psychology ch 13 continued
Catell
16PF; defined traits into two types: surface and source; 16 source traits with a possible 7 more
expectancy and reinforcement value
2 influencing factors on a person's decision to act in a certain way given a particular situation; ROTTER
inherited traits
25 to 50 percent
16PF
Cattell; based on 16 source traits seen on a continuum with two opposite traits at each end
factor analysis
Cattell; statistical technique that looks for groupings and commonalities in numerical data
more
It is _______ likely for one's real self and ideal self to match if they are realistic
Rotter
Like Bandura, _______ also believed that an interaction of factors would determine the behavioral patterns that become personality for an individual
positive psychology
Maslow; need for focus on human potential rather than problems; now strive to understand how human beings prosper during difficult times and focuses on science of subjective, individual, and group factors that foster positive experiences.
situation interaction
Mischel; the particular circumstances of any given situation are assumed to influence the way in which a trait is expressed
positive regard
Rogers; warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others;
stable; pattern
Rotter viewed personality as a relatively _______ set of potential responses to various situations. e.g. if in the past, responding a certain way led to reinforcing or pleasurable consequences, that way of responding would become a ________ of responding, or part of the "personality as learning theorists see it"
IS
Rotter's expectancy is or isn't similar to Bandura's self efficiency
locus of control
Rotter; the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives
most
______ psychological professionals use the eclectic view
trait
a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving, and trait theories attempt to describe personality in terms of a person's traits.
situation interaction example
a outgoing extravert will act different at a party versus a funeral
fully functioning person
a person who is in the process of self-actuallizing, actively exploring potentials and abilities and experiencing a match between the real self and ideal self
self efficiency
a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a gaol will be in a particular circumstance
personality inventory
a questionnaire that has a standard list of questions and only requires certain specific answers;
habits
a set of learned responses that make up personality as believed by behaviorists
Rotter's Social Learning Theory
a theory based on a basic principle of motivation derived from Thorndike's Law of Effect: people are motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment
vital
according to Rogers, having positive regard is _______ to people's ability to cope with stress and to strive to achieve self-acualization
five-factor model
also called Big Five; 5 dimensions that represent the core description of human personality- the only dimension necessary to understand what makes us tick.
traditional behaviorist
attribute shy personality as a result of a child avoiding a strict parent's attention that would result in fewer punishments so that avoidance is negatively reinforced causing later the child to avoid all authority figures
social cognitive view
behavior is governed not just by the influence of external stimuli and response patterns but also by cognitive processes; Bandura
doesn't; social
behaviorism ________ take mental processes into account when explaining behavior nor does it give weight to _______ influences on behavior.
limits
behaviorism as an explanation has its ________
Allport
believed that traits were literally wired into the nervous system (w/out science evidence) to guide one's behavior across many different situations and that each person's constellation of traits was unique
Bandura
believes that 3 factors influence one another in determining the patterns of behavior that make up personality: the environment, the behavior itself, and personal or cognitive factors that the person brings into the situation from their earlier experiences
adoption studies
confirm what twin studies have shown - genetic influences account for a great deal of personality development
Thematic Apperception Test
consists of 20 pictures, all black and white, that are shown to a client and the client is asked to tell a story about these
greatest impact of humanistic view
development of therapies designed to promote self-growth and help people better understand themselves and others
behavioral genetics
devoted to the study of just how much of an individual's personality is due to inherited traits
reciprocal determinism
each factor affects the other 2 in a reciprocal or give and take relationship; works with bandura's 3 factors
Allport
early attempt to list and describe the traits that make up personality; scanned dictionary for words that could be traits, found about 18,000 traits then paring down to 200 traits after eliminating synonyms
neuroticism
emotional instability or stability; excessive worrying, over anxious, and moody; big 5
social cognitive learning theorists
emphasize both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectations on learning,
low self efficiency
expect to fail and tend to avoid challenges
big 5
extraversion, aggreeableness, neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness
humanistic perspective
focus on things that make people uniquely human,, such as subjective emotions and freedom to close one's own destiny;
interview
for psychological purposes this is more likely to be unstructured and flow naturally from the beginning dialogue between the client and the psychologist
collectivistic culture
from birth, deeply tied into very very strong in groups, typically extended families
Big 5
has 50 percent heritability other 50 percent is environment
social cognitive learning
holds that observational learning, modeling, and other cognitive learning techniques can lead to the formation of patterns of personality
heritability
how much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influences and the extent individual genetic variation impact differences in observed behavior
Self-actualizing tendency
human beings are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities, and to become everything that their genetic potential will allow them to become; maslow and rogers
self concept
important tool in self-actualization that is the development of an image of oneself; based on what people are told by others and how the sense of self is reflected in the words and actions of important people in ones life.
