Psychology Final Exam
Freud's Psychosexual Stages: Phallic
(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
Denial
medical model
psychological disorder are medical
Schizophrenia (negative symptoms)
restriction or loss of normal functioning EX: flat affect, abolition, social withdrawal
Neofreudians
revisionists of Freuds ideas
family therapy
therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
Carl Jung's collective unconsciousness
unconscious shared by all humans
The Asch effect
A form of conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgments.
Which of the following scenarios indicates the psychoanalytic phenomenon of transference?
Derek resents his psychotherapist because she resembles his previous girlfriend.
Which classification system of psychological disorders is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)
hostile aggression vs. instrumental aggression
Hostile: Aggressive acts for which the perpetrator's major goal is to harm or injure a victim. Instrumental: Aggressive acts for which the perpetrator's major goal is to gain access to objects, space, or privileges.
social identity
The way we define ourselves in terms of our group membership
cardinal traits
a dominant trait that characterizes nearly all of a person's behavior
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Carl Rogers and Self-Concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question - "Who am I?"
social anxiety disorder
intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such
Antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia, such as Haldol, are used to treat all of the following symptoms except ________.
manic episodes
Walter Michel's situationism
personality caries by context
A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________.
prejudice
biological factors
psychological disorders have organic causes
Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this?
reflective speech
pros too self-reported personality tests
-easy to administer -cost-effective
Rorschach inkblot test
-patient described inkblots - therapist asks for details
anitsocial personality disorder
A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
ABC approach
A- Activating Event B- Belief C- Consequences
3 dimensions of attitudes
Cognitive dimension: What we think about a subject. Affective dimension: How we feel about a subject. Behavioral dimension: What we do about a subject.
_____ refers to a disorder in which an individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships.
Dissociative identity disorder
Which of the following experiments demonstrated the profound effect of obedience?
Milgram's experiment
Stanford Prison Experiment
Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts
seasonal depressive disorder (SAD)
[mood/affective disorder] experiencing depression during certain times of the year, usually winter; treated with light therapy
latent content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream
unconditional positive regard
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Hoarding Disorder
accumulate excessive amounts of worthless items
Conformity
change in ones behavior to go along with the group
Schizophrenia cognitive symptoms
disorganized thinking, memory difficulty, decreased ability to focus attention -word salad
________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments.
dispositionism
deep brain stimulation
electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes; used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders
Conditions of Worth (Rogers)
expectations or standards we believe others place on us
Exposure therapy
expose clients to the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it
post-traumatic stress disorder
exposure to a traumatic event symptoms: flashbacks, excessive arousal, avoidance causes: classical conditioning, disturbances in memory.
humanistic approach
helping people achieve their potential
Santiago has been seeing his therapist, Mariam, for over six months. He often feels distressed and anxious. Mariam focuses on Santiago's current state and emphasizes personal growth. Mariam also suggests ways to bridge the gap between what Santiago actually is and what Santiago wants to become. In this scenario, it can be inferred that Mariam is adopting the _____ approach to psychotherapy.
humanistic approach
Manic episodes (in bipolar disorder)
hyperactive, wildly optimistic states
finding from Minnesota study of twins
identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities
Carl Jung's archetypes
images and symbols, are elements of the collective unconscious
central route persuasion
logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness
Personality
long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways
defense mechanisms
mental processes that protect individuals from strong or stressful emotions and situations - reduce anxiety - unconscious
Deinstitutionalization
moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings
Karen Horney
neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety"
Schizophrenia (positive symptoms)
not goof but excess or distortion of normal function EX: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, abnormal behavior
John often experiences unanticipated attacks of intense fear. During these episodes, he feels like he is going to faint and has trouble catching his breath. John is most likely to experience these attacks when he is in shopping malls or grocery stores and worries that he might die of heart failure. In the context of psychological disorders, John is exhibiting the symptoms of
panic disorder
social facilitation
performance improves in the presence of others
Body Dismorphia Disorder (BDD)
preoccupied with a perceived flaw in physical appearance
projective tests: TAT & Rorschach
present ambiguous stimuli onto which people supposedly project their own inner feelings
Derek is suffering from a severe mental illness that is characterized by distorted thought and perception. He hears voices in his head and is convinced that aliens are trying to communicate with him. Derek's belief is so strong that he sits on the roof for hours having conversations with no one in particular. Derek is also in the habit of writing words that make no sense and refrains from interacting with other people. In the context of dissociative disorders, it can be inferred that Derek is most likely suffering from _____ in this scenario.
