Psychology Chapters 1-4

The _____ establishes ethical guidelines for its members and the _____ evaluates the ethical nature of research conducted at their colleges and universities.

American Psychological Association (APA)/Institutional Review Board (IRB)

_____ believed that psychology should be about what people do, and should not concern itself with what cannot be seen, such as thoughts, feelings, and goals.

B.F. Skinner

_____ refers to individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences.

Theory of mind

Which of the following theorists primarily used the structuralism approach to studying human behavior?

Wilhelm Wudnt

_____ is most often regarded the "founding father" of modern psychology.

Wilhelm Wudnt

_____ stress is the momentary stress that occurs in response to life experiences.

acute

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities are called

automatic processes

The function of the _____ is to take messages to and from the body's internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

autonomic nervous system

Psychologists who adopt a _____ approach examine behavior and mental processes through focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system.

biological

What is the most widely used drug in the United States?

caffeine

The endocrine system

consists of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing hormones into the bloodstream.

Insomnia is a disorder involving

difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early.

Information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles is sent through _____, thus enabling the body to move.

efferent nerves

The final step in the scientific method of psychology is

evaluating conclusions

The _____ approach to psychology relies on concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection when explaining human behavior.

evolutionary

Altered states of consciousness can be produced by

fatigue

In the context of nature of sound, wavelength determines a sound wave's

frequency.

The chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands are known as

hormones

The _____ is a small forebrain structure that monitors pleasurable activities (e.g. eating, drinking, and sex), emotion, stress, and reward.

hypothalamus

Compared with to dreams that occur during the REM stage, those that occur during the non-REM stage are

less vivid

Which of the following is the most common negative consequence that binge-drinking college students create for themselves?

missing class

The _____ is the part of the cerebral cortex that processes information about voluntary muscle movement.

motor cortex

The _____ system is the body's electrochemical communication circuitry.

nervous

Endorphins are

neurotransmitters that function as natural opiates in producing pleasure and pain.

The cell body contains the _____, which directs the manufacture of substances that a neuron needs for growth and maintenance.

nucleus

Behavior is _____; mental processes are _____.

observable/private

Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?

observing some phenomenon

The pupil is the

opening in the center of the iris, which appears black.

Which of the following theories of vision can best explain the occurrence of afterimages (i.e., sensations that remain after a stimulus is removed)?

opponent-process theory

Depth perception involves

perceiving three dimensions.

Drug addiction occurs when

physical and/or psychological dependence develops.

_____ is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy.

sensation

What theory of perception proposes that detection of stimuli depends on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, physical intensity of the stimulus, fatigue of the observer, and expectancy?

signal-detection theory

Wilhelm Wundt was the founder of _____, whereas William James was the founder of _____.

structuralism/functionalism

Which of the following refers to the detection of information below the level of conscious awareness?

subliminal perception

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by

sudden, uncontrollable urge to fall asleep.

Gestalt psychologists emphasize that

the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

Dendrites are

treelike fibers which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body.

According to Sigmund Freud, dreams symbolize

unconscious wishes and hidden desires.

Which of the following principles states that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different?

weber's law