psychology chapters 6-10
Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encourage her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n)__________.
learning-goal
The enhanced efficiency in a synapse after brief rapid stimulation that makes up learning is called _____.
long-term potentiation
The enhanced efficiency in a synapse after brief rapid stimulation that makes up learning is called__________.
long-term-potentiation
To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the country names several times. This scenario illustrates _____.
maintenance rehearsal
After setting a five-year goal for their company, a group of managers look at where the company is today and the steps needed to achieve the final goal. They are using a technique called _____.
means-end analysis
Jessica is observed to be gloomy and pensive most of the time. According to Hippocrates' view of personality, Jessica is most likely to be associated with a__________temperament.
melancholic
A(n)__________is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.
memory-trace
Daniel is an eight-year-old boy. After taking a test, the Binet-Simon scale showed that he is functioning intellectually like an eight year old. Therefore, Daniel has a(n)__________of eight.
mental-age
A(n)__________is the tendency to respond to a new problem with the same approach that helped solve similar problems. Correct!
mental-set
According to research performed by Bray and Bouchard,__________.
more-than-two-out-of-three-adult-Americans-are-overweight
Susan has the ability to look at the moon and the stars at night and to develop insights into the laws that govern their behavior. In this context, Susan has _____.
naturalist intelligence
Susan has the ability to look at the moon and the stars at night and to develop insights into the laws that govern their behavior. In this context, Susan has__________.
naturalist-intelligence
Pointing to a bird and saying, "That is not a mammal," is a(n) _________ of the mammal concept.
negative instance
In order to teach kindergarten students about mammals, a teacher tells the students that fishes and birds are not mammals. These are _____ of the mammal concept.
negative instances
Pointing to a bird and saying, "That is not a mammal," is a(n)__________of the mammal concept.
negative-instance
In order to teach kindergarten students about mammals, a teacher tells the students that fishes and birds are not mammals. These are__________of the mammal concept.
negative-instances
Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails, such as Aplysia, suggests that__________.
neural-events-may-be-involved-in-memory
In short-term memory an image tends to fade after _____ if it is not repeated or rehearsed.
10 to 12 seconds
Which of the following situations represents acculturation among immigrants living in the United States?
A child from France is learning English at home
Define a trait. Explain the trait perspective according to Hippocrates.
A trait is something that is a relatively stable aspect of personality that is inferred from behavior and assumed to give rise to consistent behavior. Hippocrates believes that traits were embedded in bodily fluid which are phlegmatic, melancholic, choleric, and sanguine. An imbalance in any of these was thought to be what caused illnesses.
__________are the arousal producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior.
Activating-effects
__________is a mechanism that would help preserve life in times of famine.
Adaptive-thermogenesis
The__________is a part of the limbic system involved in discriminating emotions, including fear.
Amygdala
_________ enables us to solve problems and acquire new knowledge, and it is the type of intelligence measured by standard intelligence tests.
Analytical intelligence
Learning theory focused on enduring personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system.
False
Prospective memory involves recalling information that has been previously learned.
False
The embryonic stage of pregnancy lasts from the beginning of the third month until the birth of the baby.
False
Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's analytical psychology theory?
It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes.
Which of the following statements is true about the learning theory in the context of language development?
It emphasizes the role of imitation and reinforcement in language development in children.
Which of the following statements is true about psycholinguistic theory?
It focuses on the environmental influences on the acquisition of language.
Which of the following statements is true about the nativist theory of language development?
It holds that the innate factors of children cause them to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.
Which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal?
It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself.
Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?
It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."
Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?
It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.
Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference?
It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.
Which of the following statements is true about explicit memory?
It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained.
Which of the following is true about the serial position effect?
It is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items on a list.
Which of the following is true of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
It states that humans are motivated by a desire for personal growth.
Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures.
Which of the following is a shortcoming of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
It's clinical method of gathering evidence is suspect
Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is characterized by the repression of sexual impulses?
Latency stage
Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression?
Mary witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now.
__________is the beginning of menstruation.
Menarche
Which of the following tests is an example of an objective test?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Nadine has a newborn baby boy. The first time her husband turned on the television, the baby drew up his legs and arched his back in response to the sudden noise. In this scenario, the baby exhibited the__________.
Moro-reflex
__________is the state in which an organism experiences an inducement or incentive to do something.
Motivation
_________ is also termed as modeling.
Observational learning
Discuss the role of observational learning in Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory.
