Psychology Final

The saying is "Money can buy happiness," but research finds that in the United States those who earn more than ________ per year are not measurably happier than those who earn below that amount. $40,000 $55,000 $75,000 $92,000

75,000

Lydia is often described as having an easy, laid-back outlook on life. She tends to be very relaxed, is not particularly competitive, and rarely feels or demonstrates anger or hostility. Lydia exemplifies a Type ________ behavior pattern A B C D

B

________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes. Biofeedback Meditation Relaxation response technique The Selye Method

Biofeedback

What is the primary distinction between bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder? Those with binge eating disorder are typically very overweight while those with bulimia nervosa are typically very underweight. Those with bulimia nervosa are typically very overweight while those with binge eating disorder are typically very underweight. Binge eating disorder involves inappropriate purging behaviors while binge nervosa does not. Bulimia nervosa involves inappropriate purging behaviors while binge eating disorder does not.

Bulimia nervosa involves inappropriate purging behaviors while binge eating disorder does not.

________ is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating. Distress Eustress Type A stress Type B stress

Distress

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________ accommodation assimilation seriation reversibility

accommodation

Victoria has learned that she has metastatic breast cancer and has only a few months to live. She immediately goes to church and prays that she will "change her ways" and will become a model Christian if God will just heal her illness. Victoria is at the _______ stage of grieving. bargaining denial anger depression

bargaining

The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs and finally striving for self-actualization. biological; social social; biological aesthetic; esteem esteem; aesthetic

biological; social

Anasophia binges on chocolates, then makes herself vomit so that she won't retain any of the calories she just ingested. When she is not doing this she regular abuses laxatives in the hope that she will not absorb calories and gain weight. Anasophia has a normal body size, but has a great fear of gaining weight. It would be a good idea for Anasophia to be evaluated to see if she is suffering from ________. anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa binge eating disorder Prader-Willi syndrome

bulimia nervosa

Addiction is often viewed as a(n) ________ disease that can rewire the sufferer's brain chronic acute nomothetic idiographic

chronic

What is comorbidity? co-occurrence of two disorders having two causes for a single disorder having two causes of death mental disorder leading to death

co-occurrence of two disorders

A psychological disorder is a ________. condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors condition characterized by normal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors medical condition that has identifiable neurological causes. set of situational, idiosyncratic, or unconventional inner feelings

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so? confidentiality disclosure discretion privilege

confidentiality

When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, we'd say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory. continuous unidirectional discontinuous bidirectional

discontinuous

Which choice would you not expect to occur during the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle? erection of a penis lubrication of the vagina reduction in pulse and blood pressure expansion of the vaginal canal

reduction in pulse and blood pressure

What is the favored term for human factors psychology in Europe? ergonomics global factors human ecology humanics

ergonomics

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? reaction formation regression repression sublimation

regression

Mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as avoiding eye contact or rehearsing sentences before speaking are called ________. obsessions ruminations safety behaviors cognitive restructures

safety behaviors

In the HEXACO model of personality traits, to what does the "X" refer? extraversion honesty cross-culturalism emotionality

extraversion

________ is having an experience that is so engaging and engrossing that it becomes worth doing for its own sake. During this state a person might say that they feel that they "lose themselves" in the activity. Flow Completion Chi Zen

flow

Which type of persuasion approach involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item? door-in-the-face strategy foot-in-the-door technique lowball technique effort justification strategy

foot-in-the-door technique

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills fine gross reflexive native

gross

Empty stomachs contract, causing both hunger pangs and the secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior. This is an example of ________. a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism binge eating behavior that is followed by an attempt to compensate for the large amount of food consumed how physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time

how physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger

The process by which one's physiological defense system becomes less efficient at fighting illness is called ________ and this process is enhanced by elevated stress levels. problem-focused stressors exhaustion biopsychosocial flux immunosuppression

