Psychology EXAM 4

Which of the following is true about neurodevelopmental disorders?

- All neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed in early childhood.

A school counselor leads a support group for children whose parents have AIDS. The counselor focuses on defining AIDS, discussing treatment and side effects of treatment, and how the children can develop coping mechanisms. This exemplifies ________.

- psycho-educational treatment

According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), in 2008, ________ of adults received treatment for a mental health issue.

13.4%

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ________ of U.S. adults experienced mental illness in 2012.

19%

Statistics show that ________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness.

26%

Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path.

Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Adderall

Who said, "The intensity and chronicity of human stress is governed largely by perceived control over the demands of one's life"?

Albert Bandura

Who developed client-centered therapy?

Carl Rogers

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress?

Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside.

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so?

Confidentiality

Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated with heart disease?

Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease.

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Who led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States?

Dorothea Dix

What does research show regarding race and ethnic differences in those who receive mental health services?

Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than White, middle-class Americans.

is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.

Eustress

Who defined stress as, "the response of the body to any demand, whether it is caused by, or results in, pleasant or unpleasant conditions"?

Hans Selye

Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?

How you think determines how you feel.

Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor?

Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat.

Which of the following statements is true about obsessive- compulsive disorder?

It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Who identified psychological disorders as a harmful dysfunction?

Jerome C. Wakefield

Which of the following is an example of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

Latricia has been lost in the woods for days. After such a long period of anxiety and fear, Latricia collapses by a tree.

What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory?

Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material.

According to research, how does the public view children and teens with mental health disorders?

Over 1,300 U.S. adults believe children with depression are prone to violence.

Which of the following is false of dissociative disorders?

People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture.

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of histrionic personality disorder?

Phoebe feels uncomfortable when she is not the center of attention, and she has alienated friends by demanding excessive amounts of their attention.

3. Which type of appraisal involves judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail?

Primary appraisal

Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

Who developed psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud

Is anger suppression or anger expression a more effective approach for coping with racism?

Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective.

Which of the following is not a reason that ADHD may be overdiagnosed?

The amount of ADHD in the population has increased tenfold since it was first identified.

What is one reason that more affluent individuals may experience better health?

They tend to believe they can personally control and manage their reaction to life's stressors.

Dr. Frobish possesses a ________ behavior pattern because she is an intensively driven workaholic, preoccupied with deadlines, and always seems to be in a rush.

Type A

Noomi seems to live by the "don't sweat the small stuff" concept. She is relaxed, laid-back, and never seems too concerned about meeting deadlines or finishing a to-do list. Noomi has a ________ personality.

Type B

Which of the following is an example of the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

Tyrique almost falls out of the tree, but he grabs a branch, and now that the danger of falling has passed, he focuses his energy and attention on getting down from the tree safely.

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client- centered therapy is this?

active listening

In Hans Selye's rat study, rats that were exposed to stressors over a long period of time showed signs of ________.

adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration

Lovell is noticeably fidgety and jittery. He can't sit still; he paces, wrings his hands, and pulls at his clothing constantly. Lovell suffers from psychomotor________.

agitation

A stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone ________.

anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence

From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality?

antisocial personality disorder

A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.

anxiety

disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.

anxiety

Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________.

appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless

A(n) ________ attack is often triggered by environmental factors, such as air pollution, allergens, cigarette smoke, airway infections, cold air or a sudden change in temperature, and exercise.

asthma

Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________.

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?

autism spectrum disorder

Rheumatoid arthritis is considered a(n) ________ disease because it involves the body mistaking its own healthy cells for invaders and repeatedly attacking them.

autoimmune

Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality?

avoidant personality disorder

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders?

becoming split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self

Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors?

behavior

Renzo's therapist helps him learn to overcome his fear of dogs through several stages of relaxation techniques. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

behavior therapy

Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing a social anxiety disorder?

behavioral inhibition

Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________.

being outside the home alone

The concept of perceived control refers to ________.

beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape outcomes in our lives

s stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes.

biofeedback

The ________ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ________perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders.

biological and psychological

Dr. Bronson treats anxiety disorders with Xanax, which exemplifies ________ therapy.

biomedical

Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder.

body dysmorphic

Hans Selye's definition of stress is considered a response-based definition because it conceptualizes stress chiefly in terms of the ________.

body's physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?

borderline personality disorder

Etiology is another word for ________.

causes

Addiction is often viewed as a(an) ________ disease.

