Psychology Final Exam

Freud's Psychosexual Stages: Phallic

(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

Denial

medical model

psychological disorder are medical

Schizophrenia (negative symptoms)

restriction or loss of normal functioning EX: flat affect, abolition, social withdrawal

Neofreudians

revisionists of Freuds ideas

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Carl Jung's collective unconsciousness

unconscious shared by all humans

The Asch effect

A form of conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgments.

Which of the following scenarios indicates the psychoanalytic phenomenon of transference?

Derek resents his psychotherapist because she resembles his previous girlfriend.

Which classification system of psychological disorders is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)

hostile aggression vs. instrumental aggression

Hostile: Aggressive acts for which the perpetrator's major goal is to harm or injure a victim. Instrumental: Aggressive acts for which the perpetrator's major goal is to gain access to objects, space, or privileges.

social identity

The way we define ourselves in terms of our group membership

cardinal traits

a dominant trait that characterizes nearly all of a person's behavior

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Carl Rogers and Self-Concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question - "Who am I?"

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

Antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia, such as Haldol, are used to treat all of the following symptoms except ________.

manic episodes

Walter Michel's situationism

personality caries by context

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________.

prejudice

biological factors

psychological disorders have organic causes

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

reflective speech

pros too self-reported personality tests

-easy to administer -cost-effective

Rorschach inkblot test

-patient described inkblots - therapist asks for details

anitsocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

ABC approach

A- Activating Event B- Belief C- Consequences

3 dimensions of attitudes

Cognitive dimension: What we think about a subject. Affective dimension: How we feel about a subject. Behavioral dimension: What we do about a subject.

_____ refers to a disorder in which an individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships.

Dissociative identity disorder

Which of the following experiments demonstrated the profound effect of obedience?

Milgram's experiment

Stanford Prison Experiment

Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts

seasonal depressive disorder (SAD)

[mood/affective disorder] experiencing depression during certain times of the year, usually winter; treated with light therapy

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Hoarding Disorder

accumulate excessive amounts of worthless items

Conformity

change in ones behavior to go along with the group

Schizophrenia cognitive symptoms

disorganized thinking, memory difficulty, decreased ability to focus attention -word salad

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments.

dispositionism

deep brain stimulation

electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes; used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders

Conditions of Worth (Rogers)

expectations or standards we believe others place on us

Exposure therapy

expose clients to the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it

post-traumatic stress disorder

exposure to a traumatic event symptoms: flashbacks, excessive arousal, avoidance causes: classical conditioning, disturbances in memory.

humanistic approach

helping people achieve their potential

Santiago has been seeing his therapist, Mariam, for over six months. He often feels distressed and anxious. Mariam focuses on Santiago's current state and emphasizes personal growth. Mariam also suggests ways to bridge the gap between what Santiago actually is and what Santiago wants to become. In this scenario, it can be inferred that Mariam is adopting the _____ approach to psychotherapy.

humanistic approach

Manic episodes (in bipolar disorder)

hyperactive, wildly optimistic states

finding from Minnesota study of twins

identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities

Carl Jung's archetypes

images and symbols, are elements of the collective unconscious

central route persuasion

logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness

Personality

long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

defense mechanisms

mental processes that protect individuals from strong or stressful emotions and situations - reduce anxiety - unconscious

Deinstitutionalization

moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings

Karen Horney

neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety"

Schizophrenia (positive symptoms)

not goof but excess or distortion of normal function EX: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, abnormal behavior

John often experiences unanticipated attacks of intense fear. During these episodes, he feels like he is going to faint and has trouble catching his breath. John is most likely to experience these attacks when he is in shopping malls or grocery stores and worries that he might die of heart failure. In the context of psychological disorders, John is exhibiting the symptoms of

panic disorder

social facilitation

performance improves in the presence of others

Body Dismorphia Disorder (BDD)

preoccupied with a perceived flaw in physical appearance

projective tests: TAT & Rorschach

present ambiguous stimuli onto which people supposedly project their own inner feelings

Derek is suffering from a severe mental illness that is characterized by distorted thought and perception. He hears voices in his head and is convinced that aliens are trying to communicate with him. Derek's belief is so strong that he sits on the roof for hours having conversations with no one in particular. Derek is also in the habit of writing words that make no sense and refrains from interacting with other people. In the context of dissociative disorders, it can be inferred that Derek is most likely suffering from _____ in this scenario.