immunosuppression

Which concept describes traits that are fundamental to one's personal identity (e.g., skin color and hair texture) that an employer cannot use to discriminate in hiring job applicants? KSAs adaptive traits immutable characteristic genotypical traits

immutable characteristic

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. She thinks that those who do not play chess must be less intelligent than those who do, and thus she doesn't want to spend time with them. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias confirmation in-group out-group scapegoating

in-group

A(n) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society. Freudian inferiority Electra Oedipal

inferiority

Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe? free association humanistic involuntary voluntary

involuntary

Which option is the greatest risk factor for the development of burnout? a Type A problem resistance an absence of eustressors job strain

job strain

In job specification, what does the acronym KSA stand for? knacks, services, aptitudes know, study, apply knowing, sensing, adapting knowledge, skills, abilities

knowledge, skills, abilities

The notion that the manner in which one's brain develops can have a significant impact on a person's cognitive functioning is central to the ________ perspective in developmental psychology. neuroconstructivist biopsychosocial epigenetic naturist

neuroconstructivist

Galen used the terms calm, reliable, and thoughtful to describe a ________ person. choleric melancholic phlegmatic sanguine

phlegmatic

Food, water, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. acceptance esteem physiological security

physiological

Dr. Kaplan is working with a Japanese-American client, and regards the client's silence as an indication that he is not happy to be in therapy. He fails to consider that his client has learned that authority figures should be shown deference and that his silence is a sign of respect. Dr. Kaplan is demonstrating ________. unconditional positive regard free association a transference response poor cultural competence

poor cultural competence

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? avoidant disorganized resistant secure

secure

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring? avoiding the development of any contingency plans having the group leader make their position known before discussion begins seeking outside opinions on group decisions voting publicly in front of group members

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies concrete operational formal operational preoperational sensorimotor

sensorimotor

The ________ theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change. evolutionary limited resources set point Yerkes-Dodson

set point

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment? social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior students cannot be relied upon to act appropriately students cannot be trusted in roles of authority when operating in a group, some people will put forth less effort than if they were operating alone

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails and that the spiders will hatch inside his skin and will eventually begin to eat his organs. What kind of delusion is this? disorganized grandiose paranoid somatic

somatic

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory advocating for analytical psychology suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality the idea that men have womb envy the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

The ________ perspective of psychological disorders attributed symptoms of such ailments to forces that were beyond scientific understanding, such as black magic or evil spirits supernatural biological diathesis-stress neurological

supernatural

Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this? active listening free association transference unconditional positive regard

unconditional positive regard

During which kind of situation might a person be most likely to yield to the effects of informational social influence? when they feel sure of their own decisions when the correct choice is unclear when they really want to be liked by a group of peers when they have no personal investment in the outcome of their actions

when the correct choice is unclear

How long does traditional psychoanalysis typically take? months one week of intensive sessions weeks years

years

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. embryo placenta fetus zygote

zygote

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and he'd get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify? conventional formal operational post-conventional pre-conventional

pre-conventional

Alma has a serious disease in which the airways of her respiratory system become obstructed, leading to great difficulty expelling air from the lungs. Which disease does Alma have? asthma heart disease lung cancer systemic lupus erythematosus

asthma

Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. His body mass index, or BMI, is 42.7. According to the standards set by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Greg is ________. normal obese overweight anorexic

obese

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence. groupthink informational confirmatory normative

normative

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage? egocentrism language development object permanence pretend play

object permanence

Dr. Smyth conducts research that examines how stress, disease, and disorders can impact individuals in the workplace. She is working in the area of ________ psychology human wellness factors biopsychosocial occupational health industrial

occupational health

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development. anal genital oral phallic

oral

When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself. central haloed compliance peripheral

peripheral

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? authoritarian authoritative Freudian permissive

permissive

Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a ________. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting prescription for psychotropic medicine set of instructions to be carried out without deviation written record of a person's history, including their actions and qualities

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics Heritability Personality . Temperament Trait

Heritability

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to minority cultures. Rorschach test Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

