Psychology Final
The introduction of therapeutic drugs and community-based treatment programs in the ___________ helped to empty large mental hospitals.
1950s
Approximately _____ percent of the population suffer from panic disorder
2 to 3
In the 1980s, when the DSM contained the first formal code for dissociative identity disorder (DID), the number of DID diagnoses in North America exploded to more than:
20,000
In the United States, there are about _____ suicides annually.
40,000
Id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
Philippe Pinel suggested that mental illness was:
a sickness of the mind.
Veronica is excited to be studying developmental psychology in China. She knows that children's facial expressions are largely universal and that children do all of the following EXCEPT:
display visible emotions equally
Erika hasn't eaten since early this morning. It is now time for dinner. Her stomach is growling, and she feels very hungry. One reason that she is feeling hungry is because
her blood glucose level dropped
Interposition
if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer
This group sees dissociative disorders as behaviors reinforced by anxiety reduction.
learning theorists
rods and cones
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
In the United States, _____ percent of people report suffering from social anxiety disorder in the past year.
6.8
Hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
_____ was originally trained in Freudian techniques but invented his own therapy to try to reverse clients' catastrophizing beliefs about themselves.
Aaron Beck
convergent thinking
Ability to provide a single correct answer
It has been suggested that raised eyebrows are universally associated with a surprised expression because they effectively widen the eyes, enabling us to take in more information. Which theorist would have agreed with this statement
Charles Darwin
relative luminance
the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings
framing bias
the tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them. Focus on positive
Cannon-Bard theory
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
In obsessive-compulsive disorder, _____ are among the most common obsessions.
worries about germs, dirt, or other forms of contamination
_____ therapists make decisions about different therapies based upon the evidence suggested by research, the therapist's clinical expertise, and the therapist's knowledge of their client.
evidence-based
The Lazarus theory of emotion suggests that people experience emotion
when appraising an event as harmful or harmless.
James-Lange Theory
Arousal comes before emotion, Emotions arise from our awareness of our specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. Ex: We observe our heart racing after a threat and then feel afraid. or if someone else smiles we might smile
Who developed the therapy that teaches people new and more adaptive ways of thinking and acting, which is known as cognitive therapy?
Aaron Beck
Instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Motivations
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
meta-analysis
a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.
On average, psychotherapy is _____ when compared with the costs of biomedical treatment for psychologically related complaints.
cost-effective
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system _____ salivation and _____ blood pressure
decreases; increases
Those who trace the origins of social bonding to its survival value are most likely to agree that the need to belong is
genetically influenced
Studies imply that when it comes to cultural and gender roles, as well as religious views, clients:
have trouble establishing an emotional bond with a therapist who does not share their values.
Weber's law
he principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).
Erika hasn't eaten since early this morning. It is now time for dinner. Her stomach is growling, and she feels very hungry. One reason that she is feeling hungry is because
her blood glucose level has dropped
According to the textbook, brain scans of clients with dissociative identity disorder show shrinkage in the areas of the brain that aid memory and the detection of threat. These areas are MOST likely the _____ and the _____, respectively.
hippocampus; amygdala
Ghrelin
hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain
North Americans are more likely than Japanese citizens to display their feelings openly. This cultural difference best reflects Western culture's greater emphasis on:
individuality.
Destruction of the appetite-suppressing center of the arcuate nucleus causes an animal to
overeat.
Delores has been in therapy for two years, but her last session is today. If asked next month how effective her psychotherapy was, she is likely to:
overestimate its effectiveness.
This occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.
peripheral route persuasion
Alone in her home, Janis hears a noise in the middle of the night. Her heart begins pounding. Her emotional response to the situation at this point best represents
physiological arousal
There is a civil war currently underway regarding the effectiveness of psychotherapy. There are those who view psychotherapy as something that cannot be described in a manual or tested in an experiment. Then there are those who:
support the use of scientific methods to determine which therapies are the most effective for various people and disorders.
