Psychology CP: Final Exam

Identify the main source of parent-child relationships.

It is kids want more freedom from their parents

Identify the 3 factors that make up our sense of touch.

It is the pressure, the temperature, and the pain.

Identify who created the theory of classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

Achievement

Knowledge and skills gained from experience

Cognitive Activities

Mental processes like dreams, thoughts

Describe the differences between structuralism and functionalism.

Structuralism is based on the consciousness and the remembrance of the past while functionalism is based on what you learned from your environment

Identify the two major research methods used in psychological fields

Surveys (collecting data through questions) and Experimentation (studying behavior while in a controlled setting).

Structuralism

a type of experiment psychology that focused on the basic elements of consciousness

Adrenaline

arouses the body and helps a person cope with the situation

Maturation

automatic process of development that results from genetics

Defense Mechanisms

certain specific means by which the ego unconsciously protects itself against unpleasant impulses or circumstances

Dementia

decreases in mental abilities experienced by some people in old age

Ivan Pavlov

discovered the principles of classical conditioning (Dog experiment)

Corpus Callosum

ensures both sides of the brain can communicate and send signals to each other

Survey Method

gather information by asking people directly; people are asked to respond to a series of questions about a particular subject

Psychiatrist

is a medical doctor, specializes in treating disorders, and can prescribe medicine to patients

Psychologist

is not a doctor and cannot prescribe medications

Latent Learning

learning that remains hidden until it is needed

Educational Psychologist

like school psychologist, concerned with helping students learn

Juvenile Delinquency

many illegal activities committed by children or adolescents

Short-Term Memory

memory that is limited in capacity

Functionalism

mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment. William James (when you learn to drive)

Neurons

nerve cells that send and receive messages from the body

Operant Conditioning

occurs when the consequences that follow a behavior increase or decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again. B.F. Skinner → human behavior is influenced by one's history of rewards and punishments

Primary Reinforcer

one that satisfies a biological need such as hunger, thirst, or sleep

Pupil

opening of the eye

Self-Efficacy

our ability to succeed

Lens

part of the eye that adjusts to the distance of objects by changing its thickness

Laboratory-Observation Method

participants are in a laboratory setting

Storage

process in which information is maintained over a period of time

Confidentiality

records of research participants are private. People are more likely to disclose true information and feelings when they know that what they say will remain confidential

Clinical

relating to the observation and treatment of actual patients rather than theoretical or laboratory studies

Case-Study Method

researchers conduct in-depth investigations of individuals or a small group

Ethics

standards for proper and responsible behavior

Personality

the consistent, enduring, and unique characteristics of a person

Drive

the force that motivates an organism to take action

Gestalt Psychology

the idea that perceptions are more than the sums of their parts. Instead, they are wholes that give shape or meaning, to the parts (what most psychologists classify themselves as today). Christian Von Ehrenfels

Amnesia

the loss of memory that may occur after a blow to the head, brain damage, drug use, or psychological stress

Ego

the part of the personality that is in touch with reality and strives to meet the demands of the id and the superego in socially acceptable ways

Superego

the part of the personality that is the source of conscience and counteracts the socially undesirable impulses of the id

Id

the part of the unconscious personality that contains our needs, drives, instincts, and repressed material

Unconditional Positive Regard

the perception that individual's' significant others value them for what they are, which leads the individuals to grant themselves the same regard

Biofeedback

the process of learning to control bodily states with the help of machines monitoring those states to be controlled

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental process

Long Term Memory

the storage of information over extended periods of time

Encoding

we use our senses to encode and establish a memory

Explain Pavlov's Dog Experiment.

when a neutral stimulus (the sight of Pavlov) is paired with an unlearned, natural stimulus (food in the mouth) that automatically elicits a reflexive response (the dog salivates).

Positive Reinforcement

(positive and negative, and primary and secondary) stimuli that increase the likelihood that certain behaviors will be repeated

Describe the visual cliff study regarding physical development.

-A special structure which is completely made out of floor, but half of the floor is glass and looks as if there is a "cliff" (illusion) -This study found that infants seem to be unafraid when placed near the edge -But, by 9 months, the infants respond with fear, proving that experience contributes to their ability to perceive certain things

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the cross-sectional method.