Mercy has maintained her body weight far below what is healthy through starvation and constant exercise. Despite her drastically thin appearance, Mercy genuinely believes that she is overweight, often referring to herself as "fat." Mercy probably suffers from ________. anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa binge eating disorder Prader-Willi syndrome

anorexia nervosa

Hans Selye's definition of stress is considered a response-based definition because it conceptualizes stress chiefly in terms of the ________. best action to take in order to eliminate the stressor body's baseline reaction to ordinary events body's physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it mental health of the individual

body's physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her distorted ways of thinking and self-defeating actions by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? systematic desensitization classical conditioning counseling cognitive-behavioral therapy client-centered therapy

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Roscoe suffers from cocaine use disorder as well as bipolar disorder. The fact that he has two psychiatric diagnoses at once would make his a ________ situation. polysubstance incidental prevalent comorbid

comorbid

Managers at S-Mart routinely expect their employees to volunteer hours at the local veteran's center. The organization supports this practice since it shows commitment, empathy, and compassion, all things that S-Mart endorses as part of its company mission. This represents the ________ aspect of organizational culture. basic assumptions espoused values observable artifacts rituals

espoused values

A particular benefit of ________ therapy is the possibility of decreasing a client's sense of shame and isolation about the problem they face, while also letting them offer support to others. individual group gestalt humanistic

group

Ted conducts a study regarding how walking on a treadmill instead of sitting at a desk impacts worker productivity. Ted's study is within the industrial-organizational specialty area of ________ psychology. health human factors industrial organizational

human factors

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive. ego id superego unconsciou

id

During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs. admission evaluation exposition intake

intake

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage? generativity vs. stagnation identity vs. guilt initiative vs. guilt integrity vs. despair

integrity vs. despair

Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do, even though she receives no material rewards for doing so. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation. biological extrinsic instinct intrinsic

intrinsic

The notion that workers tend to show an increase in performance when they know that they are being observed is called the ________ effect. Flynn Hawthorne Taylor Munsterberg

Hawthorne

Otto is so driven to become a school psychologist that he spends every night studying. This sentence describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal, also called ________. emotion habit drive motivation

motivation

Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress; he immediately uses the internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using proactive emotion-focused problem-focused stress reduction

problem-focused

According to Edwin Locke, job ________ is the state of feeling resulting from appraising one's job experiences, and a more modern definition includes the extent to which a person enjoys their job. fulfillment gratification happiness satisfaction

satisfaction

According to research, what kind of job interview is most successful at predicting a candidate's later successful job performance? interviews that involved performance tests structured interviews 360-degree interviews unstructured interviews

structured interviews

Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression ________. characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania in which an individual experiences mania, characterized by extremely cheerful and euphoric mood, excessive talkativeness, irritability, increased activity levels, and other symptoms in which an individual has a tendency to repetitively and passively dwell on one's depressed symptoms, their meanings, and their consequences that applies to women who experience major depressive symptoms during or in the four weeks after a pregnancy.

that applies to women who experience major depressive symptoms during or in the four weeks after a pregnancy

Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome? A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path. Bill collapses by the side of the road after the marathon. Sheila almost drowned, but she was able to keep her head out of the water and focus on swimming to shore. William sleepwalks when he eats too much candy before bed

A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path

Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? Adderall Clozaril Lithium Xanax

Adderall

Research finds that when receiving treatment for a substance use problem, the treatment has to last for at least ________ month(s) before a positive outcome is likely to be achieved. 1 3 6 12

3

About _______ percent of those who seek treatment for a substance use problem tend to relapse and return to using drugs or alcohol after a period of abstinence 10 to 20 20 to 40 40 to 60 60 to 80

40 to 60

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality? They are more respectful of feminist psychology concepts. They are universal to virtually all cultures studied. They can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions. They use animal research instead of relying on research with humans.

They can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions.