Observational learning is used in the social cognitive theory to look at the underlying personal differences. Observational learning could be used by person to predict other people's behavior on the basis of body language.
__________is also termed as modeling
Observational-learning
__________is the period of physical development during which sexual reproduction first becomes possible.
Puberty
In short-term memory an image tends to fade after__________if it is not repeated or rehearsed.
RESPONSE_10-to-12-seconds
According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____.
Reality principle
__________are simple, inborn responses elicited by specific stimuli.
Reflexes
_________ of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.
Retrieval
__________of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.
Retrieval
_________ is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.
Retrograde amnesia
__________is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.
Retrograde-amnesia
_________ is the turning of an infant's head toward a touch.
Rooting
__________is the turning of an infant's head toward a touch
Rooting
The Electra complex involves:
a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother
Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using _____.
a visual code
_________ means responding to a new stimulus through existing cognitive structures.
assimilation
Timmy's father does not demonstrate affection with Timmy, forces Timmy to act in specific ways, and does not allow Timmy to ever disagree with him. According to Diana Baumrind's theory on parenting styles, Timmy's father displays a(n)__________style of parenting.
authoritarian
The__________is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration.
autonomic-nervous-system
According to Ainsworth, infants who show _________ are least distressed by their mother's departure.
avoidant attachment
According to Ainsworth, infants who show__________are least distressed by their mother's departure.
avoidant-attachment
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, decentration in the concreate operational stage refers to:
children being able to center on two dimensions of a problem at once.
Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety. Ophelia is most likely experiencing the__________of middle adulthood.
climacteric
In an experiment, Jay and Alissa are injected with the same concentration of a harmless drug. The purpose of the drug is to create arousal in the subjects who are injected. After a while, the arousal manifests as anger in Jay and as happiness in Alissa. These experimental findings can be explained by the _____.
cognitive appraisal theory
According to _____, people are generally motivated to hold consistent beliefs and to justify their behavior.
cognitive-dissonance theory
Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school anymore because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes that she must look her best at all times. Which concept of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is best depicted in this scenario?
imaginary audience
The placenta:
exchanges nutrients from mother to embryo.
The _________ is a problem affecting female athletes involving low availabilityof energy and loss of bone density.
female athlete triad
The__________is a problem affecting female athletes involving low availability of energy and loss of bone density.
female-athlete-triad
A pregnant woman visits her doctor for a scheduled ultrasound. She hears the strong heartbeat of her baby. She is able to see the fingers and toes of the baby. She also tells the doctor that she frequently feels the baby kick. Which stage of prenatal development is best depicted in the scenario?
fetal stage
Ten-year-old Joshua knows that snakes are reptiles and all reptiles are animals. Joshua's concept of animal is _____.
hierarchical
Viola has just come back from work and is experiencing hunger pangs. She quickly makes a sandwich which satisfies her hunger. The return to the normal bodily function without the hunger pangs is called__________.
homeostasis
Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?
humanistic theorists
The drive-reduction theory of Hull states that:
hunger and pain trigger arousal and activate behavior.
A(n)_________rat is characterized by excessive eating.
hyperphagic
According to Arnett, which of the following is a feature of the stage of emerging adulthood?
identity exploration
A mother is playing with her eight-month-old son. She places an object in front of her son and then takes it away. She notices that her son begins to look for the object. Which aspect of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development is depicted in the scenario?
object permanence
According to social-cognitive theorists, sexual orientation can be attributed to:
observational learning.
Greg becomes a chain smoker in his early teens. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, he is fixated at the _____.
oral stage
The height of sexual excitement involving involuntary muscle contractions and release of sexual tensions is termed as a(n)__________.
orgasm
Mariana is a 14-year-old girl dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents are unhappy and forbid her from meeting him. She fights with them regularly because she believes that she loves him. She even threatens to run away with him. This scenario best represents Mariana's__________.
personal-fable
The Oedipus complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development.
phallic stage
The_____ is a membrane within the uterus that permits the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and her developing child.
placenta
According to Freud, the id followsthe _____.
pleasure principle
To teach his child the prototype for cats, Nathan points to many examples in books, at home, on TV, and in the neighborhood, while saying the word "cat." These are__________of the cat concept.
positive instances
According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the _________.
postconventional level
According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the__________.
postconventional-level
_________ are simple, inborn responses elicited by specific stimuli.
reflexes
Skinner believed that the effects of__________on behavior should be emphasized.
