Psychology Final

Jonas has experienced a relatively severe right hemisphere stroke. As a result, he has been diagnosed with hemineglect. That is, he is unable to notice anything on the left side of his body. The location of the stroke is most likely within the: A. Frontal lobe B. Temporal lobe C. Parietal lobe D. Occipital lobe

Parietal lobe

Hamdi wakes up in the middle of the night and tries to see the clock in the dim light. The numbers are very faint. He will more likely be able to read the time if he looks at the clock with his _____ because it has the largest number of ______. A. Fovea; rods B. Periphery; rods C. Periphery; cones D. Fovea; cones

Periphery; rods

If a key is pressed on a piano, the frequency of the resulting sound will determined the _______, and the amplitude will determine the ______ of the perceived musical note. A. Intensity; timbre B. Timbre; intensity C. Pitch; loudness D. Loudness; pitch

Pitch; loudness

Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement are similar in that both: A. Involve the removal of a stimulus B. Produce an increase in the probability of a behavior C. Produce a decrease in the probability of a behavior D. Involve the administration of a stimulus

Produce an increase in the probability of a behavior

When people meet on the Internet, they have the freedom to present themselves in any way that they please. Research on mating strategies suggests that to be most successful in generating interest from the opposite sex, men should present themselves as ____ and women should present themselves as _____. A. Professionally successful; intelligent and kind B. Intelligent; kind C. Professionally successful; physically attractive D. Physically attractive; physically attractive

Professionally successful; physically attractive

Consider the pattern: XXY XXY XXY. People perceive this pattern as consisting of three groups of three letters each. Which Gestalt principle accounts for this outcome? A. Proximity B. Similarity C. Common region D. Good continuation

Proximity

Which of the following individuals is most likely to use marijuana for a medicinal purpose? A. A cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy to reduce nausea B. A schizophrenic to reduce fearful hallucinations C. An alcoholic to reduce the withdrawal symptoms D. An Alzheimer's patient for memory loss

A cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy to reduce nausea

The biological basis of Rett Syndrome: A. A mutation that impacts the regulation of the epigenome B. Includes too many synapses in the cortex C. Is shown by a change in amygdala function D. Involves hyper - excitability of the brain

A mutation that impacts the regulation of the epigenome

If a researcher wants to be able to generalize about a population using data pulled from a sample, it is best to use: A. Experience sampling B. A random sample C. A descriptive study D. A convenience sample

A random sample

The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion states that: A. A situation evokes a physiological response that is followed by an emotion label B. A situation evokes a physiological label that is followed by a physiological response C. A situation evokes a physiological response that is followed by a physiological label D. A situation evokes an emotional label and the physiological response follows

A situation evokes a physiological response that is followed by an emotion label

The compulsive use of a drug despite negative consequences is referred to as: A. Addiction B. Tolerance C. Dependence D. Withdrawal

Addiction

Which of the following drugs costs the United States the most in terms of lost workdays, medical treatment, and rehabilitation costs? A. Alcohol B. Cocaine and methamphetamine C. Marijuana D. Opiates

Alcohol

Which individual conducted pioneering work in the 1940s on women's sexual attitudes? A. Sigmund Freud B. Alfred Kinsey C. William Master D. Abraham Maslow

Alfred Kinsey

Sometimes the media displays graphs that are very misleading. In order to detect lying with graphs, an educated reader should: A. Examine the scale of the y-axis B. All choices C. Examine the scale of the x-axis D. Assess whether the graphs compare two variables that should logically be compared

All choices

Which of the following is an example of consciousness? A. Paying attention to your surroundings B. All of the choices C. Reflecting on your thoughts D. Moment - by - moment subjective experience

All of the choices

Which brain regions processes the emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions? A. Amygdala B. Prefrontal cortex C. Hypothalamus D. Hippocampus

Amygdala

Clive Wearing had damage which resulted in: A. An inability to sing B. An inability to remember his caretakers C. An inability to play the piano D. An inability to remember his wife

An inability to remember his caretakers

Which of the following would NOT be considered a psychoactive drug? A. Antibiotics B. A stimulant such as Ritalin C. Alcohol D. Cocaine

Antibiotics

Some people are generally happy and optimistic; other people are generally sad and pessimistic. One possible explanation for these general dispositions on life might be that optimistic people _____ and pessimistic people ____. A. Show cerebral asymmetry; show cerebral symmetry B. Show cerebral symmetry; show cerebral asymmetry C. Are right hemisphere dominant; are left hemisphere dominant D. Are left hemisphere dominant; are right hemisphere dominant

