Psychology Exam - Chapters 1,2, and 4

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. A. Gestalt psychology B. humanism C. psychoanalytic theory D. structuralism

A

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship. A. confounding variable B. control variable C. dependent variable D. independent variable

A

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have? A. night terrors B. narcolepsy C. restless leg syndrome D. sleep apnea

A

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________. A. case studies B. correlational C. cross-sectional D. surveys

A

A negative correlation means ________. A. a third variable eliminates a correlational relationship B. one variable decreases as the other increases C. there is a relationship between two variables, but it is not statistically significant D. two variables increase together, but they are associated with an undesirable outcome

B

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. A. conscience B. consciousness C. REM sleep D. unconsciousness

B

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________. A. insomnia B. narcolepsy C. night terrors D. restless leg syndrome

B

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

B

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. A. lucid dreaming B. parasomnias C. protoconsciousness D. somnambulism

B

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? A. Both our respiration and heartbeat quicken. B. Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down. C. Our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down. D. Our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens.

B

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

A

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)? A. crying while asleep B. kicking and punching while asleep C. snoring while asleep D. talking while asleep

B

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? A. data collection B. experiment C. hypothesis D. observation

C

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior? A. assessing behaviors from a police cruiser dash cam B. having passengers rate the driver's behavior C. using footage from red light cameras D. watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

D

Behaviorists study ________. A. a person's unconscious mind B. chemical and hormonal changes C. dreams D. learned behavior

D

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________. A. dependent variable B. independent variable C. operational definition D. significant variable

A

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood. A. The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive." B. The word "famous" should be changed to the word "infamous." C. The word "infancy" should be changed to the word "adolescence." D. The name "Jean Piaget" should be changed to "Abraham Maslow."

A

Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology? A. Male bias exists in science. B. Male psychologists assume that their results do not apply to women. C. Male psychologists do not pay enough attention to relationships. D. Male psychologists emphasize objective data over subjective data.

A

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? A. John Watson B. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

A

________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships. A. archival B. correlational C. experimental D. survey

A

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was critical to understand subconscious behavior. A. The name "Sigmund Freud" should be changed to "Wilhelm Wundt." B. The word "subconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious." C. The word "unconscious" to the word "conscious." D. The word "understand" should be changed to the word "believing."

B

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology? A. discovering the contributions of women to psychology B. favoring women over men C. questioning the practice of science itself when it is male biased D. studying psychological gender differences

B

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? A. correlational B. experimental C. quasi-experimental D. survey

B

________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables. A. cause-and-effect B. correlation C. reliability D. validity

B

________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. A. generalizability B. reliability C. statistical significance D. validity

B

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________. A. interpret dreams B. manipulate human behavior C. study the function of behavior D. study the structure and characteristics of the mind

C

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. A. explaining the subconscious B. the operation of individual parts of the mind C. the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts D. understanding the id, ego, and superego

C

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content. A. ego-driven B. preconscious C. latent D. manifest

C

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content. A. biological B. circadian C. latent D. manifest

C

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________. A. A disruption in signals that regulate breathing, which are sent from the brain, cause periods of interrupted breathing. B. An individual dreams she cannot breathe and wakes up in a panic. C. An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep. D. Signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing are blocked in the hypothalamus.

C

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________. A. only behavior B. only the mind C. the mind and behavior D. the soul, the mind, and behavior

C

Psychology refers to the ________. A. empirical study of humanity B. experimental study of individuals C. scientific study of the mind D. systematic study of human interaction

C

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________. A. somnambulism B. damage to his K-complex C. narcolepsy D. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

C

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter. A. confounding variable B. dependent variable C. independent variable D. variability

C

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis? A. It can be tested using empirical methods. B. It is an if-then statement. C. It is complex. D. It is falsifiable.

C

________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. A. insomnia B. NREM phase C. parasomnia D. REM phase

C

A theta wave is a type of ________. A. brain wave associated with critical thinking B. brain wave associated with sleep spindles C. low frequency, high amplitude brain wave D. low frequency, low amplitude brain wave

D

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. A. conclusion B. hypothesis C. operational definition D. theory

D

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________. A. dream analysis B. examination of the first words that come to someone's mind C. seemingly innocent slips of the tongue D. the use of reinforcement and punishment

D

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group. A. active play; passive play B. food choice; no play C. no play; type of play D. type of play; no play

D

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________. A. conscious and unconscious B. experimental and provable C. hypothesized and theoretical D. perceivable and measurable

D

Hamid is a 9-1-1 operator. When the blizzard began, he was told he would have to stay and work three extra shifts to cover for coworkers who were not able to drive to work through the storm. After 32 hours of exhausting work, he makes it home and discovers he is unable to fall asleep no matter how hard he tries. Hamid may be experiencing ________. A. electroencephalography B. K-complex stimulation C. lucid dreaming D. sleep rebound

D

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep? A. one B. two C. three D. four

D

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. A. night terrors B. non-REM C. NREM D. REM

D

Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________. A. hypersomnia B. night terror C. restless leg syndrome D. somnambulism

D

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable. A. control; experimental B. dependent; independent C. experimental; control D. independent; dependent

D

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A theta wave is a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli." A. The word "high" should be changed to the word "low."B. The word "theta" should be changed to the word "alpha." C. The words "environmental stimuli" should be changed to the words "sleep spindles." D. The words "theta wave" should be changed to the phrase "K-complex."

D

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? A. A student in a psychology class writes his term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. B. A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy. C. Dr. Hysock-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. D. Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

D

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time. A. archival B. correlational C. cross-sectional D. longitudinal

D