reinforcement
Nicholas develops a new assessment tool to measure the psychological concept of extraversion. He finds that individuals who take the test repeatedly tend to score similarly each time. Which dimension of assessment has Nicholas established?
reliability
In Freud's psychodynamic theory,__________is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.
repression
The _________ is the final phase of the sexual response cycle.k
resolution phase
Joy speaks Spanish as she has learnt the language in school. She is now learning to speak French. She often notices that sometimes when speaking in Spanish, French words come to mind. This is an example of__________.
retroactive-interference
Stephen was recently involved in a car accident due to which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from _____.
retrograde amnesia
Stephen was recently involved in a car accident due to which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from__________.
retrograde-amnesia
Erikson's term for lack of clarity in one's life roles is__________.
role diffusion
Nadine works for an accounting firm. She makes enough money for herself and has bought a house with a top-notch security system. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her__________needs.
safety
Shawna is in her mid-fifties. Her college-going son lives in a separate apartment in the same citywhile her parents live with her. She cooks meals for her son regularly and does his laundry. At the same time, she looks after her parents, who are dependent on her. Shawna is facing the difficulties of the _____.
sandwich generation
Shawna is in her mid-fifties. Her college-going son lives in a separate apartment in the same city while her parents live with her. She cooks meals for her son regularly and does his laundry. At the same time, she looks after her parents, who are dependent on her. Shawna is facing the difficulties of the__________.
sandwich-generation
Sarah was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as__________.
savings
13-year-old Judy is poor at math. Her teacher, Ms. Kobes, helps her out by providing her with a list of tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient at the subject. According to Vygotsky, Ms. Kobes is using__________to help the child.
scaffolding
A__________is a pattern of action or a "mental structure" involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge.
schema
According to Ainsworth, securely attached children:
seek interaction with their mothers upon reunion.
Striving to become what you are capable of being is termed as _____.
self-actualization
Alan works in a research laboratory. He owns a house, and he earns enough to sustain himself. He has a large social circle and makes time to meet his friends at least once a week. However, Alan feels that he is capable of much more and can achieve a lot more things. He is striving to bring out the best within himself. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Alan is trying to fulfill his__________.
self-actualization-needs
The__________functions according to the moral principle.
superego
The _________ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves.
sympathetic nervous system
When watching a horror movie, Mark was frightened by a scene; he reacted by dropping the glass of soda that he was holding. This reaction of fright is linked to the__________.
sympathetic-nervous-system
If the __________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.
thalamus
According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development have:
the ability to hypothesize
The observation that infants display considerable intelligence before they learn to speak offers little support to__________.
the linguistic relativity hypothesis
The representativeness heuristic leads people to make judgments about events according to _____.
the populations of events that they appear to represent
According to research performed by Kohlberg, children at the preconventional level base their moral judgments on__________.
the-consequences-of-behavior
Caleb had read in the newspaper that a popular corporation had appointed a new CEO. When he was talking about this to a friend, Caleb could only remember the first letter and the last letter of the new CEO's name. This illustrates__________.
the-serial-position-effect
The ----_____ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Parents can help children develop self-esteem when they show them _________ regard, or when they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment.
unconditional positive
Bobby spilled water accidentally on his father's computer, but contrary to expectations, Bobby did not get grounded. His father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assuredBobby that he still loved him, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobby's father's response is an example of _____.
unconditional positive regard
The__________mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression.
unconscious
The excitement phase of the sexual response cycle in women is characterized by _____.
vaginal lubrication
The excitement phase of the sexual response cycle in women is characterized by__________.
vaginal-lubrication
A(n) _________ is a fertilized egg cell.
zygote
Joan is a ten-year-old girl with a mental age of twelve. According to Stern,Joan's IQ is _____.
120
Jim overhears a classmate explaining toa friend that peopleare free to do what theychoose with theirlives and that the meaning of theirlives is whattheygive to it. He further explains that peoplehave unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of _____.
Carl Rogers
_________ is the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas.
Semanticity
_________ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.
Infantile amnesia
Describe anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
Anterograde amnesia is the inability to remember events that occurred after physical trauma due to the effects of the trauma. Retrograde amnesia is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of trauma.
A(n) _________ rat is characterized by under eating.
Aphagic
According to Jung, which of the following refers to the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious?
Archetypes
When is the id first present in the mind?
