Psychology Final Exam

On a(n) _________ level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workspace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism.

Cognitive

________ is a method of brain imaging that passes a narrow X-ray beam through the head and measures the structures that reflect the beams from various angles generating a three-dimensional image

Computerized axial tomography

Schizophrenia is characterized by:

Disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood.

In Sternberg's scheme, romantic love:

Refers to an intense, positive emotion that involves sexual attraction, feelings of caring, and the belief that one is in love.

Which of the following is true of stereotyping?

Stereotypes about physically attractive people are positive

According to cognitive psychologists, ______?

The changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development in children?

They are dependent on their primary caregivers

Parents can help children develop self-esteem when they show them ________ regard, or when they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment.

Unconditional positive

Exposure to very loud sounds can lead to damage of the auditory nerve or hair cells, resulting in ________

sensorineural deafness

People with _______ find it difficult to surrender control or share power

type A personality traits

___________ is charchterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic events

Acute stress disorders

Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex?

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

In the context of anorexia, which of the following statements is true?

Affluent females may be at greater risk because they have greater access to fitness centers and health clubs

A(n) ___________ is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways

Analogy

Ecstatic elation and deep depression are both aspects of _____.

Bipolar disorder

Suppose a person is fired and he harbors beliefs such as: "This job was the most important thing in my life," "What a no-good failure I am," "My family will starve," "I'll never find a job as good," "There's nothing I can do about it." According to Albert Ellis, such irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression by:

Catastrophizing the extent of loss

When comparing the human mind to an iceberg, Freud labeled the region of the iceberg that pokes into the light of awareness the ________ part of the mind

Conscious

According to Erik Erikson, adolescents who do not develop ___________ may experience role diffusion.

Ego identity

Which of the following is true of Aristotle's contribution to psychology?

He argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, identify a true statement about passion.

It involves fascination for the loved one, sexual craving, and the desire for exclusiveness

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following is true of passion?

It involves preoccupation with the loved one

A(n) _______ is a system of symbols along with rules ghat are used to manipulate the symbols.

Language

B. F. Skinner taught pigeons and other animals to engage in behavior that manipulates the environment. This kind of behavior is called _________.

Operant behavior

General knowledge is referred to as _________.

Semantic memory

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because:

Spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur

Identity a true statement about punishments

They can rapidly suppress undesirable behavior

Type A people:

are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive.

A similarity between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is that they both:

Are characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event

Episodic memory is also referred to as _______.

Autobiographical memory

A _______ is a cycle that is connected with the 24-hour period of the earth's rotation

Circadian rhythm

According to James and Lange, _________ are the cognitive representations of automatic physiological and behavioral responses

Emotions

In the context of reinforcement schedules, a piece worker that gets paid on a per-shirt basis is on a ____________

Fixed-ratio schedule

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to:

Focus on the present

.______ refers to the culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity

Gender

Prejudices act as cognitive filters through which people view the social world. People tend to think of people as "familiar" or "foreign", or "good" or "bad." Their feelings and reactions towards each other may be biased by these perceptions. This source of prejudice is refereed to as _______

Information processing

Which of the following statements is true of instinctive behavior?

Instinctive behavior tends to resist modification, even when it serves no purpose

Messages from the brain or spinal cord are transmitted to muscles or glands through _______.

Motor Neurons

Identify a true statement about environmental influences on intelligence.

Studies support the view that children's early environment is linked to academic achievement

According to Albert Ellis, __________.

The belief that one must be preoccupied by threats is a prescription for perpetual emotional upheaval

In the context of stress, which of the following is true of predictability and control?

The illusion of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates

In the context of behaviorism, observable behaviors are considered public behaviors because:

They can be measured easily and different observers would agree about their existence and features

In the context of organization in long-term memory, a(n) ________ is an arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common or distinct features

hierarchy

In his initial experiments, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate when he sounded a tone or bell. Pavlov termed these trained salivary responses _______

Conditional reflexes

Gustav Theodor Fechner, in his book Elements of Psychophysics, showed:

How physical event are related to psychological sensation and perception

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:

Humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal

Identify a criticism about the linguistic-relativity hypothesis

Infants display considerable intelligence before they have learned to speak

Which of the following is true of the immune system?

It remembers how to battle antigens, often for years.

_________ is an example of a hallucinogenic drug

Mescaline

Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal, or mutant, cells that may take root anywhere in the body: in the blood, bones, digestive tract, lungs, and sex organs. If their spread is not controlled early, the cancerous cells may ________, that is, establish colonies elsewhere in the body.

Metastasize

Which of the following is true of cancer?