Are left hemisphere dominant; are right hemisphere dominant

Heritability can best be understood: A. In the way it applies to individuals B. As the absolute value for calculating the relative influence of genes on behavior C. As a population estimate D. As a way to understand variations between genetic groups

As a population estimate

Why is memory not a perfect record of everything we see and experience? A. We need to remember details of events B. Neural networks are too limited C. Attention is limited D. It would take up too much of our limited long - term memory storage

Attention is limited

Dreams occurring during REM sleep are ______; dreams occurring during non-REM sleep are ______. A. Bizarre and highly emotional; dull and mundane B. Dull and mundane; bizarre and highly emotional C. Likely to include auditory hallucinations and loss of time and space; likely to include visual hallucinations and illogical content D. Likely to include visual hallucinations and illogical content; likely to include auditory hallucinations

Bizarre and highly emotional; dull and mundane

With respect to the nature / nurture debate, psychological scientists now believe that: A. The issue is largely irrelevant to understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior B. Nature is the most important factor in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior C. The mind, the brain, and behavior are largely a matter of nurture D. Both nature and nurture are important in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior

Both nature and nurture are important in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior

If you were a professor, how would you best get your students to study regularly? A. By providing a detailed syllabus B. By making the midterm difficult C. By requesting politely that they study D. By giving pop quizzes

By giving pop quizzes

Our perception of the world is most like a: A. Video camera that takes movies with sound B. Film that has been edited to convey a theme C. Digital camera that takes snapshots D. Cell phone camera that takes movies without sound

Film that has been edited to convey a theme

Setting dates exactly one month apart for exams in an example of testing on a: A. Random assignment B. Variable interval C. Fixed interval D. Variable ratio

Fixed interval

If you trained a rat to fear a flashing light by pairing it with a painful electric shock, what would be the conditioned stimulus? A. Electric shock B. Flashing light C. Extinction D. Fear

Flashing light

The optic nerve is composed of axons of: A. Fovea cells B. Bipolar cells C. Ganglion cells D. Rods and cones

Ganglion cells

If you look at a square made up of alternating red and blue stripes for several minutes, then look immediately at a blank white sheet of paper, you will see a square with alternating green and yellow stripes. This effect results from pairs of _____ that work _____. A. Ganglion cells; in concert B. Ganglion cells; in opposition C. Cones; in opposition D. Cones; in concert

Ganglion cells; in opposition

Allie is afraid of her neighbor's large dog. She then becomes afraid of any dog she sees on the street, and eventually she fears even pictures of dogs or toy dogs. This change in her fear of dogs represents: A. Second - order conditioning B. Generalization C. Reconditioning D. Discrimination

Generalization

You are standing at the intersection of two perpendicular roads. You see one road running north - south and another road running east - west. You do not see one road running north and then turning east and another road running east then turning north. Which Gestalt principle accounts for what you do and do not see? A. Similarity B. Closure C. Parallelism D. Good continuation

Good continuation

Which of the following is NOT a primary emotion? A. Disgust B. Sadness C. Fear D. Guilt

Guilt

Short - Term Memory: A. Has a limited capacity B. Lasts a lifetime C. Retains information for up to an hour D. Has an unlimited capacity

Has a limited capacity

Individuals with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: A. Have XX chromosomes and a female appearance B. Have XX chromosomes and a male appearance C. Have XY chromosomes and a male appearance D. Have XY chromosomes and a female appearance

Have XY chromosomes and a female appearance

A group of rats has had an area of their brains damaged, resulting in a disruption of sexual behavior. The area that was damages was most likely the: A. Cerebellum B. Amygdala C. Hypothalamus D. Prefrontal cortex

Hypothalamus

According to the work of Shepard Siegel, an addict's usual large dose is most likely to produce an overdose in which setting? A. The setting is unimportant B. In a novel setting C. None of the choices D. In a familiar setting

In a novel setting

Rett Syndrome: A. Is seen in male children only B. Includes overly social behavior C. Includes areas of very high functioning in the cognitive domain D. Includes degeneration of function after a period of typical development

Includes degeneration of function after a period of typical development

A baseball player notices that when he touched his hat in a certain manner, his pitch was very fast. He now touches his hat every time he pitches because he believes that it makes his pitches faster. This is an example of: A. Assuming that above average performance is typical B. Inappropriate or bad comparisons C. A skewed distribution of performance D. Incorrectly believing that correlation is causation

Incorrectly believing that correlation is causation

Sexual orientation and gender identity are: A. Are dependent on each other with gender identity arising from sexual orientation B. Are dependent on each other with sexual orientation arising from gender identity C. Independent from each other D. Are both completely a function of parental behavior