At birth
Timmy's father does not demonstrate affection with Timmy, forces Timmy to act in specific ways, anddoes not allow Timmy to ever disagree with him. According to Diana Baumrind's theory on parenting styles, Timmy's father displays a(n) _____ style of parenting.
Authoritarian
Which of the following is true in the context of children babbling?
Babbling is inborn and prelinguistic.
_____ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.
Carl Jung
Briefly explain Carl Roger's self theory.
Carl Roger's self theory says that people shape themselves through free choice and action. His self theory focuses on the nature of the self and the conditions that allow the self to develop and the conditions that allow the self to develop freely. It has two major concerns which are self-concept, our impressions of ourselves and our evaluation of our adequacy, and self-esteem, the regard in which we hold ourselves.
A(n) _________ is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.
Chunk
After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called _____.
Chunking
Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety. Ophelia is most likely experiencing the__________of middle adulthood.
Climacteric
__________are mental categories used to group together objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties.
Concepts
_________ is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems.
Creativity
__________is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems.
Creativity
The term _________ in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.
Displace
The term__________in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.
Displace
_____ is the capacity to communicate information about events and objects in another time or place.
Displacement
__________is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.
Dissociative-amnesia
Generating many possible solutions is a characteristic of which of the following concepts?
Divergent thinking
Which of the following is true of the resolution phase of the sexual response cycle?
During this phase, men enter a refractory period.
__________is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.
Echoic-memory
Tom is a high school senior who is very clear that he wants to study medicine. He spendshis summer volunteering at hospitals and studies very hard for all his tests. He subscribes to medical journals so that he does not miss out on developments in the medical field. Tom is determined to study at Harvard Medical School and is sure he will get in. According to Erickson's theory of psychosocial development, Tom is demonstrating _____.
Ego identity
_________ is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes.
Eidetic imagery
__________is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes.
Eidetic-imagery
__________is process of propelling semen from the penis.
Ejaculation
_________ is the first stage of information processing.
Encoding
__________ is the first stage of information processing.
Encoding
A psychology professor argues that the nature of the mother-infant relationship and social relationships are more crucial determinants of personality than sexual urges. In addition, she argues that we are conscious architects of our own personality. The professor's views are closest to those of__________.
Erik-Erikson
__________in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century.
Existentialism
A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span.
False
During middle adulthood, people are at their height of sensory sharpness, strength, reaction time, and cardiovascular fitness.
False
Emotions do not involve behavioral tendencies.
False
Erik Erikson is credited with developing the psychosexual stages of development.
False
Heuristic device, in psycholinguistic theory, is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates a child's learning of grammar.
False
Hippocrates associated a choleric personality with warmth and cheerfulness.
False
If you destroy the lateral hypothalamus of a rat, the rat may become hyperphagic.
False
Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on:
Feelings of inferiority and creative self
__________is mental flexibility as shown in learning rapidly to solve new kinds of problems.
Fluid-intelligence
Describe the structure of personality as proposed by Freud.
Freud described it as an iceberg at the tip of the iceberg was the superego and the ego the superego is a moral guardian and sets the standards of behavior. The ego is the self-awareness, planning, and delay of gratification. The Id is at the bottom of the iceberg and is present at birth, that represents psychological drives and is fully unconscious.
Lena is a mother of two. From the time her first child was born, Lena has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is best demonstrating _____.
Generativity
Which of the following statements is true about the influence of genetic factors and environmental factors on intelligence?
Genetic factors account for about half of the variations in intelligence test scores among individuals.
Lewis generally comes across as a quick-tempered individual. His anger is easily triggered by trivial situations. According to Eysenck's dimensions, which of the following is true of Lewis?
He is extraverted and unstable
_________ is the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to, or explained by, genetic factors.
Heritability
__________tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals.
Individualists
A(n) _________ is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.
Icon
_________ is a process in which an organism responds to a stimulus in a manner that will afterward be difficult to modify.
Imprinting
__________is a process in which an organism responds to a stimulus in a manner that will afterward be difficult to modify.
Imprinting
The height of sexual excitement involving involuntary muscle contractions and release of sexual tensions is termed as a(n)_________.
Orgasm
_________ are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall.
Paired associates
Richard has not been successful in getting a job despite several efforts. Thinking about his failure, Richard has started going under depression. He feels helpless and hopeless about his situation and even feels suicidal at times. What other symptom is most likely to be associated with Richard's condition?
