psychology ch 13 continued

Catell

16PF; defined traits into two types: surface and source; 16 source traits with a possible 7 more

expectancy and reinforcement value

2 influencing factors on a person's decision to act in a certain way given a particular situation; ROTTER

inherited traits

25 to 50 percent

16PF

Cattell; based on 16 source traits seen on a continuum with two opposite traits at each end

factor analysis

Cattell; statistical technique that looks for groupings and commonalities in numerical data

more

It is _______ likely for one's real self and ideal self to match if they are realistic

Rotter

Like Bandura, _______ also believed that an interaction of factors would determine the behavioral patterns that become personality for an individual

positive psychology

Maslow; need for focus on human potential rather than problems; now strive to understand how human beings prosper during difficult times and focuses on science of subjective, individual, and group factors that foster positive experiences.

situation interaction

Mischel; the particular circumstances of any given situation are assumed to influence the way in which a trait is expressed

positive regard

Rogers; warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others;

stable; pattern

Rotter viewed personality as a relatively _______ set of potential responses to various situations. e.g. if in the past, responding a certain way led to reinforcing or pleasurable consequences, that way of responding would become a ________ of responding, or part of the "personality as learning theorists see it"

IS

Rotter's expectancy is or isn't similar to Bandura's self efficiency

locus of control

Rotter; the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives

most

______ psychological professionals use the eclectic view

trait

a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving, and trait theories attempt to describe personality in terms of a person's traits.

situation interaction example

a outgoing extravert will act different at a party versus a funeral

fully functioning person

a person who is in the process of self-actuallizing, actively exploring potentials and abilities and experiencing a match between the real self and ideal self

self efficiency

a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a gaol will be in a particular circumstance

personality inventory

a questionnaire that has a standard list of questions and only requires certain specific answers;

habits

a set of learned responses that make up personality as believed by behaviorists

Rotter's Social Learning Theory

a theory based on a basic principle of motivation derived from Thorndike's Law of Effect: people are motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment

vital

according to Rogers, having positive regard is _______ to people's ability to cope with stress and to strive to achieve self-acualization

five-factor model

also called Big Five; 5 dimensions that represent the core description of human personality- the only dimension necessary to understand what makes us tick.

traditional behaviorist

attribute shy personality as a result of a child avoiding a strict parent's attention that would result in fewer punishments so that avoidance is negatively reinforced causing later the child to avoid all authority figures

social cognitive view

behavior is governed not just by the influence of external stimuli and response patterns but also by cognitive processes; Bandura

doesn't; social

behaviorism ________ take mental processes into account when explaining behavior nor does it give weight to _______ influences on behavior.

limits

behaviorism as an explanation has its ________

Allport

believed that traits were literally wired into the nervous system (w/out science evidence) to guide one's behavior across many different situations and that each person's constellation of traits was unique

Bandura

believes that 3 factors influence one another in determining the patterns of behavior that make up personality: the environment, the behavior itself, and personal or cognitive factors that the person brings into the situation from their earlier experiences

adoption studies

confirm what twin studies have shown - genetic influences account for a great deal of personality development

Thematic Apperception Test

consists of 20 pictures, all black and white, that are shown to a client and the client is asked to tell a story about these

greatest impact of humanistic view

development of therapies designed to promote self-growth and help people better understand themselves and others

behavioral genetics

devoted to the study of just how much of an individual's personality is due to inherited traits

reciprocal determinism

each factor affects the other 2 in a reciprocal or give and take relationship; works with bandura's 3 factors

Allport

early attempt to list and describe the traits that make up personality; scanned dictionary for words that could be traits, found about 18,000 traits then paring down to 200 traits after eliminating synonyms

neuroticism

emotional instability or stability; excessive worrying, over anxious, and moody; big 5

social cognitive learning theorists

emphasize both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectations on learning,

low self efficiency

expect to fail and tend to avoid challenges

big 5

extraversion, aggreeableness, neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness

humanistic perspective

focus on things that make people uniquely human,, such as subjective emotions and freedom to close one's own destiny;

interview

for psychological purposes this is more likely to be unstructured and flow naturally from the beginning dialogue between the client and the psychologist

collectivistic culture

from birth, deeply tied into very very strong in groups, typically extended families

Big 5

has 50 percent heritability other 50 percent is environment

social cognitive learning

holds that observational learning, modeling, and other cognitive learning techniques can lead to the formation of patterns of personality

heritability

how much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influences and the extent individual genetic variation impact differences in observed behavior

Self-actualizing tendency

human beings are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities, and to become everything that their genetic potential will allow them to become; maslow and rogers

self concept

important tool in self-actualization that is the development of an image of oneself; based on what people are told by others and how the sense of self is reflected in the words and actions of important people in ones life.

