Psychology Chapter 2 Test
The development of a strong emotional bond between infant and parent is called _____________.
Attatchment
Parents who impose rules and expect obedience are exhibiting a(n) __________ style of parenting.
Authoritarian
Setting and enforcing standards after discussion with their children is the approach taken by _____________ parents.
Authoritative
The outer ear channels sound waves toward the _________, a tight membrane that then vibrates.
Eardrum
Preschoolers have difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view. This inability is called ___________.
Egocentrism
When we view a scene, we see the central object, or __________, as distinct from its surroundings, or the ___________.
Figure; Ground
In Piaget's final stage, the _____________ stage, reasoning expands from the purely concrete to encompass ___________ thinking.
Formal Operational; Abstract
An object partially covered by another is seen as farther away: _________________.
Interposition
An artist paints a tree orchard so that the parallel rows of trees converge at the top of the canvas. The artist has used the monocular cue of ___________________ to convey distance.
Linear Perspective
Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance: _____________________.
Linear Perspective
Although older adults are _________ susceptible to life-threatening ailments, they suffer from short-term ailments such as flu _________ often than younger adults.
More; Less
Walking down the street, you see a pole that seems to partially cover a wall. You perceive the pole as ___________ than the wall.
Nearer
The awareness that things continue to exist even when they are removed from view is called ___________.
Object Permanence
The process by which sensations are organized and interpreted is ______________.
Perception
Parents who make few demands of their children and tend to submit to their children's desires are identified as ___________ parents.
Permissive
If two objects are presumed to be the same size, the one that casts a smaller retinal image is perceived as farther away: _____________.
Relative Size
The retina's receptor cells are the __________ and __________.
Rods; Cones
To organize and interpret his or her experiences, the developing child constructs concepts or mental models called ___________.
Schemas
The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals is ___________.
Sensation
The speed of neural processing __________ during late adulthood. Studies of developmental changes in learning and memory show that during adulthood there is a decline in the ability to ___________ new information but not in the ability to ___________ such information.
Slows; Recall; Recognize
Compared to when he was younger, 4 year-old Antonio is better able to empathize with his friend's feelings. This growing ability to take another's perspective indicates that Antonio is acquiring a ________________.
Theory of Mind
The process of changing one form of energy into the form that your brain can use is called _____________.
Transduction
Before Piaget, people were more likely to believe that a. The child's mind is a miniature model of the adult's. b. Children think about the world in radically different ways from adults. c. The child's mind develops through a series of stages. d. Children interpret their experiences in terms of their current understandings
a
During which stage of cognitive development do children begin to show object permanence? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Concrete operational d. Formal operational
a
Hypnagogic sensations are most closely associated with ________ sleep. a. NREM-1 b. NREM-2 c. NREM-3 d. REM
a
The McDougals use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDougals as ________ parents. a. authoritarian b. egocentric c. permissive d. authoritative
a
The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the a. suprachiasmatic nucleus. b. hippocampus. c. amygdala. d. brainstem.
a
The cognitive ability that has been shown to decline during adulthood is the ability to a. Recall new information. b. Recognize new information. c. Learn meaningful new material. d. Use judgment in dealing with daily life problems.
a
The phenomenon that refers to the ways in which an individual's expectations influence perceptions is called: a. Perceptual set. b. Retinal disparity. c. Interposition. d. Kinesthesis.
a
The principles of continuity and closure best illustrate that a. sensations are organized into meaningful patterns. b. perception is the direct product of sensation. c. cultural experiences shape perception. d. visual information is especially likely to capture our attention.
a
The receptors for taste are located in the a. Taste buds. b. Cochlea. c. Thalamus. d. Cortex.
a
Which is the correct sequence of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development? a. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational b. Sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational c. Preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational d. Preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational
a
Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which sound travels after entering the ear? a. Auditory canal, eardrum, middle ear, cochlea b. Eardrum, auditory canal, middle ear, cochlea c. Eardrum, middle ear, cochlea, auditory canal d. Cochlea, eardrum, middle ear, auditory canal
a
Although Sue Yen sees her chemistry professor several times a week, she didn't recognize the professor when she saw her in the grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of a. bottom-up processing. b. context effects. c. priming. d. sensory adaptation.