Parasympathetic arousal
_________ refers to the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.
Personality
Aria works at a marketing research firm.Whenever she processes information, she disregards information that does not fit in with her idea so as to eliminate discrepancies. This behavior is consistent with _____.
Piaget's cognitive developmental theory
The__________is a membrane within the uterus that permits the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and her developing child.
Placenta
__________is the field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction; joy, sensual pleasure, and happiness; and optimism and hope for the future.
Positive-psychology
_____ is an example of a psychological need.
Power
Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to__________.
Priming
Studies involving brain imaging reveal that _____ makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity.
Priming
_________ is the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory.
Priming
__________is the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory.
Priming
What are projective tests? Briefly explain the Rorschach Inkblot Test.
Projective method of psychological testing in which a person is asked to describe what he or she sees in 10 inkblots. A person holds up a card with an inkblot on it and the person is asked to describe what they see.
_________ is the memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs.
Prospective memory
__________is the memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs.
Prospective-memory
_________ is the state of being satisfied.
Satiety
__________is the state of being satisfied.
Satiety
Sarah was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _____.
Savings
A _________ is a pattern of action or a "mental structure" involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge.
Schema
Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes__________.
Self- awareness
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called _________.
Self-actualization
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called__________.
Self-actualization
Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes _________.
Self-awareness
_________ are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.
Self-efficacy expectations
__________is the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas.
Semanticity
_________ is the type or stage of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus.
Sensory memory
What is sensory memory? Explain its functioning.
Sensory memory is the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus, sensory memory holds impressions briefly but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous. The purpose of sensory memory is to retain information long enough for it to be recognized.
Kelly has devoted her weekends to working in a homeless shelter. Due to her philanthropic activities, her manager has considered her for a promotion at work. According to Watson and Skinner, which of the following statements will most likely explain Kelly's motivation to do social work?
She has been rewarded for altruistic behaviors previously.
Describe the different kinds of memory systems.
Short term memory is the type of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays; also called working memory. Long term memory is the type or stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage. Sensory memory is the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus; sensory memory holds impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous.
Explain the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon in long-term memory.
The feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved and is also known as the "feeling of knowing experience".
__________is a process in psychological testing that checks out the scores, validity, and reliability of a test with people of various ages and from various groups
Standardization
Which of the following is a characteristic of polygraphs for lie detection?
Tense muscles will reduce their accuracy
If the___________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.
Thalamus
Which of the following is true about the intelligence quotient (IQ)?
The IQ reflects the relationship between a child's mental age and his or her actual age.
Which of the following was the result of a study done with 500 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins in Kentucky, in terms of intelligence?
The correlations in intelligence between dizygotic twins were about the same as those between other siblings.
Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?
The far-reaching effects of childhood events
Describe the five-factor model. What is its use?
The five-factor model is used to describe what is believed as the five different personality factors. The five-factor model consists of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. The model also describes each of the traits that appear for each type of factor name.
Describe the brain structures involved in memory.
The prefrontal cortex is the executive center in memory, it empowers people with consciousness or the ability to mentally represent and become aware of experiences that occur in the past, present, and future. The amygdala plays a part in how memories are stored because storage is influenced by stress hormones, but is mostly in charge of regulating our emotions.
Explain the memory tasks used in measuring forgetting.
The three basic memory tasks used in forgetting are recognition or the failure to recognize something that we have forgotten, recall where they used paired associates or nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall, and relearning which is the third method of measuring retention.
Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development in children?
They are dependent on their primary caregivers.
Which of the following is true of children specifically in the concrete operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?
They show the capacity for adult logic involving tangible objects.
In psychological testing,__________refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
Validity
A child is able to combine the words he has learnt to create new sentences. He is able to write stories and poetry using these words. The child has infinite creativity.
True
According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, the preoperational stage is characterized by the use of words and symbols to represent objects and relationships among them.
True
According to Thurstone, primary mental abilities are the basic abilities that make up intelligence.
True
Carl Rogers believed that we all have unique frames of reference.
True
Freud believed that children encounter conflict during each stage of psychosexual development.
True
In long-term memory, we tend to organize information according to a hierarchical structure.
True
Self-esteem is connected with patterns of acculturation among immigrants.
True
The hippocampus does not become mature until we are about two years old.
True
The intelligence quotient reflects the relationship between a child's mental age and his or her actual or chronological age.
True
The reliability of a test refers to the stability of one's test results from one testing to another.
