Psychology CP: Final Exam
Identify the main source of parent-child relationships.
It is kids want more freedom from their parents
Identify the 3 factors that make up our sense of touch.
It is the pressure, the temperature, and the pain.
Identify who created the theory of classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Achievement
Knowledge and skills gained from experience
Cognitive Activities
Mental processes like dreams, thoughts
Describe the differences between structuralism and functionalism.
Structuralism is based on the consciousness and the remembrance of the past while functionalism is based on what you learned from your environment
Identify the two major research methods used in psychological fields
Surveys (collecting data through questions) and Experimentation (studying behavior while in a controlled setting).
Structuralism
a type of experiment psychology that focused on the basic elements of consciousness
Adrenaline
arouses the body and helps a person cope with the situation
Maturation
automatic process of development that results from genetics
Defense Mechanisms
certain specific means by which the ego unconsciously protects itself against unpleasant impulses or circumstances
Dementia
decreases in mental abilities experienced by some people in old age
Ivan Pavlov
discovered the principles of classical conditioning (Dog experiment)
Corpus Callosum
ensures both sides of the brain can communicate and send signals to each other
Survey Method
gather information by asking people directly; people are asked to respond to a series of questions about a particular subject
Psychiatrist
is a medical doctor, specializes in treating disorders, and can prescribe medicine to patients
Psychologist
is not a doctor and cannot prescribe medications
Latent Learning
learning that remains hidden until it is needed
Educational Psychologist
like school psychologist, concerned with helping students learn
Juvenile Delinquency
many illegal activities committed by children or adolescents
Short-Term Memory
memory that is limited in capacity
Functionalism
mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment. William James (when you learn to drive)
Neurons
nerve cells that send and receive messages from the body
Operant Conditioning
occurs when the consequences that follow a behavior increase or decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again. B.F. Skinner → human behavior is influenced by one's history of rewards and punishments
Primary Reinforcer
one that satisfies a biological need such as hunger, thirst, or sleep
Pupil
opening of the eye
Self-Efficacy
our ability to succeed
Lens
part of the eye that adjusts to the distance of objects by changing its thickness
Laboratory-Observation Method
participants are in a laboratory setting
Storage
process in which information is maintained over a period of time
Confidentiality
records of research participants are private. People are more likely to disclose true information and feelings when they know that what they say will remain confidential
Clinical
relating to the observation and treatment of actual patients rather than theoretical or laboratory studies
Case-Study Method
researchers conduct in-depth investigations of individuals or a small group
Ethics
standards for proper and responsible behavior
Personality
the consistent, enduring, and unique characteristics of a person
Drive
the force that motivates an organism to take action
Gestalt Psychology
the idea that perceptions are more than the sums of their parts. Instead, they are wholes that give shape or meaning, to the parts (what most psychologists classify themselves as today). Christian Von Ehrenfels
Amnesia
the loss of memory that may occur after a blow to the head, brain damage, drug use, or psychological stress
Ego
the part of the personality that is in touch with reality and strives to meet the demands of the id and the superego in socially acceptable ways
Superego
the part of the personality that is the source of conscience and counteracts the socially undesirable impulses of the id
Id
the part of the unconscious personality that contains our needs, drives, instincts, and repressed material
Unconditional Positive Regard
the perception that individual's' significant others value them for what they are, which leads the individuals to grant themselves the same regard
Biofeedback
the process of learning to control bodily states with the help of machines monitoring those states to be controlled
Psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental process
Long Term Memory
the storage of information over extended periods of time
Encoding
we use our senses to encode and establish a memory
Explain Pavlov's Dog Experiment.
when a neutral stimulus (the sight of Pavlov) is paired with an unlearned, natural stimulus (food in the mouth) that automatically elicits a reflexive response (the dog salivates).
Positive Reinforcement
(positive and negative, and primary and secondary) stimuli that increase the likelihood that certain behaviors will be repeated
Describe the visual cliff study regarding physical development.
-A special structure which is completely made out of floor, but half of the floor is glass and looks as if there is a "cliff" (illusion) -This study found that infants seem to be unafraid when placed near the edge -But, by 9 months, the infants respond with fear, proving that experience contributes to their ability to perceive certain things
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the cross-sectional method.