Independent from each other

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of events in a typical experimental session? A. Informed consent -> debriefing -> experiment B. Debriefing -> informed consent -> experiment C. Experiment -> informed consent -> debriefing D. Informed consent -> experiment -> debriefing

Informed consent -> experiment -> debriefing

The school of Gestalt: A. Includes the role of environment on behavior B. Examines how social situations influence behavior C. Is based on scientifically researched forms of therapy D. Is based on the idea that the whole is different than the sum of its parts

Is based on the idea that the whole is different than the sum of its parts

This scientist won a Novel Prize for his work on the digestive system, work that made a fundamental contribution to the study of conditioned responses. A. Ivan Pavlov B. B. F. Skinner C. Daniel Kahneman D. John Watson

Ivan Pavlov

Four early psychologists suddenly appear in the psychology department of an American university. Which psychologist would be most dismayed by the emphasis on mental processes in today's psychology? A. John Watson B. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. Edward Titchener

John Watson

A relatively permanent change in behavior that is not due to maturation but is due to experience is called: A. Habituation B. Behaviorism C. Operant shaping D. Learning

Learning

Adam is studying the intelligence of a group of people as they progress through early adulthood to old age. Her approach should involve: A. Random assignment B. Experimental research C. Cross-sectional research D. Longitudinal research

Longitudinal research

Which of the following relationships is NOT correct? A. Cocaine - dopamine receptors B. Marijuana - THC receptors C. Opiates - opiate receptors D. MDMA - acetylcholine receptors

MDMA - acetylcholine receptors

Relative to human biological evolution, cultural evolution has occurred: A. Much faster B. About the same speed C. Much slower D. No way to know

Much faster

Occasionally, Jon will fall asleep while working with a customer. Jon is experiencing which sleep disorder? A. Sleep apnea B. Insomnia C. Narcolepsy D. All of the choices

Narcolepsy

Students who study a little for tests tend to make more errors on tests; students who study a lot tend to make fewer errors; If a researcher collected data on such test scores, she would likely spot a(n): A. Negative correlation B. Variable standard deviation C. Positive correlation D. Inferential statistic

Negative correlation

Taking away a child's video game for bad behavior is a form of: A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Negative punishment D. Positive punishment

Negative punishment

In scientific research, a researcher's expectations about a study can lead to systematic errors in observation. This phenomenon is called: A. The third variable problem B. The directionality problem C. Critical thinking skills D. Observer bias

Observer bias

The precise way a researcher measures and defines a variable is known as the: A. Central tendency B. Response accuracy C. Operational definition D. Stimulus judgment

Operational definition

The James - Lange theory of emotion states that: A. The emotions we experience cause our bodily reactions B. None of the choices C. Our emotions and bodily responses occur simultaneously D. Our perception of bodily responses leads to our emotions

Our perception of bodily responses leads to our emotions

Latent content is to ____ as manifest content is to _____. A. Seeing a tower in a dream; the psychological meaning of the tower B. The psychological meaning of a tower; seeing a tower in a dream C. The ability to physically climb a ladder; the ability to identify a ladder in a dream D. The ability to identify a ladder in a dream; the ability to physically climb the ladder

The psychological meaning of a tower; seeing a tower in a dream

Filter theory was developed to explain: A. The processing of personally irrelevant information B. The selective nature of attention C. Change blindness D. Shadowing

The selective nature of attention

Jason is fascinated by his physics course; he gets excited every time he walks into class. However, Jason has always considered himself someone who does not like science, so he does not recognize that his excitement is due to the class. Instead, he decides that he must be attracted to his lab partner. Jason's misattribution of his arousal is compatible with which theory of emotion? A. Cannon-Bard B. Two-Factor C. Cerebral symmetry D. James-Lange

Two-Factor

One example of an automatic process is: A. Threading a needle B. Taking a test C. Walking D. Driving in stormy weather

Walking

The law that states that the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is based on a proportion of the original stimulus is: A. Wernicke's law B. Fechner's law C. Koehler's law D. Weber's law

Weber's law

Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the school of functionalism? A. William James B. Wilhelm Wundt C. B.F. Skinner D. Sigmund Freud

William James

Which of the following is the most likely cause of insomnia? A. Narcolepsy B. Disrupted sleep cycles C. Worrying about sleep D. Altered theta waves