True
Two-word sentences used by children are termed telegraphic speech.
True
Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize?
Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships in childhood.
__________are parents who generally leave their children to themselves.
Uninvolved-parents
Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?
We tend to organize information in order of their hierarchy.
Which of the following is a reason for overconfidence?
We work to bring about the events we believe in.
Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on__________.
Western cultural prejudice
A(n)__________is a fertilized egg cell.
Zygote
Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using__________.
a-visual-code
A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When they visit the zoo for the first time, the child sees a hamster and calls it a rabbit because of its similar physical features. According to Piaget, which cognitive process within the child will best correct the child's misunderstanding?
accommodation
Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition just by listening to it, without referring to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n)__________.
acoustic-code
Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is defined by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies before them?
age of possibilities
Albert lost the keys to his car sometime between the time he locked it and his return to the car about three hours later. Albert came up with a formula to find the keys;he retraced his steps, going to all of the places he visited after he initially locked the car. Albert eventually found the keys on his office desk. Albert used a(n) _____ to find his keys.
algorithm
A(n) _________ is a sac within the uterus that contains the embryo or fetus.
amniotic sac
The _________ is a part of the limbic system involved in discriminating emotions, including fear.
amygdala
To test the problem-solving skills of her son, Tiffany asks her son to reorganize groups of scrambled words such as, "skosc,""odg," "imal," and "orod." Tiffany is using__________of the words, socks, dog, mail, and door.
anagrams
Lauren is obsessed with the cleanliness of her room. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, she is fixated at the _____.
anal stage
Lauren is obsessed with the cleanliness of her room. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, she is fixated at the__________.
anal-stage
A(n) _________ is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways.
analogy
A(n)__________rat is characterized by under eating.
aphagic
When a rat's ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is destroyed, the rat will:
begin to eat uncontrollably.
Parents can positively influence their children's IQs by:
being verbally responsive to children.
Alina thinks that she is overweight even if she is not. She often indulges in binge eating and later vomits the food out forcefully. Which eating disorder is Alina most likely suffering from?
bulimia nervosa
When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is a Catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. He defines himself in terms of these relationships that he maintains with other people. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, this kind of description is characteristic of:
collectivists
Freud said that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____.
conscious, unconscious, and preconscious
Freud said that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely__________.
conscious--unconscious--and-preconscious
When Claire was baking an apple pie, the odor of the pie triggered some memories of her childhood. She remembered playing with her younger brother in the living room while her mother baked apple pies. Her memory is an example of a(n) _____.
context-dependent memory
When Claire was baking an apple pie, the odor of the pie triggered some memories of her childhood. She remembered playing with her younger brother in the living room while her mother baked apple pies. Her memory is an example of a(n)__________.
context-dependent-memory
Mozart was a child prodigy. By the age of 12, he had composed several musical pieces.According to Sternberg's model of intelligence, Mozart can be said to have demonstrated a high level of _____.
creative intelligence
According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, a(n)__________is a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus.
critical-period
Kyra is a historymajor and talks to her grandfather regularly. She calls him her human dictionary because he can give her the meaning of almost every word that she asks him. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _____.
crystallized intelligence
Kyra is a history major and talks to her grandfather regularly. She calls him her human dictionary because he can give her the meaning of almost every word that she asks him. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying__________.
crystallized-intelligence
The seeds of individualism and collectivism are found in the _________ in which a person grows up.
culture
The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____.
determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory
The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to__________.
determine-whether-and-for-how-long-information-is-retained-in-memory
In__________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.
divergent-thinking
A(n) _____ is a condition of arousal in an organism that is associated with a need.
drive
According to Erik Erikson, _________ is a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for.
ego identity
At a painting exhibition, Martha had admired a painting that depicted a farm. Half an hour later, when she was having lunch with a friend, Martha was able to recall several details depicted in the painting. She remembered correctly the colors that were used, the animals that were drawn, and even the number of trees in the painting. Martha's ability to remember these details would be known as__________.
eidetic-imagery
Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _____.
elaborative rehearsal
A pregnant woman goes for an ultrasound in the second month of her pregnancy and hearsthe heartbeat of her baby for the first time. She is told that at this stage of her pregnancy the head of the baby willstart changing shape, and its facial features willstart becomingeasier to identify. The _____ of prenatal development is depicted in thisscenario.