schizophrenia
According to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, _____ is the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task and produce positive change.
self-efficacy
mood disorders
severe disturbances in emotion
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
free association (psychoanalysis)
the patient speaks freely about memories, dreams, feelings
internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate and your efforts determine your outcome
Situationism
the theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits
autonomic nervous system
underaroused
SSRIs
work primarily by interfering with the reabsorption in the brain
peripheral route persuasion
(indirect) influenced by incidental cues (attractiveness, respected people)
Freud's Psychosexual Stages: Latency
- (6 to puberty) - a phase of dormant sexual feelings - not a stage because sexual feelings are dormant
Freud's Psychosexual Stages: Genital
- (puberty on) - maturation of sexual interests -sexual awakening with someone outside of the family
Freud's Psychosexual Stages: Oral
- 0-18 months - pleasure centers on the mouth - sucking, biting, chewing
insanity defense
- defendant irrational when crime took place - irrationality affected behavior
Oedipus or Elektra complex
- phallic stage - a conflict in which the child is sexually attracted to the opposite-sex parent and feels hostility toward the same-sex parent
Sociocultural factors
- poverty - neighborhood quality - gender - culture-related disorders
cons to self-reported personality inventories
- social desirability - ignore situation variation
obsessive-compulsive disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).
Panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Milgram's Obedience Study
An experiment in which Stanley Milgram found that people will usually obey an authority, even if they might think what they are doing is wrong.
persuation
The changing of people's minds or actions by the effective use of language.
Which of the following projective tests is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality?
Thematic Appreception Test (TAT)
secondary traits
Traits that are more preferences/attitudes
In the context of personality assessment, _____ directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits
a self-report inventory
Deindividuation
a sense of anonymity and loss of individuality, as in a large group, making people especially likely to engage in antisocial behaviors such as theft
central traits
a single trait that can change the meaning of a cluster of traits
Discrimination
behavior against a group member behaviors, what we di
obedience
behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority
attributions
beliefs about the causes of events
In the context of drug therapies, _____ are the antianxiety drugs that generally offer the greatest relief for anxiety symptoms.
benzodiazepines
3 categories of traits
cardinal, central, secondary
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
categories of disorders and described in detail each disorder
Zephyr is Nadia's favorite clothing brand. Recently, Zephyr was involved in a scandal for using child labor. Despite knowing about the scandal, Nadia continues to shop at Zephyr. This makes her feel uneasy as she is against child labor. In this scenario, Nadia's feeling of uneasiness is best explained by the concept of
cognitive dissonance
Christina's parents are very strict about her academic performance. When she performs well, they shower her with love; when she does poorly, they are unfriendly and distant. Christina soon learns that the only way she can receive their love is by performing well academically. In the context of Rogers's humanistic psychology approach, Christina's parents are demonstrating _____ for Christina.
conditions of worth
Lily and her classmates are asked to write an essay on what they want to be when they are older. Although Lily wants to be a florist, she does not write about it. Instead, she writes about wanting to be a doctor because most of her friends want to be doctors. In the context of social influence, Lily is best exhibiting
conformity
generalized anxiety disorder
continuous state of excessive, pointless worry about everyday things
antianxiety drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation -benzodiazepines
Dispositionism
holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
instability in mood, relationships, and self-image; insecure, impulsive, emotional - self harming behaviors
Rachel's new roommate, Berta, has not done laundry for an entire week. Her clothes are lying all over their room. This leads Rachel to assume that Berta is an untidy and undisciplined person. What Rachel does not know is that Berta is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. In the context of social cognition, Rachel is primarily _____ while explaining Berta's behavior.