Worrying about sleep

The theories of Sigmund Freud and his followers: A. are based on the idea that much of human behavoior is determined by mental processes operating below the level of conscious awareness B. state that behavior can be altered by the application of reinforcement and punishment C. emphasize the functions served by the mind D. emphasize the concept that the whole is different than the sum of its parts

are based on the idea that much of human behavoior is determined by mental processes operating below the level of conscious awareness

Which type of psychologists study, assess, and treat individuals with psychological disorders? A. school B. clinical C. personality D. cognitive

clinical

The difference between using critical thinking explanations and everyday explanations for psychological phenomena is that: A. everyday explanations rely on personal examples and scientific evidence for making conclusions B. everyday explanations rely on evidence and scientific support for making conclusions C. critical thinking relies on evidence and scientific support for making conclusions D. critical thinking relies on personal examples more than scientific evidence for making conclusions

critical thinking relies on evidence and scientific support for making conclusions

Monozygotic twins over the course of their lifetimes show increasing differences in their: A. mitochondrial DNA B. epigenomes C. genes D. genotypes

epigenomes

The implications of the function of the epigenome include that: A. exposure to toxins of you today could impact your future children's risk for cancer B. none of your behavior today will influence your future children's gene expression C. the only way to treat Rett syndrome will be by altering their genetic code D. genetics are your destiny

exposure to toxins of you today could impact your future children's risk for cancer

The amygdala plays an important role in ________, whereas the hippocampus plays an important role in ________. A. Fear or emotional reactions; spatial memory B. Spatial memory; fear or emotional reactions C. Automatic behaviors; emotions D. Emotions; automatic behaviors

fear or emotional reactions; spatial memory

It is announced that the number of minority students in a particular program has increased by 200% in the past four years. In order to judge the importance of this increase, the most important question that you should ask is: A. how many minority students were in the program four years ago B. what was the definition of minority student C. how were the data graphed D. how was the percent increase calculated

how many minority students were in the program four years ago

Critical thinking is best defined as thinking that: A. uses inferences but does not solve problems B. criticizes others' opinions C. is open-minded and creative D. is systematic and reasonable

is systematic and reasonable

Your text associates frontal lobe damage with the long-term use of: A. LSD B. marijuana C. heroin D. methamphetamine

methamphetamine

Food is considered a primary reinforcer, whereas ____ is a secondary reinforcer. A. sex B. water C. none of the choices D. money

money

This early school of psychology used introspection to study subjective mental experiences: A. functionalism B. cognitive C. behavioral D. structuralism

structuralism

When researchers report a measure of central tendency, they might present: A. the median B. the correlation coefficient C. the standard deviation D. inferential statistics

the median

On Monday, Manuel interviewed for a job that he really wants. The interviewer told Manuel that he would call on Friday to tell Manuel if he got the job. On late Friday afternoon, Manuel is in the shower, straining to hear the phone above the nose of the water. Whenever he hears a sound, he thinks it is the phone. Manuel is showing _____, a concept describes in ______. A. Response bias; signal detection theory B. Sensory adaptation; psychophysics C. Sensory adaptation; signal detection theory D. Response bias; psychophysics

Response bias; signal detection theory

Which theory of sleep would explain why Jon slept an extra four hours after running a marathon? A. Facilitation of learning theory B. All choices C. Restorative theory D. Circadian rhythms theory

Restorative theory

The Cannon - Bard Theory argues that physiological responses and emotional experiences occur: A. Sequentially beginning with emotional experiences B. Sequentially and independently C. Roughly simultaneously and independently D. Sequentially beginning with physiological responses

Roughly simultaneously and independently

Anna is reading her psychology text. The activation of receptors in her retina is called _____; her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is termed _____. A. Perception; perception as well B. Perception; sensation C. Sensation; sensation as well D. Sensation; perception

Sensation; perception

When Petra jumps into a cold lake, she feels as though she is freezing. After a few minutes, she no longer notices the cold and feels comfortable in the water. This change is an example of: A. Coarse coding B. Sensory adaptation C. Just noticeable difference D. Sensory threshold

Sensory adaptation

You are trying to get your roommate to keep things neater, so you leave a nice note after she makes any attempt to pick things up. After a while, you leave a note only after she has stacked the dirty dishes, then only after she has brought them to the kitchen, and finally only when she puts them in the dishwasher. This process is an example of: A. Punishing B. Generalizing C. Shaping D. Chaining

Shaping

What of the following characteristics is NOT a basic quality of taste? A. Umami B. Salty C. Sharp D. Sweet

Sharp

The thalamus receives nearly all sensory information before relaying it to the cortex. What is the one sensation that is the EXCEPTION to this rule? A. Auditory B. Smell C. Visual D. None of these choice