-Advantages: Less time consuming than the longitudinal method for studying changes over time. -Disadvantages: Difference between the members of the sample cannot necessarily be attributed to age or development.

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the case-study method

-Advantages: Provides insight into specific cases. -Disadvantages: Many focus on isolated circumstances or events that cannot be replicated. People interviewed in cases study past experience. Researchers may unintentionally encourage people to answer questions a certain way.

Describe the periods of transformation of an embryo in a woman's body.

-At 8 ½ weeks the embryo becomes a fetus -This is the stage in which the organs and body systems develop -During the 9 months of pregnancy, the embryo develops from a microscopic cell to a baby about 20 inches in length -A newborn weighs a billion more times what it weighed at conception -In the first 8 weeks of pregnancy the embryo develops... -Fingers -Toes -Eyes -Ears -Nose -Mouth -Heart

Explain the negative psychological consequences that occur because of child abuse.

-Children who are abused run a higher risk of developing psychological problems -Anxiety -Depression -Low self-esteem -They tend to be unsure of themselves -Less likely to explore the world around them -More likely to engage in aggressive behavior -Child abuse tends to run in the family -Abused children may come to see punishment as normal -Because of this, when they have children of their own, they are more likely to become abusers themselves

Identify the three parts of the memory process.

-Encoding: we use our senses to encode and establish a memory -Storage: process in which information is maintained over a period of time -Retrieval: occurs when information is brought to mind from storage

Describe the functions of the four Lobes of the brain

-Frontal Lobe: This is where your brain's executive center is, and where we solve problems and make/plan decisions. It retrieves files of info like a computer. -Parietal Lobe: This is responsible for sending sensory information to our bodies. -Temporal Lobe: Helps process auditory information and helps with memory. -Occipital Lobe:This is responsible for visual perception (including color, form, and motion)

Describe the purpose of the three parts of the brain.

-Hindbrain:Heart rate, respiration, and balance. -Midbrain:Vision and learning -Forebrain: Complex functions such as thoughts and emotions.

Explain the four Identity Formations of teenagers.

-Identity Moratorium (searching for new identity) -Identity Foreclosure (identity based on others, not self) -Identity Diffusion (no ideas, no soul-searching) -Identity Achievement (committing to direction)

Describe three factors that influence juvenile delinquency.

-Low self-esteem -Lack of affection -Behavior problems that come with being young -Poor grades and lack of educational or vocational goals -Peer Pressure -Family history

Describe two ways to improve short-term memory.

-Maintenance Rehearsal: a system for remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it -Chunking: the process of grouping items to make them easier to remember -Working Memory: another word for short-term memory, serves as a system for processing and working with current information

Identify three ways to avoid problems during the adolescent period.

-Most adolescents who have clear educational and vocational goals tend to steer clear of problems -Those who fear participating in certain behavior are usually better off if they can talk to a trusted adult (parent, relative, teacher, guidance counselor) -Most who participate in prevention programs do better in school and are more likely to become successful later in life

Explain the debate between nature versus nurture.

-Nature: the traits that people inherit, or the biological groundwork that prepares a person to develop a certain way. -Nurture: refers to the environmental factors that a person is exposed to throughout his/her life.

Identify the biggest issues with intelligence tests

-Outside factors such as education and economic background can make a difference. Ex.) Income, Motivation -Some tests can also be culturally biased or might give an advantage to a particular group

Describe the six steps of the PQ4R Method

-Previewing: getting a general picture of what is covered before actually going through the material ex: Google Search -Questioning: establishing goals for learning and questions for the subject matter; When we want to learn something, we become active learners -Reading: covering material with a specific purpose of answering previously formed questions -Reflecting: thinking of examples or creating mental images of the subject matter; relating new information to old OR relating new information to events in your personal life -Reciting: Repeating the material (whether out loud or in our mind) until you have learned or remembered the material -Reviewing: because learning takes time, we usually have to repeat the process over a few times in order to truly understand it

Describe how Erik Erikson views the adolescent time period.