making a fundamental attribution error
Six Approaches to Personality
psychoanalytic, trait, biological, humanistic, behavioral/social learning, cognitive
information social influence
relying on other people as a source of information to guide our behavior; we conform because we believe that others' interpretation of an ambiguous situation is correct and can help us choose an appropriate course of action
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
small electrical current causes a seizure in the brain
risky shift
the tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals would
Applied Behavior Analysis
the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior
self-perception theory
theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors
dissociative disorders
- sudden loss of memory or change in identity - memory and identity become disturbed
Freud's Psychosexual Stages: Anal
-(18-36 months) -anus -pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Marslow's self-actualization
-completely knowing and accepting ourselves - must achieve congruence between our ideal self and our real self
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
-designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality -patient makes up a story
psychological factors
-distorted thoughts - emotional turmoil - inappropriate learning - troubled relationships
defense mechanism: repressions
-most powerful and persuasive - works to push unacceptable id impulses out of awareness and back into the unconscious mind
self-efficacy
-our level of confidence in our own abilities - belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task and produce positive change
Criticisms of Freud
-sex, sex, sex - untestable theories - no attention to later life experiences - sociocultural factors missing
Freud's 3 structures of personality
1. Id: pleasure principle 2. Ego: reality principle Mediated ID and superego 3. Superego: conscience morals
The big 5 personality factors (OCEAN)
5 broad personality dimensions that are represented in the natural language and also summarize the various ways psychologists have studied traits *1. openness to experience* ex: artistic, curious, intellectual interests *2. conscientiousness* ex: efficient, organized, ethical *3. extraversion* ex: active, assertive, energetic *4. agreeableness* ex: appreciative, forgiving, generous *5. neuroticism* ex: anxious, self-pitying, tense, touchy
integrative therapy
A combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapist's judgment of which particular methods will provide the greatest benefit for the client.
stereotype
A generalized belief about a group of people
social norms
A group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for its members' attitudes and behaviors.
Specific phobia
A persistent, strong, and unreasonable fear of a certain object or situation
George's cubicle at work is spotless. Every item on his desk is arranged according to how frequently he needs it. He gets agitated if something is moved or rearranged. A proponent of Freud's psychoanalytic theory might argue that George is fixated at the __________ of psychosexual development.
Anal Stage
Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna.
Cardinal
Who among the following is most likely to be diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder?
Felicia, who has been experiencing a less extreme depressive mood for over two months
_____ refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.
Groupthink
Harry has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Which of the following statements is applicable to him?
He lacks empathy for others, breaks the law, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain.
Jonathan, a 15-year-old, loves ice cream and finishes an entire tub of ice cream for dinner. In the context of Freud's structures of personality, which of the following most likely dictates his behavior?
ID
Kiara finds an abandoned wallet with $300 in it and no identification. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Kiara's decision to keep the money or turn it in will cause the greatest conflict between her
ID and Superego
What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.
client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)
Schizophrenia
a mental illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech
biopsychosocial model
a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.
reflective speech
a technique in which the therapist mirrors the client's own feelings back to the client
Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain
Beck's Cognitive Therapy
a type of cognitive therapy, developed by Aaron Beck, in which the therapist works to develop a warm relationship with the person and has the person carefully consider the evidence for his or her beliefs in order to see the errors in his or her thinking
aversive conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
couples therapy
a type of family therapy that focuses on intimate relationships
Freudian slip
a verbal mistake that is thought to reveal an unconscious belief, thought, or emotion - Lair/ Laywer
Fixation
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
manifest content
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream
prosocial behavior (altruism)
actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self
psychotherapy
an approach that helps people overcome any personal problems they may be experiencing or to attain personal growth - used by mental health professionals, not psychiatrists
play therapy
an approach to treating childhood disorders that helps children express their conflicts and feelings indirectly by drawing, playing with toys, and making up stories
Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she reads the recipes very carefully. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.
an internal locus of control
token economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
door-in-the-face technique
asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment
Foot-in-theDoor
asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment
systematic desensitization
associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
If a therapist gives Henry, who wants to stop drinking alcohol, a drink laced with a nausea-inducing drug so that he feels like throwing up after drinking the alcohol, it can be concluded that the therapist is implementing the technique of
aversive conditioning
normative social influence
behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval
According to Dr. Sullivan, the lack of emotions experienced by psychopaths can be attributed to amygdala dysfunction. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, Dr. Sullivan's view supports the
biological approach
Neuroleptics
block dopamine receptors
atypical antipsychotics
block reuptake of serotonin
personality disorders
chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual's personality
individual therapy
client and therapist meet one on one
In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change both her maladaptive ways of thinking about her body and her harmful eating behaviors. What kind of psychotherapy does this exemplify?
cognitive-behavioral therapy
According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the
collective unconscious
psychological disorders
condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
June is usually very quiet, but she recently discovered a different side of herself. She was at the Mardi Gras and found herself swept up in the festivities, doing things that the other partygoers were doing. These were not behaviors that she would have ever considered engaging in on her own. Social psychologists would most likely attribute June's behavior to
deindividuation
Asch's conformity experiment
demonstrated the degree to which an individuals own opinions are influences by those of a majority group.
antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTS
antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
primacy effect
early part of a list remembered better than middle of list
attitudes
evaluations of people, objects, and ideas
Alfred Adler's inferiority complex
exaggerated feelings of inadequacy
anxiety disorders
excessive and persistent fear and anxiety
dissociative amnesia
extreme memory loss related to important personal information -due to stress or head injury
Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on:
feelings of inferiority and the creative self.
