Psychology Chapter 6 Vocab.

Stimulus

a feature in the environment that is detected by an organism, or that leads to a change in behavior. Examples: ring on the phone, knock on the door, and a song

Conditioned Response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. Example: Conditioned response in Pavlov's experiments was salivation. Condition: learned!

Conditioned Stimulus

a previously neutral stimulus that, because of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a conditioned response. Example: Conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiments was the bell.

Reinforcement

a stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the frequency of that response. Ex: bring in a puppy?

Counterconditioning

a therapy procedure based on classical conditioning that replaces a negative response to a stimulus with a positive response. Example: Pg. 135 Peter and the Rabbits

Taste aversion

a type of classical conditioning in which a previously desirable or neutral food comes to be perceived as repugnant because it is associated with negative stimulation. Example: Neutral food: trying something your parents tells you to try or someone tells you to try. Page 131 Coyote

Systematic Desensitization

a type of counterconditioning used to treat phobias in which a pleasant relaxed state is associated with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli. Example: fear of snakes; when people bring in snakes when they are scared.

Classical Conditioning

a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit an unconditioned response when that neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that normally causes an unconditioned response. Example: Pavlov's Experiments with Dogs: Pavlov's Dogs-->Stimulus-->Response Stimulus: food Response: Salivation Pavlov's Dogs-->Stimulus-->Response Stimulus: Bell Response: Salivation

Conditioning

a type of learning that involves stimulus-response connections, in which the response is conditional on the stimulus. Examples: bell at a school or place to go for lunch when bell rings for lunch, we don't sit there confused we know what to do. we have routines

Response

an observable reaction to a stimulus. Examples: memory of a song, answering the phone, answer the door

Negative Reinforcers

an unpleasant stimulus that increases the frequency of behavior when it is removed. ex: 1. Too hot in the sun --->shade 2. very tired at end of the day----> napping/sleep 3. get a headache ---> advil, aleve, tylenol

Flooding

based on the principle of classical conditioning, a fear reduction technique that involves exposing an individual to a harmless situation until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished. Ex: height of a building and how you're scared.

Positive Reinforcers

encouraging stimuli that increase the frequency of a behavior when they are presented. Ex: Food, fun activities and social approval

Unconditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits an unlearned, naturally occurring response. Example: Unconditioned=unlearned Unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiments is the meat or the food.

Unconditioned response

in classical conditioning, an unlearned response. Example: Unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiments was salivation.

Extinction

in classical conditioning, the disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus no longer follows a conditioned stimulus. Behavior (s) Negative Behavior: (examples) 1. Drugs 2. Talking back or being insolence 3. Alcohol 4. Smoking Cigarettes (want behavior like these to disappear)

The Mozart Effect

is a theory that listening to Mozart's music can enhance intellect. One of the conclusions of this experiment is that listening to Mozart;s music increased students IQ's by 8 to 9 points.

Observational learning

learning by observing and imitating others. Ex: Albert Bandura You will learn what is and what is not appropriate behavior in a college classroom.

Operant Conditioning

learning that is strengthened when behavior is followed by positive reinforcement. Ex: studying leads to good grades. good grades is positive. Not study leads to bad grades

Latent learning

learning that occurs but remains hidden until there is a need to use it. Ex: Grade School 1. principals office 2. 8th grade classrooms 3. Cafeteria

Secondary Reinforcers

stimuli that increase the probability of a response because of their association with a primary reinforcer. Example: attention, social approval, and money

Primary Reinforcers

stimuli, such as food or warmth, that have reinforcement value without learning. Example: food, water, warmth/ AC

Spontaneous recovers

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response (CR) after some time has passed. The phenomenon of spontaneous recovering is observed in animals that have experienced extinction and then were left alone for a short period of time (a day or two). After this rest period ( a day or two), the CS is again presented and now the CS often elicits (results in) the CR---even though the CR was fully extinguished earlier.

Generalization

the tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli that have similar characteristics. Example: Ice Cream-pudding-yogurt

Discrimination

In Classical Conditioning, the ability to distinguish the conditioned stimulus from other stimuli that are similar. unfair treatment of a person or group based on prejudice.