Psychology Final :)

The judges are essentially good people who desire to see each of the performers grow and improve as artists and people

Humanistic

Patricia enjoys walking by a river next to her apartment building nearly every day. As she walks, she loses track of time and just thinks quietly about her life and experiences, letting her thoughts come and go without concern. Sometimes she stops to gaze at teh river and enjoys its quiet glistening. After her walks, she always feels refreshed and ready for life's next challenges. One day a friend sees her while walking and says, "ooops, I didn't mean to interrupt your meditation." Patricia says, "Oh, I'm not meditating. I'm just taking a walk." Is Patricia right?

Patricia is not correct. She may not know it, but she is engaged in contemplative state

______________the presentation of a rewarding stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior

Positive_reinforcement

______________a reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable

Primary_reinforcer

Human beings have an unconscious desire to perform for others

Psychodynamic

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes to observe human behavior & draw conclusions from those observations is ____

Psychology

Any situation that involves learning

Requires some relatively permanent change to occur

____________ is/are involved in the sense of smell

The olfactory epithelium

The one correct statement among the following is: - There are many controversies within the field of psychology - Psychologists on the whole agree with themselves on most aspects of the field - Psychologists do not engage in critical thinking - There are few controversies in the field of psychology

There are many controversies within the field of psychology

Sean loves anchovy, mushroom, and double-cheese pizza on a whole-wheat crust from his hometown pizzeria. He brings a pie back from home to give his roommate Danny a chance to taste it. Sean is stunned by Danny's reaction to the pizza: "Dude! Epic fail!" ( In other words, he hates it). What does this example demonstrate?

Although Sean and Danny have similar tongue anatomy, perception is a still a subjective process. Sean is apparently a big umami fan, but Danny is not

The organization that provides ethical guidelines for psychologists is the

American Psychological Association

______________ occurs when we make a connection, or association, between two events

Associative_learning

One of the goals of psychology is to test ___ ; another is to bring data to bear on questions of interest to human beings. In other words to describe, predict, and explain behavior

Assumptions

Which of these represents a weak positive correlation? (https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-Xkw56umA2mw9-VWCC9l4WMJfu4olDL1F78RUmVAqSSrsosmkj3TbqKzrr8qIwbwvsHfTjtGJ_Tsz8uspVcJbhYdut6dyOs5-zouc_gmMvKk-PURfVqU8g1OqeOTg-Efzg=w740)

B

Roberto and his friends attend a show by the great Chorizo, a hypnotist. Chorizo asks for volunteers to be hypnotized, and he picks the first five people who raise their hands. He puts the five people into a trance, and within minutes he has them lying on stages sizzling like slices of bacon in a frying pan. When it is all over, one of Roberto's friends remarks that Chorizo must have amazing powers: "That guy could make a person do anything!" Roberto, who has been working on his critical thinking and the psychology of hypnosis, wisely notes which of the following about Chorizo's act?

Chorizo selected the first five volunteers, and these individuals may have been especially motivated, suggestible, and likely to believe in the effects of hypnosis. There is no way to gauge whether Chorizo could have influence over anyone else

______________process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

Classical_conditioning

The key to doing well on America's Got Talent is not merely having talent, but also for the performers to be able to perceive what it is the judges and audience want, remember what it is their audience liked and disliked, and discover a way to give their audience a memorable show

Cognitive

Charles Darwin's work is relevant to psychology because

Darwin's principle of natural selection suggests that human behavior is partially a result of efforts to survive

Pavlov's dog salivates each time it hears a bell. Now, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving food, the dog stops salivating. The explanation is that

Extinction has occurred

Conservative radio personality Rush Limbaugh experienced sudden hearing loss in 2001, after which he received a cochlear implant. He has described his ability to listen to music as dependent on what he heard before becoming deaf. If he had heard a song prior to becoming deaf, he could hear it, but if it was a new song, he could not make sense of it. Which of the following explains Limbaugh's experience?

He is able to engage in top-down listening, but not bottom-up listening

Trina, a first year college student, goes home at Thanksgiving break after being away from home (for the first time) for three months. She feels as if she has changed a lot, but her parents still treat her like a kid in high school. At Thanksgiving dinner she confronts them, bursting out, "Stop top-down processing me!" Her parents think Trina has lost her mind. Which of the following explains her outburst?