-Advantages: Less time consuming than the longitudinal method for studying changes over time. -Disadvantages: Difference between the members of the sample cannot necessarily be attributed to age or development.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the case-study method
-Advantages: Provides insight into specific cases. -Disadvantages: Many focus on isolated circumstances or events that cannot be replicated. People interviewed in cases study past experience. Researchers may unintentionally encourage people to answer questions a certain way.
Describe the periods of transformation of an embryo in a woman's body.
-At 8 ½ weeks the embryo becomes a fetus -This is the stage in which the organs and body systems develop -During the 9 months of pregnancy, the embryo develops from a microscopic cell to a baby about 20 inches in length -A newborn weighs a billion more times what it weighed at conception -In the first 8 weeks of pregnancy the embryo develops... -Fingers -Toes -Eyes -Ears -Nose -Mouth -Heart
Explain the negative psychological consequences that occur because of child abuse.
-Children who are abused run a higher risk of developing psychological problems -Anxiety -Depression -Low self-esteem -They tend to be unsure of themselves -Less likely to explore the world around them -More likely to engage in aggressive behavior -Child abuse tends to run in the family -Abused children may come to see punishment as normal -Because of this, when they have children of their own, they are more likely to become abusers themselves
Identify the three parts of the memory process.
-Encoding: we use our senses to encode and establish a memory -Storage: process in which information is maintained over a period of time -Retrieval: occurs when information is brought to mind from storage
Describe the functions of the four Lobes of the brain
-Frontal Lobe: This is where your brain's executive center is, and where we solve problems and make/plan decisions. It retrieves files of info like a computer. -Parietal Lobe: This is responsible for sending sensory information to our bodies. -Temporal Lobe: Helps process auditory information and helps with memory. -Occipital Lobe:This is responsible for visual perception (including color, form, and motion)
Describe the purpose of the three parts of the brain.
-Hindbrain:Heart rate, respiration, and balance. -Midbrain:Vision and learning -Forebrain: Complex functions such as thoughts and emotions.
Explain the four Identity Formations of teenagers.
-Identity Moratorium (searching for new identity) -Identity Foreclosure (identity based on others, not self) -Identity Diffusion (no ideas, no soul-searching) -Identity Achievement (committing to direction)
Describe three factors that influence juvenile delinquency.
-Low self-esteem -Lack of affection -Behavior problems that come with being young -Poor grades and lack of educational or vocational goals -Peer Pressure -Family history
Describe two ways to improve short-term memory.
-Maintenance Rehearsal: a system for remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it -Chunking: the process of grouping items to make them easier to remember -Working Memory: another word for short-term memory, serves as a system for processing and working with current information
Identify three ways to avoid problems during the adolescent period.
-Most adolescents who have clear educational and vocational goals tend to steer clear of problems -Those who fear participating in certain behavior are usually better off if they can talk to a trusted adult (parent, relative, teacher, guidance counselor) -Most who participate in prevention programs do better in school and are more likely to become successful later in life
Explain the debate between nature versus nurture.
-Nature: the traits that people inherit, or the biological groundwork that prepares a person to develop a certain way. -Nurture: refers to the environmental factors that a person is exposed to throughout his/her life.
Identify the biggest issues with intelligence tests
-Outside factors such as education and economic background can make a difference. Ex.) Income, Motivation -Some tests can also be culturally biased or might give an advantage to a particular group
Describe the six steps of the PQ4R Method
-Previewing: getting a general picture of what is covered before actually going through the material ex: Google Search -Questioning: establishing goals for learning and questions for the subject matter; When we want to learn something, we become active learners -Reading: covering material with a specific purpose of answering previously formed questions -Reflecting: thinking of examples or creating mental images of the subject matter; relating new information to old OR relating new information to events in your personal life -Reciting: Repeating the material (whether out loud or in our mind) until you have learned or remembered the material -Reviewing: because learning takes time, we usually have to repeat the process over a few times in order to truly understand it
Describe how Erik Erikson views the adolescent time period.
