Psychology Chapter 6
Prospective Memories
Habitual tasks are easier to remember than occasional tasks
Explicit Memories
2 kinds of this kind of memory; 1: Episodic Memories 2: Semantic Memories
Loftus
Female Psychologist that demonstrated how easy it was to implant false memories
Loftus
Female Psychologist that noted memories are distorted by biases and needs
Nonsense Syllables
Syllables that are meaningless sets of two consonants with a vowel in between
Time Based Tasks
Tasks to be performed at a certain time, or after a certain time
Explicit
Term for things that are clear, clearly stated, or explained
Interference Theory
Theory that we may forget stored material because other learning interferes with it`
True
True or False? A woman who couldn't remember who she was automatically dialed her mother's numer when the police gave her a telephone
False
True or False? All of our experiences are permanently imprinted on the brain, so the proper stimulus can cause us to remember them exactly
True
True or False? If you c an see, you have a photographic memory
True
True or False? It may be easier for you to recall the name of your first grade teacher than the name of someone you just met at a party?
Serial Position Effect
The ability to recall the first and last letters in a sequene
Eidetic Imagery
The ability to retain exact mental representations of visual stimuli over long periods of time. Legitimately having a "Photographic Memory" Very rare.
Retrieval
This can be made easier if the two syllables can e meaningfully linked, or encoded semantically
Serial Position Effect
This effect may occur because w pay more attention to the first and last stimuli in a series
Event Based Tasks
Triggered by events such as remembering to take your medicine or to brush your teeth after eating
Priming
A process that makes I t possible for people to carry out mental talks with less neural activity
Chunking
A stimulus or group of stimuli perceived as discrete pieces of information
Daniel Schacter
Illustrated implicit memory with the story of the woman with amnesia wandering the streets. She couldn't remember any information, but could dial her mothers phone number.
State Dependent Memory
In reference to this memory, you're more likely to retrieve information when you're in a similar biological state as you were when the information was encoded
Implicit Memories
Involve procedures and skills, cognitive and physical, and are also referred to as procedural or skill memories.
Maintenance Rehearsal
Mentally repeating something or saying it to yourself in attempts to encode it
Prospective Memory
Moods can effect this memory
Saccadic Eye Movements
Movements that occur up to four times a second
Proactive Interference
Older learning interferes with the ability to learn new information
Recognize
One aspect of forgetting is failing to _________ something we have already experienced
Thalmus
Part of the brain in relation to the Hippocampus that's involved in the formation of verbal memories
Whole Report Procedure
Procedure where people were asked to report every letter they saw in an array
Modified Partial Report Procedure
Procedure where people were asked to report the contents of one of three rows of letters
Organization
Allows us to make predictions about specific instances and store information efficiently
Short Term Memory
Also known a the Working Memory
Explicit Memory
Also known as declarative memory
Implicit Memory
Also referred to as declarative memory
Retrospective and Prospective Memories
An age related decline in older adults take place in these two kinds of memories
Engram
An assumed electrical circuit in the brain that corresponds to a memory trace
Recall
Another memory task that allows you to remember what you previously learned
Hierarchical Structure
Arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common or distinct features
Elaborate Rehearsal
Attempts to encode information y relating it to something you already know
Freud
Believed we're motives to forget painful memories and unacceptable ideas because they produce anxiety, guilt and shame. Repression.
Prospective Memory
Distractions can affect this kind of memory
Long Term Potentiation
Enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission that follows rife rapid stimulation (LTP)
Retrospective Memories
Episodic, semantic, and implicit memories involve remember things that were learned. Examples of this kind of memory
Retroactive Interference
Example of this interference: 1. A medical student may memorize the names of the bones in the leg through repetition. But later, trying to learn the bones in the arm makes it harder to remember the bones in the leg
Episodic Memory
Example of this kind of memory: Jeff remembering he personally dropped his phone in Boston on a rainy day.
Context Dependent Memory
Example of this memory: 1. Perfume smell reminding you of a person 2. Cooking smells reminding you of baking with your grandma
Interference Theory
Example of this theory: 1. Learning Spanish makes it harder to remember French
Episodic Memories
Examples of these memories: 1. What you ate for breakfast 2. What your professor said during class
Elaborating
Extending the semantic meaning of the things you're trying to rememer
Tip Of The Tongue Phenomenon
Known as the feeling of knowing experience. You "know" the word but you just can't think of it or say it.
