Psychology Final Exam
On a(n) _________ level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workspace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism.
Cognitive
________ is a method of brain imaging that passes a narrow X-ray beam through the head and measures the structures that reflect the beams from various angles generating a three-dimensional image
Computerized axial tomography
Schizophrenia is characterized by:
Disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood.
In Sternberg's scheme, romantic love:
Refers to an intense, positive emotion that involves sexual attraction, feelings of caring, and the belief that one is in love.
Which of the following is true of stereotyping?
Stereotypes about physically attractive people are positive
According to cognitive psychologists, ______?
The changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior
Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development in children?
They are dependent on their primary caregivers
Parents can help children develop self-esteem when they show them ________ regard, or when they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment.
Unconditional positive
Exposure to very loud sounds can lead to damage of the auditory nerve or hair cells, resulting in ________
sensorineural deafness
People with _______ find it difficult to surrender control or share power
type A personality traits
___________ is charchterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic events
Acute stress disorders
Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex?
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
In the context of anorexia, which of the following statements is true?
Affluent females may be at greater risk because they have greater access to fitness centers and health clubs
A(n) ___________ is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways
Analogy
Ecstatic elation and deep depression are both aspects of _____.
Bipolar disorder
Suppose a person is fired and he harbors beliefs such as: "This job was the most important thing in my life," "What a no-good failure I am," "My family will starve," "I'll never find a job as good," "There's nothing I can do about it." According to Albert Ellis, such irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression by:
Catastrophizing the extent of loss
When comparing the human mind to an iceberg, Freud labeled the region of the iceberg that pokes into the light of awareness the ________ part of the mind
Conscious
According to Erik Erikson, adolescents who do not develop ___________ may experience role diffusion.
Ego identity
Which of the following is true of Aristotle's contribution to psychology?
He argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, identify a true statement about passion.
It involves fascination for the loved one, sexual craving, and the desire for exclusiveness
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following is true of passion?
It involves preoccupation with the loved one
A(n) _______ is a system of symbols along with rules ghat are used to manipulate the symbols.
Language
B. F. Skinner taught pigeons and other animals to engage in behavior that manipulates the environment. This kind of behavior is called _________.
Operant behavior
General knowledge is referred to as _________.
Semantic memory
In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because:
Spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur
Identity a true statement about punishments
They can rapidly suppress undesirable behavior
Type A people:
are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive.
A similarity between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is that they both:
Are characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event
Episodic memory is also referred to as _______.
Autobiographical memory
A _______ is a cycle that is connected with the 24-hour period of the earth's rotation
Circadian rhythm
According to James and Lange, _________ are the cognitive representations of automatic physiological and behavioral responses
Emotions
In the context of reinforcement schedules, a piece worker that gets paid on a per-shirt basis is on a ____________
Fixed-ratio schedule
Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to:
Focus on the present
.______ refers to the culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity
Gender
Prejudices act as cognitive filters through which people view the social world. People tend to think of people as "familiar" or "foreign", or "good" or "bad." Their feelings and reactions towards each other may be biased by these perceptions. This source of prejudice is refereed to as _______
Information processing
Which of the following statements is true of instinctive behavior?
Instinctive behavior tends to resist modification, even when it serves no purpose
Messages from the brain or spinal cord are transmitted to muscles or glands through _______.
Motor Neurons
Identify a true statement about environmental influences on intelligence.
Studies support the view that children's early environment is linked to academic achievement
According to Albert Ellis, __________.
The belief that one must be preoccupied by threats is a prescription for perpetual emotional upheaval
In the context of stress, which of the following is true of predictability and control?
The illusion of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates
In the context of behaviorism, observable behaviors are considered public behaviors because:
They can be measured easily and different observers would agree about their existence and features
In the context of organization in long-term memory, a(n) ________ is an arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common or distinct features
hierarchy
In his initial experiments, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate when he sounded a tone or bell. Pavlov termed these trained salivary responses _______
Conditional reflexes
Gustav Theodor Fechner, in his book Elements of Psychophysics, showed:
How physical event are related to psychological sensation and perception
Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:
Humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal
Identify a criticism about the linguistic-relativity hypothesis
Infants display considerable intelligence before they have learned to speak
Which of the following is true of the immune system?
It remembers how to battle antigens, often for years.
_________ is an example of a hallucinogenic drug
Mescaline
Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal, or mutant, cells that may take root anywhere in the body: in the blood, bones, digestive tract, lungs, and sex organs. If their spread is not controlled early, the cancerous cells may ________, that is, establish colonies elsewhere in the body.
Metastasize
Which of the following is true of cancer?