-Psychoanalyst Erik Erikson states that the journey of life consists of eight stages -At each stage there is a task that must be mastered in order to achieve healthy development -The main task for adolescents was to search for their identity -A sense of who one is and what one stands for
Two-Factor Theory
Charles Spearman suggested that all behaviors that are part of intelligence have a common underlying factor (labeled g and stands for "general intelligence"). Some people are relatively better at some things than at others (writing and music over math). Suggested that specific factors (or s) account for particular abilities
Forebrain
Complex functions such as thoughts and emotions
Self-Actualization
Created by Abraham Maslow, refers to the need to become what one believes he or she is capable of being. The desire to fulfill oneself takes one past the point of just satisfying one's physical needs
Intelligence
Defined as the abilities to learn from experience, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with others
Empty Nest Syndrome
Departure of children from the home, Does not have to be traumatic but instead, one of the happiest of their lives, Find new interests and activities
Hindbrain
Heart rate, respiration, and balance
Severe Retardation
IQs between 20-34 and usually require supervision. Difficulties understanding speech and ability to respond. Need continuing direction and protection
Describe what happens to our pupils with increased/decreased light in our environment.
In dim light, your pupil expands to allow more light to enter your eye. In bright light, it contracts
Identify the potential causes of mental retardation
Includes several factors such as brain damage during childbirth caused by drugs, malnourishment, health problems during pregnancy, or genetic disorders
Describe the benefits of a double-blind study
No one will know who is taking the placebo or drug.
Describe the five main goals of psychology
Observe and describe (mental disorder to better understand), explain (the behavior to understand someone's behavior), predict (ways to control the behavior), control (help accomplish goals).
Explain why confidentiality is important in psychology and psychology studies
People are more likely to be more truthful and share their feelings.
Moderate Retardation
People with IQ between 35-49. Can learn to speak, feed and dress themselves, take care of hygiene, and work in supportive conditions but usually do not learn to read, write, or solve math problems. Most with Down Syndrome fall in this intelligence range
Thalamus
Relay station for senses
Retina
Sensitive surface in the eye that acts like the film in a camera, but consists of neurons
Describe four examples of maturation that takes place within infants during the first year of development.
Sit up, reflexes, stand, and walk
Puberty
Specific developmental changes that lead to the ability to reproduce
Describe how relationships with peers change during adolescence.
Teens spend more time with friends. They report feeling more understood and accepted by their friends. Less and less time is spent with parents and other family members. Close friendships tend to develop between teens with similar interests, social class, and ethnic backgrounds.
Identify the two parts of the body that combine to form the Central Nervous System.
The brain and spinal cord
Describe the difference between strict & permissive parenting styles. What is the difference between warm and cool parenting?
The difference is that permissive parents don't set clear rules. They aren't consistent with discipline. There's a lot of leniency, and their children often test limits. Authoritarian parents take a "no-nonsense" approach
Contact Comfort
The instinctual need to touch and be touched by something soft
Explain the purpose of the different parts of the eye.
The sclera, or white part of the eye, protects the eyeball. The pupil, or black dot at the center of the eye, is an opening through which light can enter the eye. The iris, or colored part of the eye, surrounds the pupil. It controls how much light enters the eye by changing the size of the pupil.
Developmental Psychology
The study of how people grow and change throughout their life span. This happens from conception to infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and death
Describe the characteristics of clinical psychologists
They can work in a private practice or in a hospital and they help people overcome problems in their lives like drug abuse
Frontal Lobe
This is where your brain's executive center is, and where we solve problems and make/plan decisions. It retrieves files of info like a computer
Midbrain
Vision and learning
Explain how classical conditioning occurs (go into detail)
When a neutral stimulus (the sight of Pavlov) is paired with an unlearned, natural stimulus (food in the mouth) that automatically elicits a reflexive response (the dog salivates).
Narcolepsy
a condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day
Need
a condition in which we require something we lack
Classical Conditioning
a learning procedure in which associations are made between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
a painful or unpleasant stimulus is removed
Inferiority Complex
a pattern of avoiding feelings of inadequacy rather than trying to overcome their source
Insomnia
a prolonged and usually abnormal inability to sleep
Behaviorism
a scientific study of observable behavior. John B Watson (Little Albert Experiment)
Consciousness
a state of awareness, including a person's feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions
Motive
a stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a goal