Which pair of psychiatrists were responsible for developing the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? Selye and Cannon Lazarus and Folkman Holmes and Rahe Diener and Seligman

Holmes and Rahe

Which aspect of the definition of happiness gives the impression that it is a long-term state rather than a brief mood that we experience from time to time? feelings of joy a state of contentment a sense of wonder a feeling that ones' life has meaning and value

a feeling that ones' life has meaning and value

Jude is a man who is emotionally and sexually attracted to both men and women, although he tends to date only one person at a time and prefers monogamous relationships. Jude is ________ bisexual homosexual heterosexual suffering from gender dysphoria

bisexual

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality? antisocial personality disorder avoidant personality disorder borderline personality disorder schizotypal personality disorder

borderline personality disorder

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact. cognitive emotional physical social

cognitive

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes? concrete operational formal operational preoperational sensorimotor

formal operational

According to Freud's psychosexual theory of personality, the ________ stage involves a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent). anal genital oral phallic

genital

Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm? plateau stage refractory period plateau stage priapism stage

refractory period

Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during the fall and winter months when she gets less direct exposure to sunlight What kind of depression does Alexis have? bipolar peripartum/postpartum persistent depressive seasonal pattern

seasonal pattern

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. the esteem of others connections and affiliation self-actualization self-efficacy

self-actualization

What is the most common reason for invoking a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) as a defense against an employer accused of discrimination? age race religion sex

sex

The amount of time a client spends in psychotherapy is determined by the client's needs as well as his or her ________. personal goals insurance coverage age psychotherapist's training

personal goals

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect. Asch Cacioppo Milgram Zimbardo

Asch

_____ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. Artistic Cognitive Emotional Psychosocial

Cognitive

According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved. Abraham Maslow Erik Erikson Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg

Erik Erikson

________ is/are the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance. Peak experiences Distress Eustress Anastress

Eustress

Which term describes a form of informal training in which an experienced employee guides the work of a new employee? interning interviewing managing mentoring

mentoring

Which individual produced volumes that discussed sexual behavior among Americans in a way that had never before been made public, research that was not happily received by all who read it? Rockefeller Johnson Masters Kinsey

Kinsey

Which child is most likely to receive treatment for her or his psychological challenge? Stavros, who suffers from ADHD Anna, who has a mild case of dyslexia Diana, who has bipolar disorder symptoms William, who suffers from binge eating disorder

Stavros, who suffers from ADHD

Which of the following is something an advocate for arousal theory might observe? We become accustomed to boredom and learn to enjoy it. We become accustomed to excitement and learn to enjoy it. When we are bored we look for excitement; when we are overexcited we wish for more peace. When we are sleepy we should sleep; when we are hungry we should eat

When we are bored we look for excitement; when we are overexcited we wish for more peace.

In Hans Selye's rat study, rats that were exposed to stressors over a long period of time showed signs of ________. adrenal dissipation, thymus and lymph node mortification, and constipation adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node enlargement, and stomach ulceration adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration adrenal shrinkage, thymus and lymph node enlargement, and stomach ulceration

adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration

Kaz wants to stop biting his nails, so he rubs a strong bitter paste under his nails to make his nails taste bad. What technique is Kaz using to stop biting his nails? flooding aversive conditioning systematic desensitization exposure therapy

aversive conditioning

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna tertiary secondary central cardinal

cardinal

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Carshis mother does to. What does this exemplify? conservation egocentrism abstract thought reversibility

egocentrism

if you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe in the ________. cognitive mediational theory facial feedback hypothesis James-Lange theory of emotion Yerkes-Dodson law

facial feedback hypothesis

Which of the following is a frequent trigger for workplace violence? employees dating supervisors feeling of being treated unfairly, unjustly, or disrespectfully misuse of office equipment unequal male-to-female worker ratio

feeling of being treated unfairly, unjustly, or disrespectfully

Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Nathan appears to suffer from ________ personality disorder borderline histrionic narcissistic schizotypal

narcissistic

Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives rather than focusing on pathology, faults and problems? eustress psychology positive psychology gestalt psychology humanistic psychology

positive psychology

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________. discrimination a stereotype prejudice conformity