People whose immune system is damaged may be more likely to develop cancer
Freud believed that the Oedipus complex develops in the __________of psychosexual development
Phallic stage
_______ is a factor that contributes to attraction
Physical Appearance
Excessive fear of public speaking is a common _________
Social anxiety disorder
In the context of stress and the body, which of the following is true of stress?
Stress can lead to physical health problems
Which of the following monocular cues is based on the perception that closer objects appear to have a rougher surfaces?
Texture gradient
Which of the following is true humanistic-existential theories?
They do not predict the sorts of traits and interests we will develop
______ is the simplified form of meditation brought to the united states by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and is used as a method for coping with stress
Transcendental meditation
Nightmares, like most pleasant dreams, are products of _______
rapid eye movement sleep
_________ engage in search-and-destroy missions in which they "recognize" and eradicate foreign agents and unhealthy cells
White blood cells
Dissociative identity disorder was formerly termed __________
Multiple personality disorder
___________ in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century
Existentialism
Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He works on the principle that people are free to choose their own ethical conduct and are also responsible for choosing their conduct. Erik can be said to be following the _____ perspective.
Humanistic-existential
Which of the following is true of the attraction similarity hypothesis?
It theorizes that reciprocity is a powerful determinant of attraction
The cessation of menstruation is called ________.
menopause
___________ is the beginning of menstruation
Menarche
_______ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so
Infantile amnesia
Which of the following is true of the scientific method?
Psychologists are guided by the principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method
According to the dopamine theory, people with schizophrenia _________
Use more dopamine than most people do
A(n) ________ rat is characterized by under eating
aphagic
Which of the following statements is true of telegraphic speech?
It is brief but grammatically correct
The __________ is a group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum.
Limbic system
Which of the following techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow to create a brain scan?
Magnetic resonance imaging
In the manic phase of bipolar disorder, a person may:
Make huge contributions to charity
In the context pf memory and forgetting, the view that one may forget stored material because other learning overlaps with it is known as ______
interference theory
As we enter stage 1 sleep, the transition from alpha waves to theta waves may be accompanied by _______ during which we may experience brief but vivid dreamlike images
A hypnagogic state
Carole is a healthy teenager. She is able to resist illness despite being severely stressed at times. She believes that change is normal and can face adverse situations well. Psychologists would say that Carole:
Is psychologically hardy
Which of the following best describes psychokinesis?
It refers to the ability to mentally manipulate or move objects
Posttraumatic stress disorder:
May occur months or years after a traumatic experience
A(n) __________ shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning
Mental Age
__________ is the concept that holds adaptive genetic variations among members of a species enable individuals with those variations to survive and reproduce
Natural selection
The core of generalized anxiety disorder appears to be:
Pervasive worrying about numerous stressors
According to Louis Thurstone, ________ are the eight specific factors that make intelligence.
Primary mental abilities
B. F. Skinner proposed:
That organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome
A number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of ___________ is served
The corpus callosum
In the context of hunger, which of the following statements is true of the blood sugar level?
The drop in blood sugar is communicated to the hypothalamus
People with higher levels of self-efficacy are more likely to:
control their alcohol intake
In the context of color blindness, which of the following statements is true?
Dichromats are sensitive to black-white and either red-green or blue-yellow colors.
In the context of specific phobias, __________ is the fear of tight or enclosed places.
Claustrophobia
The process of adjusting to conditions of lower lighting by increasing the sensitivity of rods and cones is known as ________
Dark adaptation
Children who watch violent shows may act less aggressively when they informed that the:
Apparently aggressive behaviors they watch reflect camera tricks, special effects, and stunts.
Unlike type A people, Type B people:
Are less ambitious and less impatient
The axon bundle that transmits neural impulses from the organ of Corti to the brain is known as the ___________
Auditory nerve
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, decentration in the concrete operational stage refers to children being able to:
Center of two dimensions of a problem at once
Clara has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder. It seems like she has two different personalities. She is allergic to peanuts but the other personality, residing within her, is not allergic to peanuts. Clara has most likely been diagnosed with __________
Dissociative identity disorder
Which of the following statements is true of aggression?
Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals
According to Piaget, children in the formal operation stage of cognitive development:
Have the ability to hypothesize
Identify a true statement about problem solving
Heuristics are often based on strategies that worked in the past
Since 15 percent of a university compromises Asian-American students, a sample study was chosen in such way that it, too, consisted of 15 percent Asian Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a
Stratified sample
Alternating periods of wakefulness and sleep reflect an internally generated _________
Circadian rhythm
Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on:
The role of feelings of inferiority and the creative self in the formation of personality