We sometimes interpret our arousal before experiencing a complex emotional reaction such as hatred. Such complex emotional reactions follow a neural pathway from
the thalamus to the cerebral cortex to the amygdala
Connie is overwhelmed with fear whenever she must leave the house. She is especially afraid when she uses the subway or goes grocery shopping. Connie's case illustrates
agoraphobia.
Although Francesca has been obese for as long as she can remember, she is determined to lose excess body weight with a low-calorie diet. When dieting, Francesca is most likely to have difficulty becoming and staying thin because
if her body perceives starvation it will adapt and burn fewer calories
Two-year-old Vivi is very bored. She has been stuck in her playpen for 30 minutes, has played with every toy available to her, and has looked at everything she can see in the living room. She wants to escape. She is motivated to escape the playpen to
increase her arousal to an optimum level
Sigmund Freud proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings. Freud's theory represents the _____ approach
psychoanalytic
With _____, patients receive repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain, which can be used to stimulate activity in various areas of the brain.
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
cognitive therapy (Aaron Beck)
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Psychoanalysis (Freud)
(1) Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. (2) Freud's therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the analyst's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.
According to your text, emotionality is "more true of women," a perception expressed by nearly 100 percent of ____________________ Americans.
18- to 29-year-old
Depression affects women more than men by a ratio of nearly:
2 to 1
Women constitute approximately _____ percent of those suffering from generalized anxiety disorder.
65
Approximately _____ percent of Americans have experienced a phobia of a specific object or situation in the past year.
9
convergence
A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object
Shape Constancy
A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on one's retinas as it opens, yet one still perceives it as rectangular
linear perspective
A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.
The term _____ describes a disorder seen in Malaysian culture; it is marked by sudden violent outbursts
Amok
Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
_____ is characterized by excessive thinness, while _____ is characterized by normal to above average weight.
Anorexia; bulimia
_____________ are characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
Anxiety disorders
Asian-American clients perceived more counselor empathy and felt a stronger alliance with the counselor.
Asian-American clients perceived more counselor empathy and felt a stronger alliance with the counselor.
_____________are feelings that are based on beliefs. They predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
Attitudes
Physiological Needs
Basic bodily requirements.
Constance suffers from generalized anxiety disorder and Steven suffers from depression. What class of medication are they MOST likely to be prescribed?
Both will receive antidepressants.
Brandon looks down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. He immediately feels his heart start to pound and he simultaneously experiences fear. Which of the following theories BEST explains this emotional response?
Cannon-Bard theory
You are alone in the woods. You hear a noise. You think you see a bear coming toward you. Your heart starts pounding and, at the same time, you realize you are afraid. This sequence of events is best explained by which theory of emotion?
Cannon-Bard theory
_____, a _____ theorist, developed person-centered therapy.
Carl Rogers; humanistic
_____ therapy is NOT a discredited method of treatment.
Dialectical behavior
In _____ disorders, awareness becomes separated from past feelings, thoughts, and memories.
Dissociative
Who touched off the debate about psychotherapy's effectiveness when he summarized 24 studies of psychotherapy outcomes?
Eysenck
Asians are often disgusted by American cheese, while most Americans are not. This demonstrates which of the following?
Food preferences are influenced by one's culture.
Some students work hard in school to attain high grades. This best illustrates the importance of:
Incentives
___________ is a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control blood glucose
Insulin
_____ in traditional psychoanalysis is the analyst's noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight for the patient.
Interpretation
Ten-year-old Daniella loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. Her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine Daniella's
Intrinsic Motivation
William needs to hire someone who is good at reading emotions in minor, quick changes in people's facial expressions. Which of the following personality types would be best for this job
Introverted
Which sequence reflects the order of the major theories of emotion from the earliest to the more recent
James-Lange → Cannon-Bard → Schachter-Singer
_____ disorder consists of a prolonged state of hopeless sadness.
Major depressive
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
Pupils dialating
Mia is attracted to a man she is chatting with in a nightclub. What is probably happening to her eyes?