extraversion
jung; extroverts vs. introverts; big 5
trait theories
less concerned with explanation for personality development and changing personality than they are with describing personality and predicting behavior based on that description
conditional positive regard
love, affection, respect and warmth that depend, or seem to depend, on doing what those people want; e.g parents brought daughter up with expectations that she would be a doctor, so daughter does it in order to be "loved"
unconditional positive regard
love, affection, respect with no strings attached is necessary fro people to be able to explore fully all that they can achieve and become
source traits
more basic traits that underlie the surface traits; e.g. introversion
high self efficiency
more persistent and expect to succeed
fully functioning person
needs unconditional positive regard
internal locus of control example
nina appreciates compliments but really values constructive criticism as she can address the problems
rating scale
numerical rating is assigned either by the assessor or client, for specific behaviors
problems with rating scales and frequency counts
observer effect and observer bias
real self
one's actual perception of characteristics, traits, and other abilities that form the basis of the striving for self-actualization
Rogers
only a person who is fully functioning is capable of reaching the goal of self-actualization; true feelings and innermost needs, do not follow crowd
external locus of control
people who assume that their lives are more controlled by powerful others, luck, or fate
internal locus of control
people who assume that their own actions and decisions directly affect the consequences they experience have this
competent and capable
people who have close real-self to ideal-self are ______ and _________
anxious and neurotic
people who have mismatch of real self to ideal self are
depression and learned helplessness
people with external locus of control can fall into these
more
personality inventory is ______ objective and reliable than projective tests
openness
persons willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences; big 5
halo effect
problem with interview; tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting, so that all of a person's comments and behavior after that first impression of someone will be interpreted to agree with the impression
Rorschach Inkblot test
projective test develped in 1921 by Hermann rorschach; 10 inkblot: 5 color and 5 black ink;controversial in scoring
subjective
projective tests are very ______ (valid only within the person's own perception); and other problems are validity and reliability
projective tests
psychoanalysts
interviews
psychoanalysts, humanistic therapies
direct observation
psychologist observes the client engaging in ordinary, everyday behavior, preferably in the natural setting of a home, school, or workplace
humanistic
referred to as 3rd force of psych; based on maslow and rogers
masculinity/femininity
referring to how a culture distributes the roles played by men and women in this culture, this dimension varies more with men than women
reinforcement value
refers to an individual's preference for a particular reinforcer over all possible reinforcing consequences
conscientiousness
refers to person's organization and motivation - careful in belongings and being places on time; big 5
agreeableness
refers to the basic emotional style of a person who may be easygoing, friendly, and pleasant; big 5
expectancy
refers to the person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence;
surface traits
representing the personality characteristics easily seen by other people, like those found with Allport e.g. shyness, being quiet, and disliking crowds
behaviorist
researcher who uses principles of conditioning to explain the actions and reactions of both animals and humans
social cognitive theorist
researchers who emphasize the influence of social and cognitive factors of learning
Minnesota twin study
reveals that identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins or unrelated people in intelligence, leadership qualities, the tendency to follow rules and uphold traditional cultural expectations; holds true even if twins are raised in separate environments
NOT
self efficiency and self-esteem are or are not the same?
Maslow
self-actualization is a goal that people are always striving to reach; creative, autonomous, and unprejudiced = self actual
projective tests
show clients ambiguous stimuli in hoping that the client will project unconscious stimuli and ask the clients to tell them what they see. used to explore a client's personality or used as a diagnostic tool to uncover problems in personality
too;enabled
some critics argue that human personality and behavior are ____ complex to explain as a result of cognitions and external stimuli interacting; others point out that this viewpoint has ___________ development of effective learning theory therapies that change behavior.
humanist
some critics argue that the _______ view ignores the more negative aspects of human nature; e.g can this view explain motivation behind terrorism?
uncertainty avoidance
some cultures are more tolerant of uncertainty and unstructured situations
individualistic culture
tend to have loose ties between individuals with people tending to look after themselves and their immediate families only; USA and Great Britain
frequency count
the assessor literally counts the frequency of certain behaviors within a specified time limit
power distance
the degree to which the less powerful members of a culture accept and even expect that the power within the culture is held in the hands of a select few rather than being more evenly distributed
scientifically
the humanist view is very difficult to test __________
ideal self
the perception of what one should be or would like to be; primarily comes from significant others in ones life-especially parents during adolescence
all cultures
there is evidence that the big 5 carries over to _____ _________
higher
things or circumstances that are particularly appealing to us have _______ reinforcement value than other possible reinforcers
more; less
trait theories are _____ concerned with predicting personality, and ______ concerned with describing personality
personality inventories
trait theorists
social cognitive view
unlike psychoanalysis, the concepts in this theory can and have been scientifically tested; includes social and mental processes and their influences on behavior
ADHD and social-skills
use rating scales and frequency counts to measure:
eclectic view
way of choosing the parts of different theories that seem to best fit a particular situation, rather than using only 1 theory to explain a phenomenon