prejudice

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a hierarchy of stimuli related to her phobia. Which form of therapy is she using? aversion therapy free association play therapy systematic desensitization

systematic desensitization

Hershel is a strict, goal-oriented manager. When his team achieves their daily productivity goals he rewards them with long lunches and bonus pay. When his team falls behind, he extends the work day by an hour and cuts lunch by fifteen minutes. What type of leader is Hershel? behavioral motivational transactional transformational

transactional

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________. chi focusing biofeedback transcendental meditation the practice of tai chi

transcendental meditation

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson's developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage? autonomy vs. shame/doubt identity vs. confusion industry vs. inferiority trust vs. mistrust

trust vs. mistrust

Carlos is a small business owner. Recently, he became the primary caretaker for his aging mother. He works long hours at his business while also making sure that his mother can keep her medical appointments and has company in the evening. This exemplifies ________. theory y management occupational burnout theory x management work-family balance

work-family balance

Researchers have found that approximately _____ percent of those with dissociative identity disorder were physically and/or sexually abused in childhood, leading to the conclusion that trauma can be a cause of this disorder 99 95 80 65

95

Design teams for car manufacturers create new vehicle models. What type of team does this exemplify? creative problem-resolution human factors Theory Y

creative

The goal of hospice care is to provide medical options for the treatment of terminal illnesses so that death can be avoided. death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable setting. liaisons to experimental treatments that might not be readily available for some patients. legal options for family members making medical decisions on the part of another.

death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable setting.

How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis? Behavior therapy involves free association and dream analysis, while psychoanalysis focuses on the use of classical conditioning to change patterns of thinking. In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious. In psychoanalysis, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while behavior therapy involves digging deeply into one's unconscious. Psychoanalysis involves using free association to work through repressed desires, while behavior therapy focuses on how undesirable behaviors are predicted unconsciously, in our dreams

In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians? Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex. Neo-Freudians theorized about personality while Sigmund Freud did not. Sigmund Freud did not emphasize childhood sexuality while the neo-Freudians did. Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex

Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model? Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died. Ozzie treats his depression by exposing himself to a series of stressors so he can learn coping skills. Ozzie treats his manic episodes by using medication to induce depression. Ozzie's doctor does not believe that mental illness has a biological basis.

Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died

What is the main point of the quizmaster study? People will overlook obvious dispositional influences on their behavior. People will attack other people by claiming situational influences are making them behave badly. People will defend themselves by claiming situational influences changed their behavior. People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior

People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality? Personality is formed solely in childhood and does not change after we hit puberty. Personality is significantly shaped by the biology and genetic lineage of the organism. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism. Personality theory should be based on social health and public interests.

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

Which of the following is an example of hopelessness theory? Rochelle has an expectation that terrible things will happen and there is nothing she can do about it—this leads her to become depressed. Rochelle is depressed, so she thinks terrible things will happen. Rochelle is in an earthquake and many of her friends die, so she becomes depressed. Rochelle stops taking her medication because she does not think medication will help her depression.

Rochelle has an expectation that terrible things will happen and there is nothing she can do about it—this leads her to become depressed

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. Categories Cognitions Prototypes Schemata

Schemata

What is a social role? group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members group's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

According to research, the need for ________ encourages Mr. Blutarski to complete a second PhD., so he can add another accomplishment to his already long list of accolades. achievement affiliation intimacy power

achievement

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified? archetypes the id the shadow womb envy

archetypes

Early maturing girls are ________. at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders less likely to drop out of high school more confident more likely to go to college