Miranda, who experiences periods of extreme sadness, followed by episodes of optimistic overexcitement
Miranda, who experiences periods of extreme sadness, followed by episodes of optimistic overexcitement
Women appear to be more sensitive to __________ cues than men
Nonverbal
disorder is characterized by a person having repetitive thoughts that may lead to repetitive actions.
Obsessive-Compulsive
_____ disorder is characterized by a person having intrusive thoughts that may lead to repetitive actions.
Obsessive-compulsive
Feigned Smiles
Often switched on and off abruptly. often continues for more than 4 or 5 seconds
____________ is a hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus.
Orexin
Schachter-Singer two-factor
Our experience of emotion depends on two factors: general arousal and a conscious cognitive label. Ex: We may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement, depending on the context.
_____________disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns or traits that impair social functioning.
Personality
____________ is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members.
Prejudice
Until 1973, homosexuality was classified as an illness by the American _____ Association.
Psychiatric
Which statement does NOT accurately identify a difference between psychodynamic therapy and psychoanalytic therapy?
Psychodynamic therapy takes place several times a week as opposed to just once or twice a week.
Superego (Freud)
Represents the conscience, holds rules, values for socially acceptable behavior
_____ is overthinking about our problems and their causes.
Rumination
To experience an emotion, a person must be physically aroused and cognitively label that arousal. This theory of emotion was suggested by
Schachter and Singer
If people who are aroused by watching rock videos are then insulted, their feelings of anger will be greater than those of people who have been similarly provoked but were not previously aroused. This is best explained by the:
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
Representative heuristic
Sometimes one is prone to judge an individual based on one's notion of the category of people he or she most closely resembles. When this happens, one falls prey to the
Zander has been struggling with personal issues and has decided to seek help at a mental health clinic. Unfortunately, he was put on a waiting list and told he would likely have to wait several weeks before he could meet with a therapist. According to Hans Eysenck's findings, what do you predict will happen to Zander?
The chances are good that he will improve during this waiting period.
pituitary gland
The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
proximity
The way in which one quickly groups the individual letters in this test item into separate words. Or turn 6 lines into 3 sections by placing them closer to each other
individualism
This is the cultural belief that gives priority to personal desires and identity.
Despite having several features in common, what is the primary distinction between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?
Those suffering from anorexia nervosa are drastically underweight, while those suffering from bulimia nervosa are within or above the normal range.
___________ suggested that we can stimulate the subjective experience of cheerfulness simply by acting as if we are already cheerful.
William James
Which of the following is an antianxiety drug?
Xanax
Retinal Disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient, treats depression
Around the world, people may experience the same genetically based disorder quite differently, depending on their personal expectations and their cultural definition of abnormality. This BEST illustrates the need for what model?
a biopsychosocial approach
acute schizophrenia (reactive schizophrenia)
a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods
psychotic disorder
a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality.
Concepts (Grouping)
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Insight
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
psychological disorder
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.
Mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
self-determination theory
a theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Stephanie meets with her therapist once a week in order to talk about her marriage as well as the relationship she has with her parents. Stephanie's therapist uses psychodynamic techniques to help her gain insight into her relationships as well as behavioral and cognitive techniques to improve Stephanie's communication skills. The therapist's work exemplifies:
an eclectic approach.
phi phenomenon
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
Gestalt
an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
Extreme dieting and significant weight loss is common in individuals with:
anorexia nervosa.
Tardive dyskinesia is associated with the long-term use of which type of drugs?
antipsychotic
In _____ disorder, the affected person is aggressive and ruthless and shows no sign of the conscience that would inhibit wrongdoing.
antisocial personality
One problem with the use of the polygraph for lie detection is that
anxiety, irritation, and guilt feelings all prompt similar physiological reactivity.