b
Dr. Birkin's major research interest is the development of motor skills in children. It is most likely that Dr. Birkin is a ________ psychologist. a. cognitive b. developmental c. biological d. psychodynamic
b
People who regularly sleep less than normal experience a(n) ________ risk of depression and a(n) ________ risk of gaining weight. a. decreased; decreased b. increased; increased c. decreased; increased d. increased; decreased
b
Piaget held that egocentrism is characteristic of the a. Sensorimotor stage. b. Preoperational stage. c. Concrete operational stage. d. Formal operational stage.
b
The Harlows' studies of attachment in monkeys showed that a. Nourishment was the single most important factor motivating attachment. b. A cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response. c. Whether a cloth or wire mother was present mattered less than the presence or absence of other infants. d. Attachment in monkeys is based on stability.
b
The same brand of chocolate truffles tasted better to Julia when she thought they cost $20 a pound than when she thought they cost half that much. This best illustrates the impact of a. the volley principle. b. top-down processing. c. synesthesia. d. precognition.
b
The tendency to organize stimuli into smooth, uninterrupted patterns is called a. Closure. b. Continuity. c. Disparity. d. Proximity.
b
The transduction of light energy into nerve impulses takes place in the a. Iris. b. Retina. c. Lens. d. Optic nerve.
b
With the approach of night, our body temperature begins to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the a. hypnagogic state. b. circadian rhythm. c. alpha wave pattern. d. REM rebound.
b
. The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously is called a. the cocktail party effect. b. the popout phenomenon. c. parallel processing. d. blindsight
c
According to Piaget, the ability to reason abstractly is characteristic of the stage of a. Preoperational thought. b. Concrete operations. c. Formal operations. d. Fluid intelligence.
c
Adding two large numbers together by consciously focusing on and solving each subcomponent of the task in serial order best illustrates a. the popout phenomenon. b. the two-track mind. c. sequential processing. d. change blindness.
c
After the first thirty to forty-five minutes of sleep, you have progressed from NREM-1 to NREM-3 sleep. After this, you ______. a. go in to a prolonged non-REM period b. enter REM sleep c. progress back up the ladder from NREM-3 to NREM-2 to NREM-1 d. go back to stage one
c
Children's sense that their parents are trustworthy and dependable is most indicative of a. maturation. b. accommodation. c. secure attachment. d. object permanence.
c
Figure is to ground as _____ is to _____. a. Night; day b. Top; bottom c. Cloud; sky d. Sensation; perception
c
Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of a. egocentrism. b. object permanence. c. insecure attachment. d. self-awareness.
c
The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energies into neural impulses is called a. priming. b. sensory adaptation. c. transduction. d. signal detection.
c
A critical period is a phase during which a. children frequently disobey and resist their parents. 12 b. children become able to think hypothetically and reason abstractly. c. parents frequently show impatience with a child's slowness in becoming toilet trained. d. exposure to certain experiences is needed for proper development.
d
According to Freud, dreams are the key to understanding our inner conflicts. In interpreting dreams, Freud was most interested in their a. Information-processing function. b. Physiological function. c. Manifest content or story line. d. Latent content or symbolic meaning.
d
Brain regions that are active as people learn to perform a visual-discrimination task are especially likely to be active again later as they experience a. night terrors. b. narcolepsy. c. sleep apnea. d. REM sleep.
d
Compared with parallel processing, sequential processing tends to be ________ conscious and better for solving ________ problems. a. less; novel b. more; familiar c. less; familiar d. more; novel
d
Figures tend to be perceived as whole, complete objects, even if spaces or gaps exist in the representation, thus demonstrating the principle of a. Interposition. b. Retinal disparity. c. Continuity. d. Closure.
d
Growth hormone secretions peak in women at predictable hours of each night. This best illustrates the dynamics of the: a. hypnogogic state. b. REM rebound. c. menstrual cycle. d. circadian rhythm.