Storage
Means maintains information over time
Method Of Savings
Measure of retention where the difference tweet the number of rep originally required to learn a list and the number of reps required to re learn the list after a certain amount of t I me has elapsed is calculated (MOS)
Flashbulb Memories
Memories created by surprising, important, and emotional stirring events
Episodic Memories
Memories of things that happen or take place in our presence
Autobiographical Memory
Memory also referred to as Episodic Memory (Hint: Auto means self)
Explicit Memory
Memory for specific information
Miller
Psychologist that found the average person is comfortable with remembering about seven things at a time
Sperling
Psychologist that showed there's a difference between what people can see and what they report
Prospective Memory
Refers to remembering things to do in the FUTURE
Short Term Memory
Regarding this kind of memory, if the information isn't encoded, it significantly fades after 10-12 seconds
Semantic Code
Represents stimuli in terms of meaning
Savings
The difference eaten the number of reps originally required to learn a list and the number of reps required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed. (S)
Recognition
The easiest type of memory task
Encode
The first stage in information processing.
Implicit Memory
The memory of how to perform a task or doing an act itself
Echoes
The memory traces of auditory stimuli can lasts for several seconds, much longer than visual stimuli.
Icons
The mental representations of visual stimuli
Memory
The process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved
Retrospective Memory
The recalling of information that's even previously learned
Relearning
The third method of measuring retention
Long Term Memory
The third stage of information processing.
Retrieval
The third step in the memory process
Implicit Memories
These memories are suggested, or implied, but not plainly stated or verbally expressed
Implicit Memories
These memories can endure even when they haven't been used for years
Declarative
These memories state or reveal specific information. Also known as Explicit Memories
Acoustic Code
Trying to remember something by representing the stimuli as a sequence of sounds
Nonsense Syllables
Useful in the measurement of forgetting
Chunks
Usually kept on short term memory
Memory Trace
Visual Impression flashed on that lasts for only fractions of sections
Schema
Way of mentally representing the world
Episodic Memory
We tend to use the phrase, "I remember" when referring to this kind of memory
Freud
Well known Psychologist that believed nearly all of our perceptions and ideas are stored permanently
Organized
When items are correctly ________ in long- term memory, you're more likely to recall accurate information about them
Context Dependent Memory
Memory where information that's better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored, or learned
Hippocampus
Part of the brain that's involved in the formation of memories
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
Proposed the 3 stages of memory
Retrograde Amnesia
The source of trauma prevents remembering events BEFORE the audience
Sensory Memory
This memory is first encountered by a stimulus
Retrieval
This requires knowledge of proper retrieval cues
Encoding
This stage of information processing includes visual, acoustic, and semantic codes.
Paired Associates
Lists of pairs of nonsense syllables used to measure recall
Retrieval
Locating information and returning it to consciousness
Anterograde Amnesia
Memory lapses AFTER a traumatic event
Episodic Memory
Memory of an event in one's life
Echoes
Memory that has contains mental representations of sounds, or auditory stimuli
Iconic Memory
Memory that holds icons for up to a full second
Semantic Memory
Memory that's also referred to as general knowledge. It concerns meanings. (Examples:) You can "know" that the United States has 50 states without visiting them and personally adding them up.
State Dependent Memory
Memory where an extension of context dependent memory. Where we retrieve information better when we're in a biological or emotional state similar to the one we were in when we encoded and stored the information
Dissociative Amnesia
Psychoanalysts believe repression is at the heart of disorders such as this one.
James
Psychologist intrigued by the fact that some memories are unreliable.
Encoding
The process when we transform sensory input a do ur own ideas into psychological formats that can represented mentally
Storage
The second stage in processing informatoin
Echoic Memory
The sensory register that holds echoes, sounds; a kind of memory
Iconic Memory
The sensory register that holds icons
False
True or False? Learning must be meaningful if we're to remember it
Visual Code
Trying to remember something by mentally making it into a picture
Displace
When the appearance of new information takes place of old information
Retrieval
When trying to remember large amounts of information, this step in the memory process can be difficult
Saccadic Eye Movements
When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions consist of a series of eye fixatoins
Infantile Amnesia
Where most people can't recall anything before age five
Retroactive Interference
Where new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning
Proactive Interference
Examples of this interference: 1. High School Spanish may pop in your head when you're trying to retrieve college French or Italian words
Prospective Memories
Examples of this memory: 1. Remembering to pay your bills 2. Remembering to withdraw some cash
Implicit Memories
Examples of this memory: 1. Riding a bike 2. Accessing your contacts list 3. Sending a text message
Short Term Memories
Examples of this memory: 1. When you're given a new phone number and you write it down 2. When you're told then name of a person at a party and use the name immediately in addressing the person