A starving rat will lose all interest in food if its _____________ center in the arcuate nucleus is destroyed
appetite-stimulating
Although the cause of antisocial personality disorder is unclear, some people do appear to have a genetic vulnerability. For example, twin and adoption studies indicate that biological relatives of those with antisocial personality disorder:
are at increased risk for antisocial behavior.
spillover effect
arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event
The term used by psychologists to describe and measure the emotional bond between infants and their caregivers is called:
attachment
A deep sense of well-being results when our need for relatedness is satisfied in balance with our psychological needs for competence and
autonomy.
Personality disorders can be classified into three clusters. One cluster expresses anxiety, such as that exhibited in _____ personality disorder. People with this personality disorder are so fearful of rejection that it predisposes them to withdraw from society.
avoidant
Instinct theory
belief that behavior is motivated by instinct
Tarra is attending university away from all of her friends. She finds that her evenings are very lonely. She decides to join three student clubs to make friends. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Tarra is trying to meet her
belongingness needs
In its introduction to biomedical therapy, the textbook describes therapeutic lifestyle change. Because therapeutic lifestyle change includes components aimed at improving the body's physical health, reducing negative thinking, and increasing meaningful social engagement, it BEST reflects a _____ approach to treating psychological disorders.
biopsychosocial
____ disorder is characterized by moods that alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the euphoric, hyperactive state of mania.
bipolar
Parasympathetic
calming
Psychologists call the overgeneralizing and self-blaming thinking associated with depression:
catastrophizing
Mimi works in a hospital psychiatric unit. She cares for a patient with schizophrenia who often stands motionless in a corner for several hours. This _____ usually ends abruptly and then the patient becomes quite agitated.
catatonia
schizophrenia that develops gradually over a long period of time is called ________ schizophrenia.
chronic
It is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy because:
clients generally speak kindly about their therapists.
Ashley has a master's degree. Based on this information alone, Ashley cannot be a:
clinical psychologist.
Helping people identify and replace irrational or illogical beliefs is the cornerstone of _____ therapy.
cognitive
This is the cultural belief that gives priority to others' expectations.
collectivism
top-down processing
constructs perceptions from this sensory input by drawing on your experience and expectations
The electromagnetic spectrum
contains the wavelengths people see as light
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning, tense and uneasy
The process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity
conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.
William James would suggest that we feel sorry because we ____________ and afraid because we tremble.
cry
A _____________ is a false belief that may accompany psychotic disorders.
delusion
Like alcohol, antianxiety drugs work by:
depressing central nervous system activity.
This form of therapy that aims to teach both acceptance and change helps resolve harmful and even suicidal behavior patterns.
dialectical behavior therapy
PYY
digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain
A train is rapidly approaching, and Shawn's car stalls in the middle of the railroad tracks. His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by
dilation of his pupils.
Sensory Adaption
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
In the context of culture and emotion, people in cultures that encourage individuality
display mostly visible emotions.
A patient who experiences bipolar disorder may be hesitant to try a mood stabilizer because the:
drug mechanism is unknown.
If a person's appetite-suppressing center in the hypothalamus is destroyed as a result of an accident, the person is most likely to:
eat excessively and become overweight
Dr. Jaspin has devoted his professional life to researching the desires and needs that energize and direct behavior. His area of research has obviously been
emotion
Client-centered therapists emphasize the importance of:
enabling clients to feel unconditionally accepted.
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
According to one study, one thing good therapies do NOT have in common is:
evidence-based support.