d
Physical exercise in late adulthood has been found to a. enhance muscle strength. b. help prevent heart attacks. c. stimulate brain cell development. d. do all of these things.
d
Sensory experiences that occur without an external sensory stimulus are called a. night terrors. b. REMs. c. sleep spindles. d. hallucinations.
d
Stage theories have been criticized because they fail to consider that development may be significantly affected by a. Variations in the social clock. b. Each individual's experiences. c. Each individual's historical and cultural setting. d. All of these factors.
d
Stranger anxiety develops soon after a. The concept of conservation. b. Egocentrism. c. A theory of mind. d. The concept of object permanence.
d
The brain's development of new neural connections in response to experience is said to demonstrate what is known as a. assimilation. b. imprinting. c. conservation. d. plasticity.
d
The developmental theorist who suggested that securely attached children develop an attitude of basic trust is a. Piaget. b. Harlow. c. Vygotsky. d. Erikson.
d
The receptor of the eye that functions best in dim light is the a. Ganglion cell. b. Cone. c. Bipolar cell. d. Rod.
d
The size of the pupil is controlled by the a. Lens. b. Retina. c. Cornea. d. Iris.
d
The term critical period refers to a. Prenatal development. b. The initial 2 hours after a child's birth. c. The preoperational stage. d. A restricted time for learning.
d
The term gestalt means a. Grouping. b. Sensation. c. Perception. d. Whole.
d
Two relatively rare sleep disorders are narcolepsy and sleep apnea. With narcolepsy, the person _____; with sleep apnea, the person _____. a. Has persistent problems falling asleep; experiences a doubling of heart and breathing rates b. Experiences a doubling of heart and breathing rates; has persistent problems falling asleep c. Stops breathing every few minutes or so; suffers periods of overwhelming sleepiness d. Suffers periodic sleepiness; stops breathing every few minutes or so
d
Two-year-old Anna perceives her parents as cold and rejecting. This is most indicative of a. conservation. b. egocentrism. c. infantile amnesia. d. insecure attachment.
d
When we stare at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image, providing a depth cue known as a. Interposition. b. Linear perspective. c. Relative motion. d. Retinal disparity.
d
Which of the following influences perception? a. Biological maturation b. The context in which stimuli are perceived c. Expectations d. All of these factors
d
Which of the following is an example of sensory interaction? a. Finding that despite its delicious aroma, a weird-looking meal tastes awful b. Finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad cold c. Finding it difficult to maintain your balance when you have an ear infection d. All of the above are examples
d
Which of the following is the correct order of the structures through which light passes after entering the eye? a. Lens, pupil, cornea, retina b. Pupil, cornea, lens, retina c. Pupil, lens, cornea, retina d. Cornea, pupil, lens, retina
d
Which statement illustrates cognitive development during the course of adult life? a. 43 year-old Sophia has better recognition memory than 72 year-old Kylie. b. Both Sophia and Kylie have strong recall and recognition memory. c. Kylie's recognition decreased sharply at age 50. d. 43 year-old Sophia has better recall than 72 year-old Kylie.
d
Research on sleep and dreams indicates that: a. older adults sleep more than young adults. b. when people dream of performing some activity, their limbs often move in concert with the dream. c. sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams. d. the circadian rhythm has no influence on our patterns of sleep. e. none of the above is true.
e
According to Erikson, securely attached infants approach life with a sense of _____________.
Basic Trust
Where the optic nerve leaves the eye there are no receptors; thus, the area is called the _______________________.
Blind Spot
It is the _________ of the eye that permit the perception of color: __________ enable black and white vision.
Cones; Rods
As 8 year-old Gabriella observes, liquid is transferred from a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar. She is asked if there is now less liquid in order to determine if she has mastered the concept of ___________.
Conservation
The Harlows' studies of monkeys have shown that mother-infant attachment does not depend on the mother providing nourishment as much as it does on her providing _______________.
Contact Comfort