schizophrenia

According to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, _____ is the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task and produce positive change.

self-efficacy

mood disorders

severe disturbances in emotion

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

free association (psychoanalysis)

the patient speaks freely about memories, dreams, feelings

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate and your efforts determine your outcome

Situationism

the theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits

autonomic nervous system

underaroused

SSRIs

work primarily by interfering with the reabsorption in the brain

peripheral route persuasion

(indirect) influenced by incidental cues (attractiveness, respected people)

Freud's Psychosexual Stages: Latency

- (6 to puberty) - a phase of dormant sexual feelings - not a stage because sexual feelings are dormant

Freud's Psychosexual Stages: Genital

- (puberty on) - maturation of sexual interests -sexual awakening with someone outside of the family

Freud's Psychosexual Stages: Oral

- 0-18 months - pleasure centers on the mouth - sucking, biting, chewing

insanity defense

- defendant irrational when crime took place - irrationality affected behavior

Oedipus or Elektra complex

- phallic stage - a conflict in which the child is sexually attracted to the opposite-sex parent and feels hostility toward the same-sex parent

Sociocultural factors

- poverty - neighborhood quality - gender - culture-related disorders

cons to self-reported personality inventories

- social desirability - ignore situation variation

obsessive-compulsive disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

Panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

Milgram's Obedience Study

An experiment in which Stanley Milgram found that people will usually obey an authority, even if they might think what they are doing is wrong.

persuation

The changing of people's minds or actions by the effective use of language.

Which of the following projective tests is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality?

Thematic Appreception Test (TAT)

secondary traits

Traits that are more preferences/attitudes

In the context of personality assessment, _____ directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits

a self-report inventory

Deindividuation

a sense of anonymity and loss of individuality, as in a large group, making people especially likely to engage in antisocial behaviors such as theft

central traits

a single trait that can change the meaning of a cluster of traits

Discrimination

behavior against a group member behaviors, what we di

obedience

behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority

attributions

beliefs about the causes of events

In the context of drug therapies, _____ are the antianxiety drugs that generally offer the greatest relief for anxiety symptoms.

benzodiazepines

3 categories of traits

cardinal, central, secondary

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

categories of disorders and described in detail each disorder

Zephyr is Nadia's favorite clothing brand. Recently, Zephyr was involved in a scandal for using child labor. Despite knowing about the scandal, Nadia continues to shop at Zephyr. This makes her feel uneasy as she is against child labor. In this scenario, Nadia's feeling of uneasiness is best explained by the concept of

cognitive dissonance

Christina's parents are very strict about her academic performance. When she performs well, they shower her with love; when she does poorly, they are unfriendly and distant. Christina soon learns that the only way she can receive their love is by performing well academically. In the context of Rogers's humanistic psychology approach, Christina's parents are demonstrating _____ for Christina.

conditions of worth

Lily and her classmates are asked to write an essay on what they want to be when they are older. Although Lily wants to be a florist, she does not write about it. Instead, she writes about wanting to be a doctor because most of her friends want to be doctors. In the context of social influence, Lily is best exhibiting

conformity

generalized anxiety disorder

continuous state of excessive, pointless worry about everyday things

antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation -benzodiazepines

Dispositionism

holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

instability in mood, relationships, and self-image; insecure, impulsive, emotional - self harming behaviors

Rachel's new roommate, Berta, has not done laundry for an entire week. Her clothes are lying all over their room. This leads Rachel to assume that Berta is an untidy and undisciplined person. What Rachel does not know is that Berta is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. In the context of social cognition, Rachel is primarily _____ while explaining Berta's behavior.

making a fundamental attribution error

Six Approaches to Personality

psychoanalytic, trait, biological, humanistic, behavioral/social learning, cognitive

information social influence

relying on other people as a source of information to guide our behavior; we conform because we believe that others' interpretation of an ambiguous situation is correct and can help us choose an appropriate course of action

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

small electrical current causes a seizure in the brain

risky shift

the tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals would

Applied Behavior Analysis

the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

self-perception theory

theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors

dissociative disorders

- sudden loss of memory or change in identity - memory and identity become disturbed

Freud's Psychosexual Stages: Anal

-(18-36 months) -anus -pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Marslow's self-actualization