Ostracism
exclusion from a group
Divergent Thinking
expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
Which example BEST illustrates the negative symptom(s) of schizophrenia
expressionless faces and toneless voices
Stefan recently suffered a traumatic experience and is now seeing a therapist on a regular basis. His therapist waves her finger in front of Stefan's face while he imagines the traumatic scene. This type of therapy is known as:
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.
prosopagnosia
face blindness
If you mimic another person's facial expressions, you probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. This is best explained in terms of the
facial feedback effect
neophobia
fear of new things
sympathetic
fight or flight
According to Robert Zajonc, highly emotional people are most likely intense partly because of their interpretations. They may ______________ their experiences by blowing single incidents out of proportion
generalize
Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that people are unlikely to be motivated to obtain ________ if they are deprived of love and safety
good grades in school
People with schizophrenia often have disturbed perceptions called _____, which are sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.
hallucinations
Conversion therapy is:
harmful
Compared to men, women ___________ risk for eating disorders.
have a 10 times greater
Dr. Barlow states that most individuals wish to become better people and that today's problems are more important than the experiences of the past. Dr. Barlow's beliefs are MOST consistent with _____ therapy.
humanistic
Orexin is an appetite hormone secreted by the
hypothalamus
Empathy
identification with others and the ability to imagine walking in their shoes
Which characteristic is found for those with antisocial personality disorder?
increased likelihood of antisocial personality disorder among biological relatives a smaller-than-normal amygdala a hyperactive dopamine reward system
top-down processing
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes
Exuberant infants and alert, enthusiastic, and energetic adults are especially likely to show high levels of brain activity in the:
left frontal lobe.
Excessive online socializing and gaming have been associated with:
lower school grades
Which symptom is NOT diagnostic of schizophrenia?
mania
Helena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Helena believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders.
medical
Historically there have been a variety of models used to explain psychological disorders. The ___________ model assumes that mental disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed and treated.
medical
A large drug company is combining the results of all of its studies on generalized anxiety disorder, as if the results had come from one huge study. This is a _____.
meta-analysis
Thirty-seven-year-old Steven is a single male who has suffered from depression all his life. He has been in treatment for the last week and a half and has begun taking an antidepressant. He is starting to feel better, but he is tired of living this way and does not want to face another depressive episode. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Steven is _____ likely to attempt suicide _____.
more; because his energy and initiative are rebounding
Which symptom is NOT diagnostic of schizophrenia?
multiple personalities
Jazmine feels so self-important and is so self-focused that she unrealistically believes that all of her teachers, classmates, and acquaintances are eager to read her hour-by-hour Facebook postings. Jazmine best illustrates the characteristics of
narcissism
Abraham Maslow referred to the need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential as the:
need for self-actualization.
People who suffer from _____ disorder are so preoccupied by unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions that they are unable to function in their daily lives.
obsessive-compulsive
Research on obesity and weight control indicates that
once we become fat, we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to attain it.
Autism and Asperger syndrome are now considered to be _____ in the DSM-5.
one combined disorder
Our need to belong is most clearly threatened by
ostracism
Eight-year-old Jack has severe temper tantrums at times and experiences irritability. He has been diagnosed with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. One of the significant negative outcomes of labeling Jack is that:
people may view Jack differently because of the label.
Perceptual Constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change.
temporal lobe damage
perceptions of faces, deficit in knowledge of biological categories
Chronic schizophrenia is also known as _____ schizophrenia.
process
A physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological disorders is called a:
psychiatrist
These are physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders; not all have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as MDs or D.O.s they can prescribe medications.
psychiatrists
Clarice seeks treatment for a history of childhood sexual abuse. She is interested in therapy which will help provide insight into her ongoing symptoms. Clarice is MOST likely to receive:
psychodynamic treatment.
A _____ disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.
psychological
Anxiety Disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
Therapies dealing with psychological disorders can be classified into two main categories. In the first, _____, a trained professional talks to clients to help them overcome difficulties, while _____ influences the brain directly through drugs or other treatments.
psychotherapy; biomedical therapy
Irrationality, distorted perceptions, and a lack of contact with reality are defining features of _____ disorders.
psychotic
Schizophrenia is an example of a(n) _____ disorder.
psychotic
Clients may overvalue therapy because they:
put much effort into therapy.