Smell

The ability to respond with an appropriate conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus and with no response to a very similar yet substantially different stimulus is known as: A. Stimulus discrimination B. Valence differentiation C. Stimulus generalization D. Salience response

Stimulus discrimination

A (n) ____ is the minimum intensity of sensory stimulation required before the sensation is detected 50 percent of the time. A. Absolute threshold B. Minimum threshold C. Difference threshold D. Sensory adaptation

Absolute threshold

Raya has been driving for over 10 years, but recently bought a new car. Given your knowledge about consciousness and behavior, you are likely to conclude that driving in general is a (n) _____ process, whereas driving in the new car is a (n) _____ process. A. Controlled; automatic B. Automatic; controlled C. Conscious; unconscious D. Unconscious; conscious

Automatic; controlled

Dualism is the idea that: A. There is no mind, just the brain B. The mind and the brain are opposing forces C. The mind and the brain are the same entity D. The mind and the brain are separate entities

The mind and the brain are separate entities

Damage to this brain structure can produce symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease: A. Amygdala B. Hypothalamus C. Basal ganglia D. Hippocampus

Basal ganglia

If you hold a pencil in your teeth, forcing you to raise the edges of your lips into a sort of smile, you will ______, as predicted by the ______. A. Not feel any differently than you did before; facial feedback hypothesis B. Begin to feel happy; Cannon-Bard model C. Begin to feel happy; facial feedback hypothesis D. Not feel any different than you did before; circumflex model

Begin to feel happy; facial feedback hypothesis

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychologists should study that which is observable?" A. Cognitive psychologist B. Behavioral psychologist C. Industrial / organizational psychologist D. Developmental psychologist

Behavioral psychologist

Marianna takes the bus to school every day. One morning, a different bus is used on her route. Marianna does not notice the change, even though her usual bus is blue and white and the new bus is green and black. Marianna is showing: A. Change blindness B. Tip - of - the - tongue C. Blocking D. Transience

Change blindness

Like methamphetamine, _____ increases the concentration of dopamine in the synapse. A. Heroin B. Alcohol C. Cocaine D. MDMA

Cocaine

The process by which an environmental stimulus and behavior are connected is known as: A. Cognition B. Episodic memory C. Behavior modification D. Conditioning

Conditioning

Humanism, championed by Maslow and Rogers, changed therapy by: A. Examining illogical cognitive processes B. Developing new techniques for questioning and listening to patients C. Giving rise to greater use of imagery in therapy D. Using drug therapies to lessen symptoms

Developing new techniques for questioning and listening to patients

Dr. Ebrahim examines how children's friendships change through the elementary and middle school years. Dr. Ebrahim is a(n) ___ psychologist. A. Developmental B. Cognitive C. Organizational D. Personality

Developmental

Research on possible factors in the development of male homosexuality has found a casual role: A. For early sexual experience with same sex adults B. For underlying maladaptive personality structures C. Does not exist for any family or environmental factors D. For family patterns with dominant mothers and submissive fathers

Does not exist for any family or environmental factors

What is the process whereby the conditioned response is weakened when it is no longer presented with the unconditioned stimulus? A. Acquisition B. Extinction C. Reward D. Second - order conditioning

Extinction

In research on signal detection theory, incorrectly "detecting" stimulus that was not presented in a trial is called a: A. Transduction B. False alarm C. Correct rejection D. Response bias

False alarm

You are conducting an informal study in which, for a month, you play a particular song for your best friend right before you serve dinner to her. Eventually, you play the song, and then wait to see how your friend responds. She begins to salivate and says she has hunger pains. In this scenario, what is the unconditioned stimulus? A. the time of day B. The food C. The song D. Salivation

The food

As Andre came into the room in which his introductory psychology exam would take place, he noticed that his heart rate had increased due to his _____. As he settled into the test and was able to correctly answer the questions, he called down. This response was due to the _____. A. Endocrine system; autonomic nervous system B. Endorphins; peripheral nervous system C. Central nervous system; peripheral nervous system D. Sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

The most important hormone for sexual functioning in men is ______ and in women is _____. A. Testosterone; testosterone B. Estrogen; estrogen C. Androgen; progesterone D. Testosterone; estrogen

Testosterone; testosterone

After transduction, most of the sensory neural information passes through which structure? A. Hippocampus B. Hypothalamus C. Amygdala D. Thalamus

Thalamus

Which of the following developments was most important in the rise of the cognitive approach in psychology? A. The emergence of computers B. The ability to identify different kinds of neurons C. The identification of the unconscious D. The understanding of the effects of reward and punishment of behavior and thinking

The emergence of computers