Trina believes that her parents are letting their preconceived ideas of who she is prevent them from seeing her as the person she has become

______________a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

Unconditioned_stimulus

The philosopher-physician ___ (1832-1920) is considered the father of psychology

Wilhelm Wundt

The American who created the approach to psychological study known as functionalism is ____

William James

The statement "I believe this research will demonstrate that students who study in groups will get better grades than those who study alone" is an example of

a hypothesis

A correlation of -.77 indicates

a strong negative relationship

All of the following are examples of automatic processes except

a student solving a math problem

A drawback of laboratory research is that

all of these options

The most widely consumed drug in the world as a whole is

caffeine

When we refer to the hue of a light wave, we are referring to what we perceive as

color

Timbre is a measure of a sound's

complexity

In an experiment, the participant is deceived into thinking she is taking an intelligence test, but she is actually taking a personality test. When she is done, the results of her test are posted with her name on the wall with the results of other participants. Check all the ethical guidelines which were violated:

confidentiality

The bones of the middle ear are set into motion by vibrations of the

eardrum

The main classes into which the sense organs and sensory receptors fall include all of the following _except_

electroreception

The last step in the scientific method, and one that never ends, is

evaluating conclusions

The pinna is the _______, which is quite useful in collecting information from the environment

external part of the ear

The degree to which conclusions made about a sample can be generalized to the entire group is called

external validity

High frequency sounds are

higher pitched

If you are in a well-lighted room, your rods are being used _____ and cones are being used ______

infrequently; frequently

Sleep and dreams are most accurately viewed as

low levels of consciousness

Immediately entering REM sleep is a symptom of

narcolepsy

One of the following drugs, the one that is a not a depressant is

nicotine

Near the center of the retina there is a spot where there are no rods or cones. This is because of the

optic nerve

The entire group of people about whom a researcher wants to draw conclusions is the

population

Of the following, the characteristic that is NOT at the heart of the scientific approach is - skepticism - critical thinking - prejudging - curiosity

prejudging

A skier slides down a snowy slope, maneuver her poles and skis, and comes to a stop at the bottom of a hill through

proprioceptive feedback

The approach to psychology that is most interested in early childhood relationships is

psychodynamic psychology

Hypnosis treatments tend to work best when they are accompanied by

psychotherapy

To read this question, you are looking at it. After the light passes into your eyes, the incoming light waves are recorded by receptor cells located in the

retina

When a researcher decides to study a particular group, such as Latino factory workers, the research is specifically determining the study's

sample

The inner-ear structures that contain the sensory receptors that detect head motion, as when we move our head and/or body, are the

semicircular canals

A cochlear implant

sends electronic impulses to stimulate auditory nerves

Every day, you see, hear, smell, taste, and feel stimuli from the outside world. Collecting data about that world is the function of _______, and interpreting the data collected is the function of ______

sensation;perception

When you first arrive at a party, the music is so loud that it almost hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the music is at the same volume, it does not bother you any more. This change over time describes the process of

sensory adaptation

Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with

sensory receptors

Our largest sensory organ is the

skin

In terms of physiology, meditation shows characteristics of

sleep and wakefulness

The brain structure that is responsible for the synchronization of circadian rhythm is the

suprachiasmatic nucleus

An architect is designing apartments and wants them to be soundproof. She asks a psychologist what the smallest amount of sound is that can be heard. Her question is most related to

the absolute threshold

A six-week study on obesity had four groups, each with a different assignment. One group of participants read a brochure about diet and nutrition; another had a 30-minute nutrition counseling session; a third group read the newspaper; a fourth group watched a video about exercise and fitness. The dependent variable in this study is

the change in weight of the participants

The approach to psychology that views psychological distress as a result of persistent negative thoughts is

the cognitive approach

The control group in the aforementioned study of obesity is

the group that read the newspaper

Muscles in the middle ear maneuver ______ as needed to amplify or decrease the intensity of sound waves to make it easier to hear or to protect our hearing

the hammer, anvil, and stirrup

The approach to psychology that focuses on self-fulfillment, altruism, and personal growth is

the humanistic approach

The larger the amplitude of a sound wave

the louder sound is

Taste buds are bunched together in

the papillae

Vestibular senses are important because

they act like a gyroscope to help us determine our orientation in space

The term metacognition refers to

thinking about thought processes

Your the mother's and sister's voices have the same pitch and loudness, but you can tell them apart on the telephone. This is due to the perceptual quality, or _____, of their voices

timbre

The major function of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup of the middle ear is

to amplify vibrations and pass them on to the inner ear

Roger used to feel the effect of one or two alcoholic drinks; he now needs four or five to feel the same effect. Roger is experiencing

tolerance

Any changeable phenomenon that a scientist studies is called a

variable

You are outside enjoying a beautiful day. The sky is blue. When the sun sets, the sky turns a gorgeous salmon pink. After the sun has set, the sky turns lavender; as it grows dark, it becomes a deeper purple, then midnight blue, and finally black. The color changes you perceive in the sky are due to the ________ of light that it reflects

wavelength

Paul believes that physically attractive people are selfish. He conducts a study to see if he is right. He goes up to five people he thinks are good looking and asks them for spare change. They all turn him down. Paul concludes, "I knew it all along." The operational definition of "selfish" is

whether or not people gave Paul spare change

Which of these represents a weak negative correlation? (https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-Xkw56umA2mw9-VWCC9l4WMJfu4olDL1F78RUmVAqSSrsosmkj3TbqKzrr8qIwbwvsHfTjtGJ_Tsz8uspVcJbhYdut6dyOs5-zouc_gmMvKk-PURfVqU8g1OqeOTg-Efzg=w740)