extraversion

jung; extroverts vs. introverts; big 5

trait theories

less concerned with explanation for personality development and changing personality than they are with describing personality and predicting behavior based on that description

conditional positive regard

love, affection, respect and warmth that depend, or seem to depend, on doing what those people want; e.g parents brought daughter up with expectations that she would be a doctor, so daughter does it in order to be "loved"

unconditional positive regard

love, affection, respect with no strings attached is necessary fro people to be able to explore fully all that they can achieve and become

source traits

more basic traits that underlie the surface traits; e.g. introversion

high self efficiency

more persistent and expect to succeed

fully functioning person

needs unconditional positive regard

internal locus of control example

nina appreciates compliments but really values constructive criticism as she can address the problems

rating scale

numerical rating is assigned either by the assessor or client, for specific behaviors

problems with rating scales and frequency counts

observer effect and observer bias

real self

one's actual perception of characteristics, traits, and other abilities that form the basis of the striving for self-actualization

Rogers

only a person who is fully functioning is capable of reaching the goal of self-actualization; true feelings and innermost needs, do not follow crowd

external locus of control

people who assume that their lives are more controlled by powerful others, luck, or fate

internal locus of control

people who assume that their own actions and decisions directly affect the consequences they experience have this

competent and capable

people who have close real-self to ideal-self are ______ and _________

anxious and neurotic

people who have mismatch of real self to ideal self are

depression and learned helplessness

people with external locus of control can fall into these

more

personality inventory is ______ objective and reliable than projective tests

openness

persons willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences; big 5

halo effect

problem with interview; tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting, so that all of a person's comments and behavior after that first impression of someone will be interpreted to agree with the impression

Rorschach Inkblot test

projective test develped in 1921 by Hermann rorschach; 10 inkblot: 5 color and 5 black ink;controversial in scoring

subjective

projective tests are very ______ (valid only within the person's own perception); and other problems are validity and reliability

projective tests

psychoanalysts

interviews

psychoanalysts, humanistic therapies

direct observation

psychologist observes the client engaging in ordinary, everyday behavior, preferably in the natural setting of a home, school, or workplace

humanistic

referred to as 3rd force of psych; based on maslow and rogers

masculinity/femininity

referring to how a culture distributes the roles played by men and women in this culture, this dimension varies more with men than women

reinforcement value

refers to an individual's preference for a particular reinforcer over all possible reinforcing consequences

conscientiousness

refers to person's organization and motivation - careful in belongings and being places on time; big 5

agreeableness

refers to the basic emotional style of a person who may be easygoing, friendly, and pleasant; big 5

expectancy

refers to the person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence;

surface traits

representing the personality characteristics easily seen by other people, like those found with Allport e.g. shyness, being quiet, and disliking crowds

behaviorist

researcher who uses principles of conditioning to explain the actions and reactions of both animals and humans

social cognitive theorist

researchers who emphasize the influence of social and cognitive factors of learning

Minnesota twin study

reveals that identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins or unrelated people in intelligence, leadership qualities, the tendency to follow rules and uphold traditional cultural expectations; holds true even if twins are raised in separate environments

NOT

self efficiency and self-esteem are or are not the same?

Maslow

self-actualization is a goal that people are always striving to reach; creative, autonomous, and unprejudiced = self actual

projective tests

show clients ambiguous stimuli in hoping that the client will project unconscious stimuli and ask the clients to tell them what they see. used to explore a client's personality or used as a diagnostic tool to uncover problems in personality

too;enabled

some critics argue that human personality and behavior are ____ complex to explain as a result of cognitions and external stimuli interacting; others point out that this viewpoint has ___________ development of effective learning theory therapies that change behavior.

humanist

some critics argue that the _______ view ignores the more negative aspects of human nature; e.g can this view explain motivation behind terrorism?

uncertainty avoidance

some cultures are more tolerant of uncertainty and unstructured situations

individualistic culture

tend to have loose ties between individuals with people tending to look after themselves and their immediate families only; USA and Great Britain

frequency count

the assessor literally counts the frequency of certain behaviors within a specified time limit

power distance

the degree to which the less powerful members of a culture accept and even expect that the power within the culture is held in the hands of a select few rather than being more evenly distributed

scientifically

the humanist view is very difficult to test __________

ideal self

the perception of what one should be or would like to be; primarily comes from significant others in ones life-especially parents during adolescence

all cultures

there is evidence that the big 5 carries over to _____ _________

higher

things or circumstances that are particularly appealing to us have _______ reinforcement value than other possible reinforcers

more; less

trait theories are _____ concerned with predicting personality, and ______ concerned with describing personality

personality inventories

trait theorists

social cognitive view

unlike psychoanalysis, the concepts in this theory can and have been scientifically tested; includes social and mental processes and their influences on behavior

ADHD and social-skills

use rating scales and frequency counts to measure:

eclectic view

way of choosing the parts of different theories that seem to best fit a particular situation, rather than using only 1 theory to explain a phenomenon