Psychology Final Review

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average American work spends approximately ________ hours working each week.

42 to 54

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments.

Dispositionism

________ is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating.

Distress

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

Freudian slip

Which option is the greatest risk factor for the development of burnout?

job strain

Which term describes a form of informal training in which an experienced employee guides the work of a new employee?

mentoring

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following is an example of eustress?

buying a new home

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

cognitive

A psychological disorder is a ________.

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is responsible for ________.

enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate in the hiring of employees

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

esteem

Which choice is the best definition of a performance appraisal?

evaluating an employee's success at carrying out the duties of their job

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genetics

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________.

milestones

Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

physiological

Food, water, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

physiological

Keegan is a police officer. She was recently placed on administrative leave because she was shot during an armed robbery. Since the shooting, she can't stop thinking about how it felt to be shot, she is often angry with her husband, she jumps when she hears a loud noise, and she takes a 15 minute detour when driving home to avoid the neighborhood where it happened. Keegan probably suffers from ________.

posttraumatic stress disorder

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________.

prejudice

At the most basic level, schizophrenia is best conceptualized as a(n) ________ disorder.

psychotic

Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during the fall and winter months when she gets less direct exposure to sunlight What kind of depression does Alexis have?

seasonal pattern

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

self-actualization

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

What is meant by the term etiology?

the cause of a disorder

Dr. Diop is the head of an academic department in a school whose teachers have all been told to teach from home for the next month. She gets them all to have weekly check-ins using web-conferencing software so that they can meet while they're all at home. This is an example of a ________ team.

virtual

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

Jade hears a rattle. When she turns around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This response is called the ________ response.

fight-or-flight

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

Physical

When one considers the majority of the scientific data that are available, what can be said about sexual orientation?

Sexual orientation is something with which we are born.

Several influential early psychologists studied issues that today would be categorized as industrial psychology. These individuals included James Cattell, Hugo Münsterberg, and Walter Dill Scott, who were all students of ________.

Wilhelm Wundt

What is a social role?

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Amir bites his fingernails when he is nervous or anxious, and he does so without any intention or even recognition that he is doing so. This is an example of ________, a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.

an instinct

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

Mercy has maintained her body weight far below what is healthy through starvation and constant exercise. Despite her drastically thin appearance, Mercy genuinely believes that she is overweight, often referring to herself as "fat." Mercy probably suffers from ________.

anorexia nervosa

The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs and finally striving for self-actualization.

biological; social

Anasophia binges on chocolates, then makes herself vomit so that she won't retain any of the calories she just ingested. When she is not doing this she regular abuses laxatives in the hope that she will not absorb calories and gain weight. Anasophia has a normal body size, but has a great fear of gaining weight. It would be a good idea for Anasophia to be evaluated to see if she is suffering from ________.

bulimia nervosa

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna.

cardinal

Heather considers taking a new job. She focuses on the increased opportunities for promotion and the higher salary rather than her increased responsibilities; therefore, she views the new position as a ________ rather than a ________.

challenge; threat

Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.

chronic

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________.

confirmation bias

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes?

formal operational

A flat tire in the morning, realizing that you forgot to get your homework done, and getting into an argument with a buddy are all examples of ________.

hassles

Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, "man, that isn't a cool way to be. You do realize that you're expressing a form of prejudice called ________, don't you?"

homophobia

Industrial-organizational psychology is a branch of psychology that studies ________.

how human behavior and psychology affect work and how they are affected by work

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development.

identity vs. confusion

Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do, even though she receives no material rewards for doing so. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation.

intrinsic

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing a(n) ________ episode.

manic

Otto is so driven to become a school psychologist that he spends every night studying. This sentence describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal, also called ________.

motivation

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. Which of Karen Horney's coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.

normative

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

obsessive-compulsive

Dr. Smyth conducts research that examines how stress, disease, and disorders can impact individuals in the workplace. She is working in the area of ________ psychology.

occupational health

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.

oral

Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. His body mass index, or BMI, is 42.7. According to the standards set by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Greg is ________.

overweight

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring Cordelia's left arm. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing ________ disorder.

posttraumatic stress

According to Carl Rogers, a healthy personality would result from congruence between one's ______ self and their ________ self.

real; ideal

During the international coronavirus pandemic, many people began acting aggressively toward individuals of Chinese descent, blaming them for the virus even though most of those people had lived in the United States for their entire lives. Those Chinese-Americans were the victim of a process called ________.

scapegoating

An organizational psychologist studies such topics as ________.

worker satisfaction, motivation, and commitment

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.

Group polarization

The notion that workers tend to show an increase in performance when they know that they are being observed is called the ________ effect.

Hawthorne

The approach to psychology suggesting that psychological disorders may be best explained by looking at genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities is the ________ perspective.

biological

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and worry that is accompanied by disturbances in behaviors.

Anxiety

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Cognitive

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

Congruence

According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved.

Erik Erikson