Karen has been suffering from a disorder that is characterized by exaggerated and irrational worry that tends to interfere with her daily functioning. She can't sleep properly and often complains of stomach aches. In spite of being constantly nervous and restless, Karen, however, cannot seem to find the specific cause of her worry. These symptoms have lasted for almost six months now. Which of the following disorders is Karen most likely to be diagnosed with?
generalized anxiety disorder
Kylie is a cognitive psychologist. In this case, Kylie is most likely to treat Jamal, who is experiencing major depressive disorder, by
getting him to recognize and identify irrational and self-defeating beliefs.
cognitive therapy
how a persons thoughts lead to feelings of distress
Resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. She thinks that those who do not play chess must be less intelligent than those who do, and thus she doesn't want to spend time with them. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.
in-group
Ethinocentrism
judges others and their way of life from the perspective of your own culture (judgmental perspective)
Anabelle, a psychodynamic psychotherapist, intends to implement the free association method on Rosaline. According to this method, Rosaline is expected to
just talk about whatever comes to mind
The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.
just-world
insanity
legal tern bot psychological term
negative bias
negative information attracts more attention and has a greater psychological impact than positive info
Martha believes that if she doesn't keep checking the stove in the kitchen, a gas leakage may occur and may cause an explosion. Consequently, Martha keeps checking whether the stove has been turned off over and over again, sometimes over fifty times a day. This practice interferes with her sleep and disturbs her thoughts. Martha is experiencing _______________.
obsessive-compulsive disorder
In a recent softball game, Cindy misplayed a ground ball, which was scored as an error, causing her team to lose the game. According to the self-serving bias, Cindy is likely to reason that she misplayed because
of a bad bounce
Julian Rotter's Locus of Control Model
our belief about the power we have over our lives
postpartum depression (PPD)
persistent and severe mood changes that occur after childbirth
ideal self
person we would like to be
real self
person who we actually are
Scripts
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
internal factors
personal characteristics that cause behavior
Bandura's model of reciprocal determinism
personality and environment interact
Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
play therapy
Seven months ago, Sandra was involved in a serious car accident. Even though she recovered fully from her injuries, she is still troubled by nightmares and flashbacks of the accident. Now, Sandra refuses to drive and insists only on using public transport. She is in a constant state of anxiety and has trouble sleeping. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Sandra is showing symptoms suggestive of
post-traumatic stress disorder
depersonalization/derealization disorder
recurring episodes of depersonalization (out of body experience), derealization, or both
Madison and her friends have never been on a rollercoaster because each of them are too afraid ride one. On a school trip to Six Flags, however, they decide as a group that if they get on the rollercoaster together, they will not be afraid. In the context of group decision making, their behavior best demonstrates
risky shift
The group of drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work primarily by interfering with the reabsorption of _____ in the brain.
serotonin
Frank has been visiting Dr. Miller, a therapist, for the past two months to overcome his fear of spiders. During the sessions, Dr. Miller first asked Frank to describe what it is about spiders that frightens him. His fears were then arranged in order from the least to the most frightening. Miller taught Frank the muscle relaxation exercise and exposed him to a series of increasingly fearful stimuli. In the context of behavioral therapies, it can be inferred that Dr. Miller has been conducting _____ on Frank to overcome his fear of spiders.
systematic desensitiazion
halo effect
tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements
empathy
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
impression management
the attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen
just-world hypothesis
the belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get
self monotoring
the degree to which a person attends to and controls the impression they make on others
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
Transference
the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
social roles
the pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
actor-observer bias
the tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities
in group bias
the tendency to favor one's own group
egoism
the tendency to see things in relation to oneself; self-centeredness
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
dream analysis
the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams
social identity theory
theory in which the formation of a person's identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison
Interpretaion
therapist suggests possible meanings to the client, looking for signs that the correct meaning has been discovered
group therapy
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction
prejudice
unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
