Psychology Chapter 5

Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory? Research has not supported either theory. The opponent-process theory is more accurate than the trichromatic theory. The trichromatic theory is more accurate than the opponent-process theory. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.

Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.

What has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury (2010) demonstrated about pattern perception?

Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures.

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? cones fovea lens rods Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

cones

Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness. conductive prenatal Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 congenital postnatal

congenital

Hertz is a measure of ________. frequency purity Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 pitch loudness

frequency

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds. low; high truncated; high Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1 condensed; sharp high; low

high; low

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds. higher; quieter higher; weaker lower; louder Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 higher; louder

higher; louder

What is described by the concept of perception? how interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 the change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

What was the original focus of Swets' (1964) signal detection theory? improving the accuracy of military codebreakers detecting brain tumors improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips increasing typing speed for telephone operators Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.4

improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips

The ________is also known as the anvil. hair cell cochlea incus malleus Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1

incus

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli? just noticeable subliminal signal detection top down Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1

just noticeable

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space? dimensionality nociception Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 kinesthesia neurasthenia

kinesthesia

At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain. left; left right; left right; right Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 left; right

left; right

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________. shorter wavelengths longer wavelengths wavelengths of indeterminate length Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 intermediate wavelengths

longer wavelengths

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies. lower; higher longer; shorter higher; lower shorter; longer Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

lower; higher

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________. distinguish the fat content of food feel pain maintain balance and body posture regulate body temperature Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

maintain balance and body posture

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. nociception preconception thermoception Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 kinesthesia

nociception

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? linear photoreceptor Difficulty: Easy APA Standard:1.1 cornea optic

optic

________ is a chemical message sent by another individual.

pheromone

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory. signal detection Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.2 absolute threshold sensory adaptation just noticeable difference

signal detection Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.2

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________. as a result of old age as a result of disease due to deliberate damage since birth Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3

since birth Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

smelling cookies in the oven

What is vertigo? noise phobia spinning sensation Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 inability to see color fear of heights

spinning sensation Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1

Individuals suffering from congenital analgesia have a shorter life span due to ________. their inability to tolerate the slightest change in pressure or temperature their brain's inability to process pain medicine their high suicide rate their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2

their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? top-down Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 subliminal signal detection absolute threshold

top-down Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess? umami and monosodium glutamate Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1 meat and vegetable umami and fat content monosodium and glutamate

umami and fat content

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. lens; retina iris; pupil pupil; cornea Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 cornea; pupil

cornea; pupil

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________.

crest; trough

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

lens; fovea

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception. sensation Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3, 2.2 attention motivation peripherals

motivation

What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes? fovea optic chiasm Difficulty: Easy APA Standard:1.1 11.________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives. *A. binocular B. cyclopean C. monocular D. trichromatic Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 iris lens

optic chiasm Difficulty: Easy APA Standard:1.1 11.________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives. *A. binocular B. cyclopean C. monocular D. trichromatic Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. sensation; perception Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 perception; reception perception; sensation preception; postception

perception; sensation

Which of the following exemplifies gustation? smelling fresh mint in a garden feeling a piece of petrified wood tasting freshly caught salmon Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 hearing a cat purr

tasting freshly caught salmon Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire. gustation somatosensation thermoception Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 olfaction

thermoception Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. top-down processing transduction Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 subliminal messaging just noticeable difference

transduction Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

What is a binaural cue? two-eared cue to localize sound single eye and a single ear triangulating distance two-eyed cue to focus distant sight Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 two ears hearing different frequencies of the same sound

two-eared cue to localize sound

Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum. gamma beta ultraviolet Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 infrared

ultraviolet Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over. vestibular Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 somatosensation nociception proprioception

vestibular Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. Different sections of the cochlea are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 Different amplitudes of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different waves. Different portions of the ear are sensitive to sounds of different decibels.

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? biometric somatosensory Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 Gestalt Pacinian

Gestalt

How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception? Perception is a Gestalt branch of psychology, meaning the brain is studied apart from the body. Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt. Sensation requires the use of Gestalt psychology; perception requires the use of gerund psychology. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 Gestalt psychology was popular in the 20th century, but it has been replaced by psycholinguistics.

Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.

Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception? Perceptions of weapons are influenced by our race. Perceptions in laboratory settings are inaccurate. Perceptions are influenced by our ethnic background. Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.4, 2.5

Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.4, 2.5

Which of the following is false about sensation? When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3 Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. We have more than five senses. We have a sensory system that provides information about balance, called the vestibular sense.

Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________. revision Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 formation adaptation regression

adaptation

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness. In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. Outside of laboratory settings, people have a lower absolute threshold. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.4

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? They are unrelated to biological senses. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. We cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 Neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot? preimage blind spot night blindness Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 afterimage

afterimage

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention. responsiveness sublimation blindness transduction Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

blindness

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry." sensory adaptation top-down bottom-up vertical-horizontal Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1

bottom-up

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________. can see only in the dark can't see can see can't see without sunlight Difficulty: Easy APA Standard:1.1

can see