Wolfgang Kohler
researcher who studied insight learning in chimps with bananas and other fruit
According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, which of the following is the correct sequence of events when a car drives directly toward us and we experience emotion
see an oncoming car; heart pounds and, at the same time, the arousal is cognitively labeled; experience fear
According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, which of the following is the correct sequence of events when a car drives directly toward us and we experience emotion?
see an oncoming car; heart pounds; experience fear
Which of the following do NOT influence taste preferences in humans
serotonin levels
Carbohydrates such as pasta, chips, and sweets help boost levels of the neurotransmitter
serotonin.
Walter has an intense fear of speaking in public. Because he can only engage in one-on-one discussions, he has been passed over for promotions. He may be suffering from _____ disorder.
social anxiety
Most people are not very good at deciding if something is the truth or a lie and, often, their decisions are no more accurate than if they had tossed a coin. However, researchers have found some people are more skilled than others. Which group is MOST able to detect lies?
some police officers
bottom-up processing
starts at your sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing
To help Adam reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique BEST illustrates:
systematic desensitization.
Affiliation need
the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group.
Optic Nerve
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
figure-ground perception
the perception of figures against a background
Yerkes-Dodson Law
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
Research results on the effectiveness of psychotherapy show that:
treatment generally provides a boost to a person's long-term outcome.
Amygdala
two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion. Emotion-control center of the brain
There are two essential elements required for one to experience posttraumatic growth: having experienced a traumatic event and:
grappled to make sense of the events.
_____ therapy is a widely practiced integrative therapy which aims not only to alter the way people think but also to alter the way they act.
Cognitive-behavioral
John is a 28-year-old male who suffers from bipolar disorder. He does not like lithium because of the side effects. His doctor prescribes this medication, originally used to treat epilepsy. This medication is:
Depakote
A sudden loss of memory is one symptom of a(n) _____ disorder.
Dissociative
Frank was seen laughing inappropriately in the library as if he were responding to internal stimuli. On the bus home, he was crying uncontrollably and suddenly became angered when a fellow passenger offered him a tissue. His excess of inappropriate behavior reflects the _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.
Positive
________________ conceded that our brains process and react to vast amounts of information without our conscious awareness.
Richard Lazarus
__________ says that we actually have many emotional reactions apart from, or even before, our interpretation of a situation.
Robert Zajonc
_____ is overthinking about our problems and their causes. _____ can be adaptive when it helps us focus intently on a problem.
Rumination
_________ is the mental disorder that is MOST likely to lead to poverty
Schizophrenia
seasonal depression
Seasonal affective disorder is a type of depression that's related to changes in seasons
According to a study in 2004 by the World Health Organization, the lowest rate of reported mental disorders was in
Shanghai
Hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
Incentives
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Many physicians did not realize that bleeding was an ineffective treatment for typhoid fever until researchers made effective use of:
a control group.
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
posttramatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Perceptual Set
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. Top down
To help Monica overcome her nearly irresistible craving for chocolate, a therapist provides her with a supply of chocolate candies that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to treatment BEST illustrates:
aversive conditioning.
Michelle's mouth is dry, and she realizes that she hasn't had anything to drink all morning. The water level in her cells has dropped and she feels thirsty. Watching people drink large glasses of soda is driving her nuts, so she determines that the next chance she gets, she will get an extra-large drink. Which of the following can be used to explain why she is motivated to get a drink?
drive-reduction theory
A therapist committed to evidence-based practice selects whichever type of therapy enjoys the most empirical support for the disorder a given client is experiencing. The therapist is MOST likely to reflect a(n) _____ perspective.
eclectic
Fovea
is found in the center of the retina
An empathic person will identify with others and can imagine what it might be like to walk in another person's shoes. There are some apparent gender differences related to empathy. Which of the following supports that finding
Females are more likely to express empathy (e.g., to cry and report distress when observing someone else in distress).
