Psychology Ch. 6

Learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Models

Individuals preforming the imitated behavior

In classical conditioned terms, there is a _______ weakening and ____________ of the conditioned response

gradual ; disappearance

Reflexes

motor or neutral reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

number of responses needed for a reward varies, most powerful partial reinforcement schedule

classical conditioning

unconscious processes

Observational Learning can occur

1. You learn a new response 2. You choose whether or not to imitate the model depending on what you saw happen to the model 3. You learning a general rule that you can apply to other situations

Unconditioned Response

Reaction to a given stimulus

Robert Rescarla

Demonstrated how powerfully an organism can learn to predict the unconditioned stimulus from the conditioned stimulus

Extinction

Decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus alone

What was Pavlov area of interest ?

Digestive System

Instincts and reflexes are both ______ behaviors that organisms are born with

Innate (unlearned )

Cognitive Map

Mental picture of the layout of the maze

Vicarious Punishment

Model was punished, you will be less motivated to copy

Vicarious Reinforcement

Model was reinforced for her behavior , motivated to copy her

What is salivating to food in the mouth?

Reflexive

Pavlov measured the amount of ________ produced in response to various food

Saliva

Stimulus Discrimination

When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

Pavlov (1849-1936)

a Russian scientist, performed extensive research on dogs and is best known for his experiments in classical conditioning

Taste Aversion

a type of conditioning in which an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus (something ingested) and the unconditioned stimulus (nausea or illness)

Conditioned response

caused by conditioned stimulus

Operant conditioning

conscious processes

classical and operant conditioning learning occurs only through _____ experience

direct

Neutral stimulus

does not naturally elicit a response

John B. Watson

founder of behaviorism

Instincts

innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not observable on behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it

research suggest that this imitative learning involves a specific type of _______ called

neuron ; mirror neuron

Secondary reinforcer

no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer

stimulus generalization

opposite stimulus discrimination

acquisition

organism that learns to connect a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

Pavlov was a _________ not a ___________

physiologist ; psychologist

Observational Learning

process of watching others and them imitating what they do

The reinforcement schedule is the

quickest way to teach someone a behavior , and is effective in training a new behavior

Variable internal

reinforcement is delivered at predicable number of responses

Fixed internal

reinforcement is delivered at predicable time intervals

Primary Reinforcer

reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities

Variable Ratio

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Observational learning adds ______ and _______ layers to all the basic associative processes

social , cognitive

Physiologist

study processes of organisms, from the molecular level to the level of cells

Garcia and Koelling (1966)

taste aversions could be conditioned ; biological constraints to learning

Partial reinforcement

the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they preform the desired behavior

Variable interval reinforcement schedule

the person or animal gets the reinforcement based on varying amounts of time

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

there are a set of number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded

What are primary reinforcers

water, food, shelter, sex and touch

classical conditioning

we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events

associative learning

when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

Continuous reinforcement

when an organism recieves a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior

Fixed interval reinforcement schedule

when behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time