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality? avoidant personality disorder dependent personality disorder obsessive-compulsive personality disorder schizotypal personality disorder

avoidant personality disorder

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization? ability of the extrovert to become an introvert in the second half of life ability of the introvert to become an extrovert in the second half of life balance between extroversion and introversion moving past the archetypes of the collective unconscious

balance between extroversion and introversion

Dr. Korkolos is a surgeon who conducts procedures that modify a patient's gastrointestinal system so that they can only eat or absorb a limited amount of food. Dr. Korkolos's expertise is in ________ surgery. abdominoplasty colonic resection bariatric hepatic rerouting

bariatric

According to the textbook, which of these events would have the highest likelihood of causing posttraumatic stress disorder? a fire to one's home that left no remains being assaulted and robbed of your cash and credit cards surviving a hurricane that destroyed a city reading about the death of dozens of people in a terrible airplane crash

being assaulted and robbed of your cash and credit cards

The approach to psychology suggesting that psychological disorders may be best explained by looking at genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities is the ________ perspective. diathesis-stress biological psychodynamic gestalt

biological

Heather considers taking a new job. She focuses on the increased opportunities for promotion and the higher salary rather than her increased responsibilities; therefore, she views the new position as a ________ rather than a ________. hassle; major life event challenge; threat distress; eustress Type A stressor; Type B stressor

challenge; threat

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love. companionate consummate fatuous romantic

companionate

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________. forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart places stress on the thyroid system, which inflames the arteries restricts a person's salt intake, which suppresses the immune system slows the heart rate, which leads to less efficient distribution of oxygen through the body

forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart

during adolescence there is a tendency to see people engage in higher levels of risk-taking behavior. Emotional outbursts are also quite common. This is explained by the relative underdevelopment of the ________ lobe of the cerebral cortex. occipital temporal frontal parietal

frontal

Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing dissociative ________. psychosis identity disorder depersonalization fugue

fugue

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence? forcing them to be independent from a nearly age giving them unconditional positive regard not allowing them to use their defense mechanisms pointing out their mistakes so that they learn not to repeat them

giving them unconditional positive regard

Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, "man, that isn't a cool way to be. You do realize that you're expressing a form of prejudice called ________, don't you?" gender dysphoria asexuality transphobia homophobia

homophobia

Rosetta is a master electrician. Often, she is the only woman at the construction site. Her male coworkers frequently make sexual comments about her appearance and tape explicit pictures of women up at the worksite. She complains to the site manager, but he tells her to toughen up. What form of sexual harassment does this represent? career hostile environment quid pro quo withholding a reward

hostile environment

Isolation, a lack of job security, work overload, harassment, and bullying are all examples of factors that can lead to ________. age discrimination the Hawthorne effect job satisfaction job stress

job stress

Research has found that the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala, both of which are part of the ________, are brain areas that are particularly important in sexual motivation. reward pathway corpus callosum hindbrain limbic system

limbic system

Sally really loves being outdoors. She likes to hike, do yoga in the warm sun, and go for long camping trips. She and her wife move to Arizona from New York so that they can enjoy these activities in warmer weather for most of the year. This process of moving to an area that is most suited for one's personality tendencies is called selective ________. compartmentalization migration relocation homesteading

migration

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________. experiences flashbacks interspersed with depression never thinks about the risk that a major depressive episode will follow a manic episode often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania once started a day euphoric and ended the day tired

often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in the development of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder? anterior cortex cingulate cortex orbitofrontal cortex prefrontal cortex

orbitofrontal cortex

What was the third personality dimension eventually proposed by Hans and Sybil Eysenck? introversion versus extraversion agreeableness versus unpleasantness neuroticism versus emotional stability psychoticism versus superego control

psychoticism versus superego control

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________. issues related to being a female therapist treating a male client issues related to whether the client is considered normal or deviant race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment treating everyone the same regardless of cultural background

race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

Erikah has just arrived at the funeral of her friend's father. Even though Erikah is usually very outspoken and jovial, she keeps her voice down, expresses her sympathy to the family members, and sits quietly and respectfully during the religious service. Erikah is following the ________ of how to behave in this particular situation. social role social norm script heuristic

script

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period. experiments case studies naturalistic observations surveys

surveys

A police or FBI SWAT team handling a hostage situation exemplifies a ________ team. creative problem-resolution tactical Theory X