-Psychoanalyst Erik Erikson states that the journey of life consists of eight stages -At each stage there is a task that must be mastered in order to achieve healthy development -The main task for adolescents was to search for their identity -A sense of who one is and what one stands for

Two-Factor Theory

Charles Spearman suggested that all behaviors that are part of intelligence have a common underlying factor (labeled g and stands for "general intelligence"). Some people are relatively better at some things than at others (writing and music over math). Suggested that specific factors (or s) account for particular abilities

Forebrain

Complex functions such as thoughts and emotions

Self-Actualization

Created by Abraham Maslow, refers to the need to become what one believes he or she is capable of being. The desire to fulfill oneself takes one past the point of just satisfying one's physical needs

Intelligence

Defined as the abilities to learn from experience, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with others

Empty Nest Syndrome

Departure of children from the home, Does not have to be traumatic but instead, one of the happiest of their lives, Find new interests and activities

Hindbrain

Heart rate, respiration, and balance

Severe Retardation

IQs between 20-34 and usually require supervision. Difficulties understanding speech and ability to respond. Need continuing direction and protection

Describe what happens to our pupils with increased/decreased light in our environment.

In dim light, your pupil expands to allow more light to enter your eye. In bright light, it contracts

Identify the potential causes of mental retardation

Includes several factors such as brain damage during childbirth caused by drugs, malnourishment, health problems during pregnancy, or genetic disorders

Describe the benefits of a double-blind study

No one will know who is taking the placebo or drug.

Describe the five main goals of psychology

Observe and describe (mental disorder to better understand), explain (the behavior to understand someone's behavior), predict (ways to control the behavior), control (help accomplish goals).

Explain why confidentiality is important in psychology and psychology studies

People are more likely to be more truthful and share their feelings.

Moderate Retardation

People with IQ between 35-49. Can learn to speak, feed and dress themselves, take care of hygiene, and work in supportive conditions but usually do not learn to read, write, or solve math problems. Most with Down Syndrome fall in this intelligence range

Thalamus

Relay station for senses

Retina

Sensitive surface in the eye that acts like the film in a camera, but consists of neurons

Describe four examples of maturation that takes place within infants during the first year of development.

Sit up, reflexes, stand, and walk

Puberty

Specific developmental changes that lead to the ability to reproduce

Describe how relationships with peers change during adolescence.

Teens spend more time with friends. They report feeling more understood and accepted by their friends. Less and less time is spent with parents and other family members. Close friendships tend to develop between teens with similar interests, social class, and ethnic backgrounds.

Identify the two parts of the body that combine to form the Central Nervous System.

The brain and spinal cord

Describe the difference between strict & permissive parenting styles. What is the difference between warm and cool parenting?

The difference is that permissive parents don't set clear rules. They aren't consistent with discipline. There's a lot of leniency, and their children often test limits. Authoritarian parents take a "no-nonsense" approach

Contact Comfort

The instinctual need to touch and be touched by something soft

Explain the purpose of the different parts of the eye.

The sclera, or white part of the eye, protects the eyeball. The pupil, or black dot at the center of the eye, is an opening through which light can enter the eye. The iris, or colored part of the eye, surrounds the pupil. It controls how much light enters the eye by changing the size of the pupil.

Developmental Psychology

The study of how people grow and change throughout their life span. This happens from conception to infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and death

Describe the characteristics of clinical psychologists

They can work in a private practice or in a hospital and they help people overcome problems in their lives like drug abuse

Frontal Lobe

This is where your brain's executive center is, and where we solve problems and make/plan decisions. It retrieves files of info like a computer

Midbrain

Vision and learning

Explain how classical conditioning occurs (go into detail)

When a neutral stimulus (the sight of Pavlov) is paired with an unlearned, natural stimulus (food in the mouth) that automatically elicits a reflexive response (the dog salivates).

Narcolepsy

a condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day

Need

a condition in which we require something we lack

Classical Conditioning

a learning procedure in which associations are made between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus

Negative Reinforcement

a painful or unpleasant stimulus is removed

Inferiority Complex

a pattern of avoiding feelings of inadequacy rather than trying to overcome their source

Insomnia

a prolonged and usually abnormal inability to sleep

Behaviorism

a scientific study of observable behavior. John B Watson (Little Albert Experiment)

Consciousness

a state of awareness, including a person's feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions

Motive

a stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a goal