embryonic stage
A pregnant woman goes for an ultrasound in the second month of her pregnancy and hears the heartbeat of her baby for the first time. She is told that at this stage of her pregnancy the head of the baby will start changing shape, and its facial features will start becoming easier to identify. The__________of prenatal development is depicted in this scenario.
embryonic-stage
A(n) _____ is a state of feeling that has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components.
emotion
A(n)__________is a state of feeling that has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components.
emotion
Mark and Mindy have two daughters. Theirolder daughter moved to a different city to pursue her graduate studies a few years ago. Now their younger daughter has finished high school and is moving to a different country for her undergraduate studies. After the younger daughter leaves, Mindy is bereft and is unable to figure out what to do with her free time. This scenario best illustrates the _____.
empty-nest syndrome
Mark and Mindy have two daughters. Their older daughter moved to a different city to pursue her graduate studies a few years ago. Now their younger daughter has finished high school and is moving to a different country for her undergraduate studies. After the younger daughter leaves, Mindy is bereft and is unable to figure out what to do with her free time. This scenario best illustrates the__________.
empty-nest-syndrome
A(n)__________is an assumed electrical circuit that corresponds to a memory trace.
engram
Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different _____ of the event.
episodic memories
A researcher puts a baby in a room with many different objects. Then he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at one stimulus instead of another. This shows the baby's visual preference. The researcher is most likely measuring the baby's _____.
fixation time
In the context of the perceptual development of infants, _________ is the amount of time spent looking at a visual stimulus.
fixation time
A researcher puts a baby in a room with many different objects. Then he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at one stimulus instead of another. This shows the baby's visual preference. The researcher is most likely measuring the baby's__________.
fixation-time
In the context of the perceptual development of infants,__________is the amount of time spent looking at a visual stimulus.
fixation-time
The _________ is the final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
formal operational stage
The__________is the final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
formal-operational-stage
Lena is a mother of two. From the time her first child was born, Lena has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is best demonstrating__________.
generativity
The _________ is the first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not become implanted in the uterine wall.
germinal stage
The__________is the first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not become implanted in the uterine wall.
germinal-stage
Katie is a very skilled in-line skater and a tap dancer. Her skills are a part of her _____.
implicit memory
Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player in her school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's _____ made this possible.
implicit memory
Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player in her school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's__________made this possible.
implicit-memory
Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _____.
infantile amnesia
Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as__________.
infantile-amnesia
In Gestalt psychology, a(n) _________ is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution.
insight
The social cognitive theory is criticized because__________.
it-pays-less-attention-to-genetic-variation-in-explaining-individual-differences-in-behavior
The__________is an area at the side of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a start-eating center.
lateral-hypothalamus
According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of child development is dominated by:
learning to coordinate perception of the self and of the environment with motor activity.
Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to _____.
priming
Studies involving brain imaging reveal that__________makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity.
priming
Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he has a problem remembering Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of _____.
proactive interference
Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he has a problem remembering Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of__________.
proactive-interference
A sofa, bed, and table are__________of the category furniture, but a magazine rack, lamp, and piano bench are not.
prototypes
Children's__________become refined after they are shown positive and negative instances and given explanations.
prototypes
Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the _____ of personality.
psychodynamic theories
According to _________, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences.
psycholinguistic theory
In infancy, Brian did not have the good fortune to have an affectionate mother. His mother suffered from alcoholism and abused drugs. She was always emotionally unavailable to him. As a result, he now has difficulty in his relationships with others and cannot trust people easily. This situation supports the views of the__________.
psychosocial-development-theory
Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____by socialcognitive theorists.
self-efficacy expectations
Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called__________by social cognitive theorists.
self-efficacy-expectations
According to Carl Rogers, _________ refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming.
self-ideals
According to Carl Rogers,__________refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming.
self-ideals
Christopher knows a lot of facts about the planet earth. He knows that the circumference of the earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the earth. This knowledge is referred to as _____.
semantic memory
General knowledge is referred to as _________.
semantic memory
The _________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series
serial-position effect
The _________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.
serial-position effect
The__________is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.
serial-position-effect
During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the:
sex organs start to differentiate.
While watching a comedy show, Amanda remembered many funny incidents from her own college life. This is an example of _____.
state-dependent memory
Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player in her school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's _____ made this possible.
implicit memory
Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: _________ and emotional stability-instability.
introversion-extraversion
The social cognitive theory is criticized because _________
it pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior
According to research performed by Kohlberg, children at the preconventional level base their moral judgments on _____.
the consequences of behavior