tactical

What area are human factors psychologists researching when they study what steps people take to successfully wash their hands before performing surgery? attention cognitive engineering cognitive task analysis task analysis

task analysis

Melora has a sick child at home. Her employer allows her to ________ for a week, so she can work from home, set her own hours, and complete most of her work while caring for her child flexwork telecommute teleconference work-share

telecommute

What is meant by the term etiology? the cause of a disorder the different symptoms of a given condition likely future path of an illness frequency with which a given illness occurs

the cause of a disorder

in the African American community, what has been found to play a significant role as an alternate source of support to mental health services? the church one's primary care physician workplace counselors community halfway houses

the church

In humanistic approaches to psychotherapy, which of the following choices is an emphasis? the client's early infancy the client's present and future the client's recent past the client's unconscious desires

the client's present and future

An organizational psychologist studies such topics as ________ an applicant's qualifications for a job the kind of mentality required to perform a job whether cubicles or an open floor plan are more conducive to productivity worker satisfaction, motivation, and commitment

worker satisfaction, motivation, and commitment

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group. Cognitive dissonance Group polarization Social loafing Social facilitation

Group polarization

What does set point theory suggest about the probable results of bariatric surgery? It has guaranteed that recipients will eventually reach their ideal weight. It is impossible to use set point theory to predict anything about the results of bariatric surgery. It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point. It will result in successful weight loss for men but not for women because men have a lower set point.

It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point.

Which individual is probably not living in a culture that promotes a collectivist view of the world? Marta, who lives in Brazil Aaron, who lives in South Africa Margaret, who lives in South Kora James, who lives in England

James, who lives in England

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max? Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview. Max has become fixated at the Oedipal complex within the phallic stage. Max is overcompensating for an inferiority complex that was established in childhood. Max is an introvert who is trying hard to pretend that he is an extrovert.

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory? intense stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material. Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material. Recall of educational material is best under stress-free conditions. Stress has no effect on remembering educational material

Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material.

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding social exchange theory? Most people are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits. People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love. People are motivated to maximize the benefits of social exchanges, or relationships, and minimize the costs. People prefer to have more benefits than costs or to have nearly equal costs and benefits.

People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love.

According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training? Simon bites his mother Simon goes to sleep Simon retreats to a corner and mopes Simon's mother gets frustrated with Simon

Simon bites his mother

Which of the following is a set of symptoms or behaviors that you might see in a person diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder? instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

Which option is best described as a hormone that induces feelings of satiety, or fullness when eating? estrogen polypeptide Y leptin cholecystokinin

leptin

What is the single most important fact that predicts the person with whom you will become friends or have a romantic relationship? your financial wellbeing your physical attractiveness your similarity to others you meet the amount of contact you have with people

the amount of contact you have with people

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? Judd does not believe that he is good at math. Naomi believes that she can successfully complete law school. Stacia thinks that Tammy underestimates her abilities. Tony knows that Yancy frequently brags about his accomplishments

Naomi believes that she can successfully complete law school

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces? autopilot biofeedback coping distress

coping

Industrial-organizational psychology is a branch of psychology that studies ________. how human behavior and psychology affect work and how they are affected by work how jobs typically performed by women are underpaid compared to jobs typically performed by men how the unemployed are fundamentally different from the employed why American workers tend to be more individualistic than collectivistic in their occupational orientations

how human behavior and psychology affect work and how they are affected by work

Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality histrionic personality disorder narcissistic personality disorder obsessive-compulsive personality disorder schizoid personality disorder

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Which of the following is an example of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome? Betty steps down as class treasurer her senior year because she needs to focus on her grades. Burt is determined to learn how to play chess, so he spends all his time reading chess books. After wondering for months if he was going to lose his job, Nicolao begins to develop stomach ulcers. Nanette stays up all night to study for her math test.

After wondering for months if he was going to lose his job, Nicolao begins to develop stomach ulcers.