People whose immune system is damaged may be more likely to develop cancer

Freud believed that the Oedipus complex develops in the __________of psychosexual development

Phallic stage

_______ is a factor that contributes to attraction

Physical Appearance

Excessive fear of public speaking is a common _________

Social anxiety disorder

In the context of stress and the body, which of the following is true of stress?

Stress can lead to physical health problems

Which of the following monocular cues is based on the perception that closer objects appear to have a rougher surfaces?

Texture gradient

Which of the following is true humanistic-existential theories?

They do not predict the sorts of traits and interests we will develop

______ is the simplified form of meditation brought to the united states by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and is used as a method for coping with stress

Transcendental meditation

Nightmares, like most pleasant dreams, are products of _______

rapid eye movement sleep

_________ engage in search-and-destroy missions in which they "recognize" and eradicate foreign agents and unhealthy cells

White blood cells

Dissociative identity disorder was formerly termed __________

Multiple personality disorder

___________ in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century

Existentialism

Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He works on the principle that people are free to choose their own ethical conduct and are also responsible for choosing their conduct. Erik can be said to be following the _____ perspective.​

Humanistic-existential

Which of the following is true of the attraction similarity hypothesis?

It theorizes that reciprocity is a powerful determinant of attraction

The cessation of menstruation is called ________.

menopause

___________ is the beginning of menstruation

Menarche

_______ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so

Infantile amnesia

Which of the following is true of the scientific method?

Psychologists are guided by the principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method

According to the dopamine theory, people with schizophrenia _________

Use more dopamine than most people do

A(n) ________ rat is characterized by under eating

aphagic

Which of the following statements is true of telegraphic speech?

It is brief but grammatically correct

The __________ is a group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum.

Limbic system

Which of the following techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow to create a brain scan?

Magnetic resonance imaging

In the manic phase of bipolar disorder, a person may:

Make huge contributions to charity

In the context pf memory and forgetting, the view that one may forget stored material because other learning overlaps with it is known as ______

interference theory

As we enter stage 1 sleep, the transition from alpha waves to theta waves may be accompanied by _______ during which we may experience brief but vivid dreamlike images

A hypnagogic state

Carole is a healthy teenager. She is able to resist illness despite being severely stressed at times. She believes that change is normal and can face adverse situations well. Psychologists would say that Carole:

Is psychologically hardy

Which of the following best describes psychokinesis?

It refers to the ability to mentally manipulate or move objects

Posttraumatic stress disorder:

May occur months or years after a traumatic experience

A(n) __________ shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning

Mental Age

__________ is the concept that holds adaptive genetic variations among members of a species enable individuals with those variations to survive and reproduce

Natural selection

The core of generalized anxiety disorder appears to be:

Pervasive worrying about numerous stressors

According to Louis Thurstone, ________ are the eight specific factors that make intelligence.

Primary mental abilities

B. F. Skinner proposed:

That organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome

A number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of ___________ is served

The corpus callosum

In the context of hunger, which of the following statements is true of the blood sugar level?

The drop in blood sugar is communicated to the hypothalamus

People with higher levels of self-efficacy are more likely to:

control their alcohol intake

In the context of color blindness, which of the following statements is true?

Dichromats are sensitive to black-white and either red-green or blue-yellow colors.

In the context of specific phobias, __________ is the fear of tight or enclosed places.

Claustrophobia

The process of adjusting to conditions of lower lighting by increasing the sensitivity of rods and cones is known as ________

Dark adaptation

Children who watch violent shows may act less aggressively when they informed that the:

Apparently aggressive behaviors they watch reflect camera tricks, special effects, and stunts.

Unlike type A people, Type B people:

Are less ambitious and less impatient

The axon bundle that transmits neural impulses from the organ of Corti to the brain is known as the ___________

Auditory nerve

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, decentration in the concrete operational stage refers to children being able to:

Center of two dimensions of a problem at once

Clara has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder. It seems like she has two different personalities. She is allergic to peanuts but the other personality, residing within her, is not allergic to peanuts. Clara has most likely been diagnosed with __________

Dissociative identity disorder

Which of the following statements is true of aggression?

Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals

According to Piaget, children in the formal operation stage of cognitive development:

Have the ability to hypothesize

Identify a true statement about problem solving

Heuristics are often based on strategies that worked in the past

Since 15 percent of a university compromises Asian-American students, a sample study was chosen in such way that it, too, consisted of 15 percent Asian Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a

Stratified sample

Alternating periods of wakefulness and sleep reflect an internally generated _________

Circadian rhythm

Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on:

The role of feelings of inferiority and the creative self in the formation of personality