etc.) for that task d) whether or not the task matches our personality
B
According to your textbook, motivation _____ behavior and emotion _____. a) directs; energizes it b) energizes; is the feeling response c) follows; precedes it d) precedes; directs it
B
Emotional intelligence (EQ) is MOST likely to be positively correlated with _____. a) IQ b) critical thinking skills c) lie detection d) all of these options
B
In contrast to other theories of emotion, Schachter's two-factor theory explains the origins of emotion based on _____. a) physiological arousal b) cognitive interpretation c) automatic processing d) autonomic processing
B
In the _____ theory of motivation a lack or a deficiency of something creates a state of tension which motivates us to reduce the deficiency. a) incentive b) drive-reduction theory c) state-dependent d) attribution
B
Knowing and managing one's emotions, empathizing with others, and maintaining satisfying relationships are the key factors in _____. a) self-actualization b) emotional intelligence c) emotional metacognition d) empathic IQ
B
Some people are more achievement oriented because: a) it is an inborn b) they learned it in childhood, primarily through their parents c) the culture they live in d) all of these options e) b and c only
B
Support for the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion comes from which of the following sources? a) Facial feedback studies b) Victims of spinal cord injuries c) CAT scans of the thalamus during emotional stimulation d) All of these options
B
The belief that movements of the facial muscles produce or intensify emotional reactions is the _____. a) facial movement hypothesis b) facial feedback hypothesis c) facial display hypothesis d) second factor in Schachter's two-factor theory
B
The brain's "eating center" is found _____. a) in the hypothalamus b) throughout the brain c) in the lateral thalamus d) in the ventromedial thalamus
B
The makers of a health-food cereal increased sales by offering a $2.00 rebate to purchasers. Sales rose during the rebate period, then fell below pre-rebate sales numbers when the rebate ended. The author of your textbook would explain this by suggesting that _____. a) the rebate convinced shoppers that the cereal was overpriced b) extrinsic rewards decreased the intrinsic value purchasers placed on the cereal c) the rebate decreased the status value of health food cereal d) there was no longer any incentive for shoppers to purchase this cereal
B
A behavior pattern that is unlearned, and found in almost all members of a species is called _____. a) impossible b) a reflex c) an instinct d) routine
C
According to Maslow's view of motivation, if you haven't eaten all day, your thoughts will be MOST focused on your _____. a) self-esteem b) physical safety c) physiological needs d) sense of belonging
C
According to Maslow, belonging and self-actualization are _____ needs, and will be satisfied after physiological and safety needs. a) essential b) primary c) higher-level d) optional
C
According to _____ theory, basic survival and security needs must be satisfied before one can move on to such higher needs as self-actualization. a) evolutionary b) instinct c) Maslow's d) Wiener's
C
According to the cognitive theory of motivation, which of the following students is MOST likely to study hard for their next psychology exam? a) Sasha believes she earned an "A" on this exam because the questions were easy. b) Endora believes she is a witch and can get whatever she wants by waving her arms and casting a spell. c) Martino believes he can bring his "C" up to an "A" or "B" next time. d) Clemy believes he studied as hard as he could for this exam, is very discouraged that he only got a "D.".
C
According to the facial feedback hypothesis, expressing an emotion should ______. a) diminish it b) change it c) intensify it d) have no impact on it
C
Assume that you want to perform well on this test, but you feel anxious about your ability to do so. In this case, your desire to perform well is related to your _____ state, while your anxiety is related to your _____ state. a) conscious; unconscious b) unconscious; conscious c) motivational; emotions d) emotional; motivational
C
Complex emotions like jealousy, embarrassment, or love are BEST explained by _____. a) the Cannon-Bard theory b) the James-Lange theory c) Schachter's two-factor theory d) the facial feedback hypothesis
C
Early research by Washburn suggested that stomach contractions caused hunger sensations. Later research showed that the presence of the balloon in Washburn's stomach had caused digestive contractions, not hunger contractions. This is an example of the effects of _____ variables on scientific research. a) independent b) dependent c) extraneous d) controlled
C
Extrinsic rewards tend to decrease enjoyment of an activity because they _____. a) are secondary rather than primary reinforcers b) are negative rather than positive reinforcers c) change our explanation for engaging in an activity d) provide inadequate justification for most activities
C
Gaston and Page got married on a high bridge and started their honeymoon with a bungee-jump from the bridge. Which type of motive BEST explains their behavior? a) The achievement motive b) The drive reduction motive c) The arousal motive d) The need for self-actualization
C
Harold has a high need for achievement. Based on this information, you can most accurately predict that given an opportunity to throw ten free shots from anywhere on a basketball court, Harold will stand _____. a) as close to the basket as possible b) just far enough from the basket to assure that he will never miss c) far enough away from the basket for it to be challenging, but close enough to allow for some successes d) incredibly far away so that if he makes at least one basket, observers will be very impressed
C
In Somalia, refugees often sacrificed their own safety in efforts to help others. This behavior refutes a basic premise of which theory of motivation? a) Incentive theory b) Drive-reduction theory c) Maslow's theory d) Cognitive theory
C
In a Duchenne smile, the cheek muscles are pulled back, and the muscles around the _____ also contract. a) nose b) mouth c) eyes d) ears
C
In recent times, the case for instincts in humans has been supported by _____. a) incentive theorists b) behaviorists c) sociobiologists d) psychoanalysts
C
In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, the thalamus sends simultaneous messages to the _____. a) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system b) endocrine system and muscular system c) cortex and autonomic nervous system d) parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system
C
In the classic motivation study by Lepper, Greene, and Nisbett, children who were _____ continued to show more of an interest in drawing than children in the other groups. a) promised Good Player certificates for previous drawings b) given unexpected Good Player certificates for previous drawings c) neither promised nor given Good Player certificates for previous drawings d) verbally encouraged to draw
C
If we are walking in the woods and jump because we think we see a snake (that ends up being a stick), that fear reaction without conscious fear originates in the _____. a) amygdala b) hypothalamus c) cortex d) limbic system e) both A and D
E
Which is NOT a facet of emotional intelligence Abraham Lincoln possessed? a) Magnanimity b) Humor c) Empathy d) Self-control e) All are facets he possessed
E