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and worry that is accompanied by disturbances in behaviors Anxiety Dissociative Affective Personality

Anxiety

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside. Carrie experiences stress because she notices her car is almost out of gas and worries about being stranded on the highway, but then she feels better when she sees a gas station nearby. Grace experiences stress when she notices her heartbeat increasing in response to being separated from her parents at the amusement park. Laura experiences stress because she gasped and had difficulty breathing when she saw a spider.

Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. Congruence Egotism Incongruence Self--efficacy

Congruence

The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American lifestyles. Contemporary Stereotypes Contemporized-Themes Cultural Norms Thematic Subjects

Contemporized-Themes

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder? Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to. Gemma is quick to anger and is incapable of dealing with a situation in which she is not the center of attention. Gemma is submissive and physically clings to the people around her. Gemma is very impulsive—as soon as an idea enters her head she acts upon i

Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.

What does research suggest about gender diversity and team productivity? Gender-balanced teams performed better, as measured by sales and profits, than predominantly male teams. Gender-diverse teams are inefficient due to poor communication. Gender diversity has no impact on team productivity. Predominately male teams performed better, as measured by sales and profits, than gender-balanced teams

Gender-balanced teams performed better, as measured by sales and profits, than predominantly male teams.

Which of the following exemplifies an advertisement that would reflect a task-oriented approach to job analysis? driver who can operate a forklift in small spaces, drive a cement-mixer, and handle explosive material experienced part-time nanny who loves energetic children motivated and ambitious person to earn money in the comfort of your own home pet sitter familiar with the feeding habits of reptiles and spiders

driver who can operate a forklift in small spaces, drive a cement-mixer, and handle explosive material

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________. emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition ethnographies, case studies, archives, and statistics prejudice and discrimination, helping behavior, aggression, and group processes society and social interaction, families, ecology, and religion

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. esteem physiological security self-actualization

esteem

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study? When acting in a group, people will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person. Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person. Stanley Milgram was driven by political and personal agendas that demonstrated how research can be biased. Research is only useful if it can be successfully replicated time and time again

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person

Which of the following is true regarding the accuracy and reliability of a job analysis? It can depend on the nature of the descriptions and the source for the job analysis. It is hardly ever accurate and reliable. It is most accurate when developed from descriptions by people holding the job. It is usually extremely accurate and reliable.

It can depend on the nature of the descriptions and the source for the job analysis.

Which of the following is the best example of a compulsion? Will cannot stop thinking about the exam that he has in chemistry tomorrow. Luke is wearing a bandage for longer than needed to make sure his cut is fully healed. Jean wears both sunglasses and a hat to keep the sun out of her eyes. Jordy locks his door exactly nine times every time he leaves the house to make sure it is locked.

Jordy locks his door exactly nine times every time he leaves the house to make sure it is locked

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias? Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams. Leonard gets a bad grade in his psychology class and a good grade in his sociology class, so he believes he should study harder to prepare for his next psychology exam. Leonard gets bad grades in sociology and psychology, so he switches his major to biology because he will like it more. Leonard gets good grades in sociology and psychology, so he sends his professors a card thanking them for what good professors they are.

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________. actions that are internally motivated anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded reactions that are externally motivated actions that occur without conscious thought or intentionality

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________. confirmation bias availability heuristic representativeness bias self-fulfilling prophecy

confirmation bias

Christine and Susan have been together for 3 years and are thinking about getting married. Lately all they seem to do is fight, as they have trouble communicating over the slightest issue. Both are unhappy and are each thinking that they may need to call off the wedding. They go to see a(n) ________ therapist who might help them work through these communication issues and to help them build collaborative problem-solving strategies. couples family group psychoeducational

couples

Anti-anxiety agents work by ________. altering levels of neurotransmitters blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine depressing central nervous system activity improving the ability to focus on tasks

depressing central nervous system activity

Which pair of neurotransmitters has received the most attention as a potential explanation for the symptoms of schizophrenia? gamma-aminobutyric acid and oxytocin norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid serotonin and norepinephrine dopamine and serotonin

dopamine and serotonin