-completely knowing and accepting ourselves - must achieve congruence between our ideal self and our real self

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

-designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality -patient makes up a story

psychological factors

-distorted thoughts - emotional turmoil - inappropriate learning - troubled relationships

defense mechanism: repressions

-most powerful and persuasive - works to push unacceptable id impulses out of awareness and back into the unconscious mind

self-efficacy

-our level of confidence in our own abilities - belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task and produce positive change

Criticisms of Freud

-sex, sex, sex - untestable theories - no attention to later life experiences - sociocultural factors missing

Freud's 3 structures of personality

1. Id: pleasure principle 2. Ego: reality principle Mediated ID and superego 3. Superego: conscience morals

The big 5 personality factors (OCEAN)

5 broad personality dimensions that are represented in the natural language and also summarize the various ways psychologists have studied traits *1. openness to experience* ex: artistic, curious, intellectual interests *2. conscientiousness* ex: efficient, organized, ethical *3. extraversion* ex: active, assertive, energetic *4. agreeableness* ex: appreciative, forgiving, generous *5. neuroticism* ex: anxious, self-pitying, tense, touchy

integrative therapy

A combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapist's judgment of which particular methods will provide the greatest benefit for the client.

stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

social norms

A group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for its members' attitudes and behaviors.

Specific phobia

A persistent, strong, and unreasonable fear of a certain object or situation

George's cubicle at work is spotless. Every item on his desk is arranged according to how frequently he needs it. He gets agitated if something is moved or rearranged. A proponent of Freud's psychoanalytic theory might argue that George is fixated at the __________ of psychosexual development.

Anal Stage

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna.

Cardinal

Who among the following is most likely to be diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder?

Felicia, who has been experiencing a less extreme depressive mood for over two months

_____ refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.

Groupthink

Harry has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Which of the following statements is applicable to him?

He lacks empathy for others, breaks the law, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain.

Jonathan, a 15-year-old, loves ice cream and finishes an entire tub of ice cream for dinner. In the context of Freud's structures of personality, which of the following most likely dictates his behavior?

ID

Kiara finds an abandoned wallet with $300 in it and no identification. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Kiara's decision to keep the money or turn it in will cause the greatest conflict between her

ID and Superego

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

Schizophrenia

a mental illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech

biopsychosocial model

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

reflective speech

a technique in which the therapist mirrors the client's own feelings back to the client

Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

a type of cognitive therapy, developed by Aaron Beck, in which the therapist works to develop a warm relationship with the person and has the person carefully consider the evidence for his or her beliefs in order to see the errors in his or her thinking

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

couples therapy

a type of family therapy that focuses on intimate relationships

Freudian slip

a verbal mistake that is thought to reveal an unconscious belief, thought, or emotion - Lair/ Laywer

Fixation

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

prosocial behavior (altruism)

actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self

psychotherapy

an approach that helps people overcome any personal problems they may be experiencing or to attain personal growth - used by mental health professionals, not psychiatrists

play therapy

an approach to treating childhood disorders that helps children express their conflicts and feelings indirectly by drawing, playing with toys, and making up stories

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she reads the recipes very carefully. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

door-in-the-face technique

asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment

Foot-in-theDoor

asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment

systematic desensitization

associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

If a therapist gives Henry, who wants to stop drinking alcohol, a drink laced with a nausea-inducing drug so that he feels like throwing up after drinking the alcohol, it can be concluded that the therapist is implementing the technique of

aversive conditioning

normative social influence

behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval

According to Dr. Sullivan, the lack of emotions experienced by psychopaths can be attributed to amygdala dysfunction. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, Dr. Sullivan's view supports the

biological approach

Neuroleptics

block dopamine receptors

atypical antipsychotics

block reuptake of serotonin

personality disorders

chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual's personality

individual therapy

client and therapist meet one on one

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change both her maladaptive ways of thinking about her body and her harmful eating behaviors. What kind of psychotherapy does this exemplify?

cognitive-behavioral therapy

According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the

collective unconscious

psychological disorders

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

June is usually very quiet, but she recently discovered a different side of herself. She was at the Mardi Gras and found herself swept up in the festivities, doing things that the other partygoers were doing. These were not behaviors that she would have ever considered engaging in on her own. Social psychologists would most likely attribute June's behavior to

deindividuation

Asch's conformity experiment

demonstrated the degree to which an individuals own opinions are influences by those of a majority group.

antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTS

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

primacy effect

early part of a list remembered better than middle of list

attitudes

evaluations of people, objects, and ideas

Alfred Adler's inferiority complex

exaggerated feelings of inadequacy

anxiety disorders

excessive and persistent fear and anxiety

dissociative amnesia

extreme memory loss related to important personal information -due to stress or head injury

Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on:

feelings of inferiority and the creative self.