This famous experiment by ____________ involved raising monkeys with two artificial mothers.
Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow
You think two of your friends are highly compatible, so you are trying to get them together. Which of the following might help to get them interested in each other?
Have them gaze into each other's eyes for a couple of minutes.
Grouping
Human tendency to organize stimuli into coherent sets is known as
Like evolutionary psychology, instinct theory most clearly assumes that behavior is influenced by:
genetic predispositions
Arousal Theory
focuses on finding the right level of stimulation
Drive-reduction theory
focuses on how we respond to inner pushes and outer pulls
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs
focuses on the priority of some needs over others
Most humans are genetically predisposed to
form close enduring relationships with fellow humans
Kipling Williams asked people what event made them feel especially bad about themselves. People responded that it was difficulty with a relationship
four times in five
PET scans illustrate reduced activity in the ____________ of a murderer's cortex
frontal lobes
One fairly consistent finding when examining functional brain differences in people with depression is that their _____ lobes are _____.
frontal; underactive
A single ________ on the Y chromosome plays a crucial role in the prenatal development of the testes.
gene
Delilah is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Delilah MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder.
generalized anxiety
Lenore is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder
generalized anxiety
Wanda grows tomatoes for the sheer joy of it. Wanda's behavior reflects ________.
intrinsic motivation
Ten-year-old Daniella loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. Her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine Daniella's:
intrinsic motivation.
With respect to schizophrenia, catatonia is to hallucination as _____ symptom is to _____ symptom.
negative; positive
In a disorder called _____ disorder, the person suffers from repetitive, unwanted thoughts or behaviors or both.
obsessive-compulsive
People who are prone to depression have increased activity in their
right frontal lobe
Sally dreads giving presentations at work; she feels intensely afraid that her co-workers are negatively evaluating her. She is also apprehensive when she visits restaurants because she believes the other diners are scrutinizing her. Sally seems to suffer from _____ disorder
social anxiety
Qwan often finds himself anxious in social situations. He avoids eye contact with others and regularly dismisses his fears of blushing uncontrollably as shyness. If Qwan were Japanese, he might be suffering from:
taijin-kyofusho.
According to LeDoux, the low road in the brain's processing of emotion includes the _____ and the _____.
thalamus; amygdala
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.
Fovea
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
drive-reduction theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
One of the negative outcomes of giving a person a psychiatric diagnosis is that a person may then live up to others' expectations. This means that:
the label itself may create a self-fulfilling prophecy
When people are stimulated by an exciting soccer match, their excitement can fuel and intensify anger. This is known as:
the spillover effect
Epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Sharif has mild depression. Recently he read that therapeutic lifestyle change research has shown that something as simple as frequent _____ can relieve symptoms.
walks in the woods
One of the reasons why it is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapies is that even when a problem still exists, clients:
will work hard to find something positive to say about the therapist.
Spencer has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating a:
word salad.
If you grimace in fear while taking a difficult exam, this facial expression is most likely to cause:
you to experience increasingly intense feelings of fear.
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Andrew, a military pilot, is unable to remember anything of a botched bombing raid in which his plane was severely damaged, and two crew members were killed. Because he himself suffered no physical injuries, his psychiatrist suspects that Andrew suffers from either posttraumatic stress disorder or:
a dissociative disorder.
chronic schizophrenia (process schizophrenia)
a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten
Prototype (categories)
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a crow) mental picture
dissociative identity disorder (DID) multiple personality
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.
Signal detection theory
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus ( signal ) amid background stimulation ( noise ). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.
Strangers placed in male-female pairs were instructed to stare into each other's eyes for two minutes. They reported feeling
a tingle of attraction and affection
Sensory Adaption helps people
concentrate on more important things.
According to the textbook, 9-month-old infants attend more to sounds representing ancient threats, such as thunder, than to sounds representing modern dangers, such as gunfire. This BEST supports the role of _____ in anxiety.
evolution