chronic

Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.

chronic

Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder.

chronic

In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the ________.

client says whatever comes to mind at the moment

Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy.

client-centered

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

cognitive

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

cognitive behavioral therapy

The primary therapeutic orientation used in couples counseling is ________.

cognitive behavioral therapy

Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

cognitive therapy

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?

coping

Exposure therapy is a ________ technique.

counterconditioning

Aversive conditioning is a ________.

counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior

Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are all examples of a(n) ________.

daily hassle

A high-stress job, overcrowding, and long commutes to work are examples of the way some psychologists conceptualize stress as a ________.

demanding or threatening event or situation

Jerry allows others to take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. He cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others, probably because he lacks self-confidence. He finds it impossible to do things on his own, and he feels uncomfortable and helpless when he is alone. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jerry's personality?

dependent personality disorder

Doug is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy's pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?

depersonalization

Anti-anxiety agents work by ________.

depressing central nervous system activity

The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.

diathesis-stress

Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing a(n) ________.

dissociative fugue

Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder.

dissociative identity

People who reach the ________ level of stress feel burned out; they are fatigued, exhausted, and their performance begins to decline.

distress

is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating.

distress

ECT stands for ________.

electroconvulsive therapy

Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________?

episodic

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders?

excessive, persistent fear and anxiety

Which of the following factors does not strongly predict the development of posttraumatic stress disorder?

experiencing trauma in isolation

Jade hears a rattle. When she turns around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This response is called the ________ response.

fight or flight

is a state of intense engagement in an activity; it is usually experienced while participating in creative work and leisure endeavors.

flow

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________.

forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart

Dr. Xavier encourages his client to relax and say whatever comes to mind at the moment. Dr. Xavier is using ________ to treat his client.

free association

22. Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.

generalized anxiety disorder

Breach of confidentiality is a greater risk in ________ therapy.

group

Which treatment modality involves 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meeting together with a trained clinician?

group therapy

What triggers the secondary appraisal of a stressor?

how a threat is perceived

Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using?

humanistic therapy

Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress?

immune system is weakened

During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs.

intake

Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe?

involuntary

Taylor is a social worker. He is overworked, his caseload is overwhelming, and he no longer believes that what he does on a day-to- day basis has any real impact or improves anyone's life. Taylor is probably suffering from ________.

job burnout

Which of the following is an example of avolition?

lack of motivation to bathe yourself

Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.

mania

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________.

meditation

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

obsessive-compulsive

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________.

often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD?

orbitofrontal cortex

Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size.

organizing the books

delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.

paranoid

yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.

phobia

Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

physiological

Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

play therapy

Which therapeutic process involves the use of toys?

play therapy

Optimism is a tendency toward a(n) ________.

positive outlook and positive expectations

Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives?

positive psychology

In medieval times, abnormal behaviors were viewed as a sign that a person was ________.

possessed by demons

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.

posttraumatic stress

Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress: He immediately uses the Internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using?

problem focused

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________.

race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

Repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called ________.

relapse

Joffrey talks and moves slowly. When asked a question, he answers slowly in monotone monosyllables, if he answers at all. Joffrey is experiencing psychomotor________.

retardation

are mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to oneself.

safety behaviors

Veena's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. Which of the following disorders is Veena living with?

schizophrenia

Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?

schizophrenia

Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Alexis have?

seasonal pattern

is a subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year.

seasonal pattern

Researchers who studied people injured in the 9/11 attacks found that the injured later suffered from ________. These results demonstrate how stress is linked to the development and progression of a variety of physical illnesses and diseases.

significantly elevated rates of heart disease

Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________.

social support

Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of ________.

social support

The use of ________ can result in decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, and headache.

stimulants

. A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________.

stressor

Carl Rogers called his therapeutic orientation client-centered therapy because he thought the term "patient" ________.

suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?

systematic desensitization

What is comorbidity?

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

A stressor would be appraised as a ________ if someone anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence; however, if someone believes that it carries the potential for gain or personal growth, it would be appraised as a ________.

threat/challenge

Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________.

token economy

Which of the following is an example of eustress?

training for a marathon

Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non- judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

unconditional positive regard

Lexi cannot control her impulses to pull out her hair. Her friend Paul suggests that she see a therapist and Lexi agrees. She gets a referral from her primary care physician for a therapist and begins seeing Dr. Clark four times a month. What kind of treatment does this describe?

voluntary

Which of the following is not one of the three aspects of job burnout?

wanting to quit