Psychology Chapter 2

Gray matter in the brain consists of _________ neurons

non-myelinated

____________ is a neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions

Acetylcholine

Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This is known as the__________.

All or none principle

Studies show that the ______ is connected with aggressive behavior in monkeys, cats, and other animals

Amygdala

Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from _________ and depression to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, alcoholism, and personality disorders

Anxiety

Norepinephrine is involved in general ______ learning and memory and eating

Arousal

A neuron has an __________that extends like a trunk from the cell body

Axon

The presence of an extra __________ on the 21st pair causes Down's Syndrome

Chromosome

A _________________ scan reveals deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems

Computerized axial tomography

Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of ________

Dopamine

The process by which a neural impulse travel is _______

Electrochemical

The __________ is the body's system of ductless glands that secrete hormones and release them directly into the bloodstream

Endocrine system

_________ intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety

Epinephrine

_______ relatives have a genetic overlap of about 50 percent

First-degree

Botulism disease stems from __________ and prevents the release of acetylcholine

Food poisoning

Monozygotic twins share 100 percent of their ______

Genes

_____ remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system

Gland cells

An _____ is a stereotypes pattern of behavior that is triggered in a specific situation

Instinct

The _________ is a group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum

Limbic system

Testosterone stokes the growth of muscle and bone and the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in a ______ body

Male

Prolactin regulates ______ behavior in lower mammals

Maternal

The ______ of the brain plays roles in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing

Medulla

Heredity defines one's _____, which is based on biological structures and processes.

Nature

The ____ uses oxygen and nutrients to generate the energy needed to carry out the work of a neuron cell

Nucleus

The __________ division is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore the body's reserve of energy

Parasympathetic

________ represents an interaction of one's nature and nurture

Phenotype

The ______ gland lies below the hypothalamus and is dubbed the "master gland"

Pituitary

Some researchers consider the ___________ to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems

Prefrontal cortex

A _______ period is a time during which a neuron is insensitive to messages from other neurons

Refractory

The ___________ is vital in the functions of attention, sleep, and arousal

Reticular formation

Serotonin is involved in emotional arousal and ____

Sleep

In the brain and the ______ make up the central nervous system

Spinal Cord

A neuron relays its message to another neuron across a junction called a ________

Synapse

The hearing or auditory area of the cortex lies in the _________ lobe along the lateral fissure of the cerebral cortex

Temporal

People with sever cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of ________________ is severed

The corpus callosum