Karen has been suffering from a disorder that is characterized by exaggerated and irrational worry that tends to interfere with her daily functioning. She can't sleep properly and often complains of stomach aches. In spite of being constantly nervous and restless, Karen, however, cannot seem to find the specific cause of her worry. These symptoms have lasted for almost six months now. Which of the following disorders is Karen most likely to be diagnosed with?

generalized anxiety disorder

Kylie is a cognitive psychologist. In this case, Kylie is most likely to treat Jamal, who is experiencing major depressive disorder, by

getting him to recognize and identify irrational and self-defeating beliefs.

cognitive therapy

how a persons thoughts lead to feelings of distress

Resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. She thinks that those who do not play chess must be less intelligent than those who do, and thus she doesn't want to spend time with them. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

in-group

Ethinocentrism

judges others and their way of life from the perspective of your own culture (judgmental perspective)

Anabelle, a psychodynamic psychotherapist, intends to implement the free association method on Rosaline. According to this method, Rosaline is expected to

just talk about whatever comes to mind

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

just-world

insanity

legal tern bot psychological term

negative bias

negative information attracts more attention and has a greater psychological impact than positive info

Martha believes that if she doesn't keep checking the stove in the kitchen, a gas leakage may occur and may cause an explosion. Consequently, Martha keeps checking whether the stove has been turned off over and over again, sometimes over fifty times a day. This practice interferes with her sleep and disturbs her thoughts. Martha is experiencing _______________.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

In a recent softball game, Cindy misplayed a ground ball, which was scored as an error, causing her team to lose the game. According to the self-serving bias, Cindy is likely to reason that she misplayed because

of a bad bounce

Julian Rotter's Locus of Control Model

our belief about the power we have over our lives

postpartum depression (PPD)

persistent and severe mood changes that occur after childbirth

ideal self

person we would like to be

real self

person who we actually are

Scripts

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

internal factors

personal characteristics that cause behavior

Bandura's model of reciprocal determinism

personality and environment interact

Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

play therapy

Seven months ago, Sandra was involved in a serious car accident. Even though she recovered fully from her injuries, she is still troubled by nightmares and flashbacks of the accident. Now, Sandra refuses to drive and insists only on using public transport. She is in a constant state of anxiety and has trouble sleeping. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Sandra is showing symptoms suggestive of

post-traumatic stress disorder

depersonalization/derealization disorder

recurring episodes of depersonalization (out of body experience), derealization, or both

Madison and her friends have never been on a rollercoaster because each of them are too afraid ride one. On a school trip to Six Flags, however, they decide as a group that if they get on the rollercoaster together, they will not be afraid. In the context of group decision making, their behavior best demonstrates

risky shift

The group of drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work primarily by interfering with the reabsorption of _____ in the brain.

serotonin

Frank has been visiting Dr. Miller, a therapist, for the past two months to overcome his fear of spiders. During the sessions, Dr. Miller first asked Frank to describe what it is about spiders that frightens him. His fears were then arranged in order from the least to the most frightening. Miller taught Frank the muscle relaxation exercise and exposed him to a series of increasingly fearful stimuli. In the context of behavioral therapies, it can be inferred that Dr. Miller has been conducting _____ on Frank to overcome his fear of spiders.

systematic desensitiazion

halo effect

tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements

empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

impression management

the attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen

just-world hypothesis

the belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get

self monotoring

the degree to which a person attends to and controls the impression they make on others

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Transference

the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

social roles

the pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

actor-observer bias

the tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities

in group bias

the tendency to favor one's own group

egoism

the tendency to see things in relation to oneself; self-centeredness

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

dream analysis

the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams

social identity theory

theory in which the formation of a person's identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison

Interpretaion

therapist suggests possible meanings to the client, looking for signs that the correct meaning has been discovered

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

prejudice

unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members