Psychology Chapters 8 and 9
In Daniel Kahneman's theory, the system of thought that is rapid, intuitive, effortless, and automatic, is called
System 1
There has recently been a shift among memory researchers away from quantitative questions of how much and how long to the question of how
accurate
When our thoughts about certain events are easily "accessible" to our consciousness, we tend to overestimate their likelihood of occurrence of the event. This is known as the
availability heuristic
All of the following are examples of proactive interference, EXCEPT: a. Raphael recently changed his debit-card PIN, but still enters the old pin by mistake. b. Julia lost the combination lock to use at the gym, but she cannot use her old one because she only remembers the new combination. c. Steve ruined his date by calling her by his old girlfriend's name. d. Dr. Johnston has trouble remembering his student's names every time a new semester starts.
b
An IQ score between about 50 and 70 may reflect mild mental retardation, if the person also demonstrates
behavioral difficulties
Which of the following best describes the consensus of most researchers about the recovered memory controversy? a. People who experience traumatic events do not try hard enough to repress the memory and it is recovered. b. Many trauma survivors lose memory for the entire event, including several days surrounding the event. c. Most people who recover memories of traumatic sexual abuse in therapy are actually rebelling against the suggestions of the therapist. d. Cases in which a person loses all memory for a traumatic event, and then recovers the details accurately, years later, are rare.
c
This part of the multi-component model of working memory allows us to have several short- and long-term memory "programs" open at the same time.
central executive
When children make language errors like saying "taked" instead of "took," or "badder" instead of "worse," linguists believe it is evidence for an innate language faculty because
children persist in making these grammatically logical mistakes even after being corrected
Which type of conditioning requires conscious awareness?
classical
What has to happen for memories to move from short term to long term memory?
consolidation
All of the following would be characterized by a cognitive scientist as natural concepts, EXCEPT: a. play b. emotion c. animal d. speed
d
What type of information is easier to retrieve: deep processed or acoustic?
deep processed
When humans use language to converse about things that do not exist, are abstract, or have yet to occur, linguists refer to it as
displacement
Studies that demonstrate this effect of schemas also highlight the importance of the context in which an event occurs for subsequent accurate recall.
distorted recall of schema-inconsistent material
This memory process involves making meaning out of our perceptions.
encoding
Humans are able to use a relatively small number of words and grammatical structures of a language to compose a theoretically infinite number of sentences. This is called
generativity
In order to experience insight while solving a problem, one must first experience this state.
impasse
When we recall something, but have no awareness that we are doing so, we are using
implicit memory
To say that the base rate of Americans with depression is 5 percent, whereas the base rate of having the first name "John" is 20 percent, it means that
it is less likely for an American to be depressed than to be named John
The two primary components of thinking in terms of representing information are called:
mental images and concepts
Memory Encoding
mentally encoding information into long term memory in a way that is personally meaningful
What is the span and duration of long term memory?
minutes to years
On a multiple-choice exam, identifying the correct answer is really a matter of
recognition
When information becomes conscious, it has been activated in this store.
short-term memory
This type of measurement is the defining method of psychometrics.
standardized testing
This retrieval phenomenon works when mood and other psychological states, including drug-induced changes in consciousness, act as retrieval cues.
state-dependent memory
Which was NOT among the list of habits known to reduce exam performance?
studying in frequent, manageable settings
Craik and Lockhart did not adhere to the notion that memory consists of separate stores and stages such as STM and LTM. Instead they proposed that
the more deeply an item is processed, the more likely it is to be recalled at a later date
What is the span and duration of the sensory registers?
1/4-1/2 a second, all sensory experience
What is the span and duration of short term memory?
15-30 seconds and 5-9 things
Ninety-six percent of people's IQ scores fall between these two scores.
70 and 130
What is the difference between recall and recognition?
Recall is the mental process of retrieval of information from the past. Recognition describes a cognitive process that matches information from a stimulus with information retrieved from memory.
Studies of language learning with primates like Kanzi, Nim, and Washoe demonstrated that primates are able to communicate with human language
about as well as a human toddler
Young children have relatively little control over their lives, but as they grow older their ability to seek out environments, relationships, and experiences more in keeping with aspects of their genetic heredity increases. This is consistent with a(n)
active gene-environment correlation
This procedure for solving problems will work as long as you input information in the appropriate manner.
algorithm
The false memory effect demonstrated by Ceci and colleagues particularly affects
autobiographical memory
What type of memory becomes more efficient as we age?
autobiographical memory
According to Sternberg's triarchic theory, all of the following are examples of the use of practical intelligence, EXCEPT: a. How can I best organize my schedule to balance work and socializing? b. How can I best solve this anagram? c. How can I save up to buy myself a car? d. How can I manage my studying time to get an A?
b
When nonhuman animals communicate with one another, the system of communication is always
closed-ended
This theoretical idea states that the mind was designed to process and manipulate information.
computational theory of mind
Which mental representation would we need to utilize to think about abstract words like time, ambivalence, and fatigue?
concept
When people pay more attention to events that are consistent with their own predictions while ignoring other events, this is an example of
confirmation bias
Researchers demonstrated this phenomenon when they had scuba divers memorize lists of words either under water or on land, and later tested them for recall of these words both on land and under water.
context-dependent method
All of the following are examples of episodic memories, EXCEPT: a. Steve remembers that he bought his first guitar on a Monday. b. Josh remembers that his first kiss was very awkward. c. Mary Beth remembers that her favorite song is by the Beatles. d. Adam remembers that New York is in the Eastern time zone of the United States.
d
Most modern psychologists view memory like a "theater" of experience where events may be interpreted and reinterpreted over time. This means that memories are
fixed, not variable
This memory phenomenon is a highly vivid and detailed remembrance of one's personal circumstances at the moment of learning of some shocking and unexpected event
flashbulb memory
Susan Hespos and Elizabeth Spelke (2004) observed that the Korean language, but not the English language, uses entirely different verbs to describe whether an object fits loosely or tightly inside or on top of another. This is an example of the
linguistic relativity hypothesis
You might use this strategy to remember a telephone number if you have nothing with which to write.
maintenance rehearsal
An experimenter is hoping to measure this when asking you to quickly repeat back a string of digits like 2,3,5,6,1,2,6.
memory span
Which of the following is NOT a way that long-term memories are encoded?
mental encoding
If you make a list of items to buy at the grocery store but forget your list at home, you will probably be able to remember the first few items on the list as an example of this serial position effect.
primacy effect
A schema is necessary to represent which of these bits of information? a. the color of grass is green b. psychology lecture lasts for 50 minutes c. all birds have feathers d. your father is older than you are
psychology lecture lasts for 50 minutes
Supporters of the idea of distinct memory systems claim that this serial position effect is evidence of the existence of a separate short-term memory store.
recency effect
This popular-science term refers to the normal distribution of IQ scores throughout the population.
the bell curve
Your confidence in autobiographical memories for events that occurred before your fourth birthday are most likely based on
the existence of photographs of the events
What is context-dependent learning?
the improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same
What is state-dependent learning?
the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed
Maintenance Rehearsal
the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information
The tragic case of "Genie," a girl who was subjected to physical abuse and prohibited from speaking for the first 13 years of her life, supports the idea that
there is a critical period for language development
In linguistic theory, children use this innate knowledge to acquire the specific language spoken by the caregivers.
universal grammar
Which of the following describes the most reliable and valid use of IQ scores?
using IQ to predict academic performance and achievement
This part of the multi-component model of working memory holds visual information in short-term memory.
visuospatial sketchpad