A

Which of these represents a strong positive correlation? (https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-Xkw56umA2mw9-VWCC9l4WMJfu4olDL1F78RUmVAqSSrsosmkj3TbqKzrr8qIwbwvsHfTjtGJ_Tsz8uspVcJbhYdut6dyOs5-zouc_gmMvKk-PURfVqU8g1OqeOTg-Efzg=w740)

C

Sondra was driving in the country one afternoon. There was not much traffic on the long, straight road, though Sondra noticed a man walking along the roadside some distance away. Suddenly, as she approached the person, he drifted toward the middle of the road, and Sondra, with screeching brakes, was shocked to realize she had nearly hit a child. Fortunately, the child was not harmed. It had become clear to Sondra that what had seemed like a man some distance away was actually a child who was much closer than she realized

Because objects that are smaller on the retina are typically farther away, Sondra was fooled by relative size

Everything we do that can be directly observed is referred to as ___

Behavior

Talentless people perform on America's Got Talent because they have been rewarded in some way

Behavioral

______________a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping

Behaviorism

Some people who perform on this show clearly show brain damage

Biological

Four attitudes at the core of the scientific approach are ____, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity

Critical thinking

Which of these represents a strong negative correlation? (https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-Xkw56umA2mw9-VWCC9l4WMJfu4olDL1F78RUmVAqSSrsosmkj3TbqKzrr8qIwbwvsHfTjtGJ_Tsz8uspVcJbhYdut6dyOs5-zouc_gmMvKk-PURfVqU8g1OqeOTg-Efzg=w740)

D

Emily, a committed environmentalist, reads a report that among a nationally representative sample, 60 percent of people polled support drilling for oil off the shores of California. The poll includes 1000 people. Emily scoffs at the results, noting that all of the people she knows do not support offshore drilling. The poll must be flawed, she insists. How do you evaluate Emily's statement?

Emily is likely to be wrong. A representative sample is more likely to reflect the general population than the small sample of Emily's friends

Which of the following is true about mindfulness meditation?

It focuses thoughts on specific bodily sensations

Bob is a student in PSY-111. He has attended every class and then taken detailed notes. Before the first exam, he studies and tries on the practice tests. On the morning of the test, however, he feels suddenly blank. Bob takes a deep breath and starts answering each question one by one, taking guesses on many questions. The next week, Bob is thrilled to learn that he got a 100 percent on the exam. He later tells a friend, "I just took guesses and still got a perfect score. Next time I should not even bother studying!" Which of the following is true of Bob's plan?

It is a bad idea. Bob's grade shows that controlled and subconscious processes worked together. Controlled processes helped hi m learn the material so that he was able to make good guesses

Bob and Jen have a friendly competition going in their psychology class. Both have spent several hours studying for the final exam over the last few weeks of school. The night before the final, Bob declares that he is going to pull an all-nighter, adding 12 full hours to his study time compared to Jen. Altogether, Jen studies 23 hours for the exam, while Bob studies 35 hours. All other things being equal, who is likely to do better on the test?

Jen will do better because she studied a great deal and has the benefit of a good night's sleep, allowing her memory for course material to consolidate

In high school Kareem was a star student, and drinking alcohol did not fit with his academic ambitions. In college, he started drinking and eventually drank heavily every weekend. He has a lot of trouble making it to his Monday classes, and his grades have dropped from mostly A's to mainly C's, but otherwise he feels he is doing pretty well. A friend asks him about his drinking, and Kareem declares, "I will definitely stop drinking once I am out of colleges. Besdides, no one in my family has ever been an alcoholic, so I am not at risk." Which of the statements below is an accurate assessment of Kareem's belief?

Kareem is clearly already suffering from alcohol-related problems. Despite his lack of family history, his alcohol use could put him at risk for dependence. Furthermore, if Kareem is binge drinking, he is risking death by alcohol poisoning

______________Thorndike research postulates that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened

Law_of_Effect

______________a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

Learning

Things we experience but cannot directly observe, such as thoughts, feelings, and motives are all types of ___

Mental processes

______________the removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of the behavior

Negative_reinforcement

______________ takes place when a person observes and imitates another's behavior

Observational_learning

Which of the following statements is correct?

Only experimental research allows researchers to determine causality

______________a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence

Operant_conditioning

_____ in contrast to art, is characterized by having systematic methods, utilizing careful observation, and drawing logical conclusions from those observations

Science

______________a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience; in other words, it is a learned or conditioned reinforcer

Secondary_reinforcer

______________rewarding approximations of a desired behavior

Shaping

A person's peers, family, and upbringing convey what sort of performances are acceptable

Sociocultural

The psychological attempt to discover the basic structures of mental processes in the human mind, later became known as ___

Structuralism