Psychology Chapter 1

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? John Watson Sigmund Freud Wilhelm Wundt William James Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

John Watson

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________. interpret dreams study the structure and characteristics of the mind Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 manipulate human behavior study the function of behavior

study the function of behavior

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation? forensic legal Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 counseling cognitive

forensic

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. gestalt humanism structuralism Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 behaviorism

humanism

Psychology refers to the systematic study of human interaction Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 empirical study of humanity scientific study of the mind experimental study of individuals

scientific study of the mind.

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion. Fifth Dimension Either-Or H.O.P.E.S. Five Factor Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

Five Factor Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________ understanding the id, ego, and superego Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts explaining the subconscious the operation of individual parts of the mind

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? data collection experiment hypothesis observation Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 2.1, 2.4

Hypothesis

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. personality social Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 developmental cognitive

developmental

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait. neuroticism conscientiousness openness Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 agreeableness

neuroticism

The empirical method of study is based on statistics Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 2.4 practice guesswork observation

Observation

Dr. Bogdarian noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother. structuralism Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 Gestalt psychology psychoanalytic theory functionalism

Psychoanalytic theory

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist? Wilhelm Wundt William James Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.5 Wolfgang Köhler Sigmund Freud

Wilhelm Wundt

Behaviorists all focus on ________ individual attitudes the internal motivation for action physiological responses that result in action the subconscious Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

physiological responses that result in action

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________. Gestalt psychology psychoanalysis personality social psychology Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

social psychology Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? 1600s 1700s 1800s 1900sDifficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

1800s

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology? whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 what personality traits are present more often in men compared to women how the age of a leader affects the productivity of the group whether culture influences perception

whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy? Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment. Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it.

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research? Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure. Our mothers have an enormous impact on our personality. Everyday behavior can be explained by instincts developed in our ancestral population. What we sense and what we perceive vary according to culture, race, and gender. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2

Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure.

Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy? William James Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 Wilhelm Wundt Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow

Carl Rogers

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States? Naomi Weisstein Carl Rogers Noam Chomsky Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 Francis Cecil Sumner

Francis Cecil Sumner

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy. Dr. Hysock-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 2.4 A student in a psychology class writes his term paper on whether or not fish feel pain.

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 2.4

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. structuralism Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 psychoanalytic theory humanism Gestalt psychology

Gestalt psychology

Which of the following exemplifies a personality trait? Marsha has three children. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1 Greg eats a cupcake. Ida is charming. James has blue eyes.

Ida is charming

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology? It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior. It is easy to disprove theories developed by evolutionary psychologists. There are no female evolutionary psychologists. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.4 Short Answer It places too much emphasis on genetic factors in determining human behavior.

It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior.

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why? The elderly are contracting more cognitive diseases. Populations of developed nations are living longer. Populations of developing nations are dying sooner. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 People in developed nations revere the elderly.

Populations of developed nations are living longer

What is Abraham Maslow best known for? classical conditioning proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior dream analysis studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality? Noam Chomsky Jean Piaget Charles Darwin Sigmund Freud Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

Sigmund Freud Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States? The proponents were Nazis. European psychology is not as rigorous as American psychology. The theories were not based on measurable data. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil. The word "people" should be changed to the word "children." The word "people" should be changed to the word "groups." The word "potential" should be changed to the word "use." Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 The word "evil" should be changed to the word "good."

The word "evil" should be changed to the word "good."

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common? They were all concerned with describing and understanding animal behavior. They were all concerned with diagnosing and treating female psychosis. They were all concerned with the nature of evil during the Nazi regime. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, Buss (1989) found that men value youthful appearance more than women. Why? Youthful looks provide fertility clues. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 2.2 Women are not as superficial as men. Men are more sexually responsive with younger women. Men need to display their mates as a trophy.

Youthful looks provide fertility clues. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 2.2

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. sexual identity Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 a person's unconscious fetal development a person's consciousness

a person's unconscious

When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the ________ trait. neuroticism agreeableness conscientiousness openness Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

agreeableness

Critical thinking is applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information applying information to understand and evaluate social phenomena reviewing information on the Internet to develop a critical opinion on it Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 applying a set of skills to find information about a controversial topic

applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information.

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.

basic survival needs

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________. humanist biopsychologist social psychologist Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 developmental psychologist

biopsychologist

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology? studying psychological gender differences Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 favoring women over men discovering the contributions of women to psychology questioning the practice of science itself when it is male biased

favoring women over men

William James was the ________. author of the first psychology textbook first psychoanalyst Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 father of psychology first American psychologist

first American psychologist

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. her own subconscious experience another person's consciousness* her own conscious experience the social construction of consciousness Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3

her own conscious experience

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? primarily biology; individual psychology and social factors are sometimes relevant interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors applying biological principles to the psychology of a healthy social life successful application of biopsychological principles to social life Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________. behaviorism introspection psychoanalysis Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3 client-centered therapy

introspection

Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking? maintaining an attitude of skepticism making use of logical thinking recognizing internal biases Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 knowing your opinion is correct

knowing your opinion is correct

Behaviorists study ________. chemical and hormonal changes dreams a person's unconscious mind learned behavior Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

learned behavior Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior. humanism operant conditioning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 classical conditioning functionalism

operant conditioning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________

personality

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________. emotions and cultural norms that underlie emotional responses stimulus-response and the instincts that underlie human reaction to pain the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 genetics and the evolutionary adaptations that underlie behavior

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________. seemingly innocent slips of the tongue examination of the first words that come to someone's mind dream analysis the use of reinforcement and punishment Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

the use of reinforcement and punishment Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________ sensation and the effect of culture on perception the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2