Psychology Midterm

Separating his study time into several one-hour blocks during the four days before the test and engaging in other activities in between.

Dennis is deciding how best to study for his psychology final exam. Based on research on memory, the best way for him to prepare would be

The primacy effect

Dorothy memorized her shopping list. When she got to the store; however, she found she could only remember the items from the beginning of the list. This is an example of:

Refers to continued rehearsal of material after the point of apparent mastery

Overleaning:

Made a source of amnesia error

Roberto is telling Rachel about some juicy gossip when she stops him and informs him that she is the one who passed this gossip on to him about a week ago. In this example, Roberto has:

The sample is not representative of the population

Sampling bias exists when:

Analyze the data and draw conclusions

Shayla has been researching the effectiveness of regular exercise on the symptoms of depression. She has collected data from 10 randomly selected samples of 100 clinically depressed patients who engaged in the same exercise program. She found that 3 improved significantly, 3 improved slightly, 2 remained stable, and 2 became slightly worse. At this point in her scientific investigation, Shayla would

Infantile amnesia

Since the brain is not sufficiently mature to store accurate memories of events before the age of 3, memories from the first 3 years of life are not reliable. This is known as:

Proactive interference

Steve can only remember his old locker combination; he keeps forgetting his new combination. Steve is experiencing

Is the part if the nervous system that does not include the brain and spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system

The rate of forgetting decreases as time goes on

What does Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve show about the nature of storage decay?

Action potential

What is the brief electrical charge that travels down an axon called?

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

What two parts of the brain are most involved in implicit memory?

All of the above (The bombing of Pearl Harbor, Princess Diana's Death, Michael Jackson's death, The Challenger Explosion)

Which of the following is an example of flashbulb memory?

You can't recall you locker combination from sixth grade because your current locker combination interferes

Which of the following is an example of retroactive interference?

Halle has no memories of her past, but has no problem forming new explicit memories

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

Remembering the names of the last two co-workers you met on the first day of your new job

Which of the following is an example of the recency effect?

Thinking about how the words relate to your own life

Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words?

Explores curiosity

Which of the following is not a part of the definition of critical thinking?

Participants should always be informed of the hypothesis of the study before they agree to participate

Which of the following is not an ethical principle regarding research on humans?

Psychiatrist

Which of the following professionals is required to have a medical degree?

Charles Darwin

Which of these early contributors to psychology developed the theory of evolution that influenced Functionalism?

Medulla

Which region of the brain controls our breathing and heartbeat?

Whether or not the group was coed

A researcher found that clients who were randomly assigned to same-sex groups participated more in group therapy sessions than clients who were randomly assigned to coed groups. In this experiment the independent variable was:

Humility

A scientist's willingness to admit that she is wrong is an example of

A hypothesis

A tentative prediction about the relationship between two variables is:

Experiences and external influences

Advocates of the nurture debate emphasize which aspects of behavior?

Hindsight bias

After a presidential election, you tell your friends that you have known all along who was going to win. This is an example of

Naturalistic observation

Allison is conducting research on aggressive behavior in middle-school children. She has decided to watch their behavior unobtrusively from a bench during their P.E. period. The research method Allison is most likely using is

Acetylcholine

An individual is having trouble with cognitive tasks related to learning and memory. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely to be involved with the problem?

Proactive amnesia

Bulldog McRae was recently traded to a new football team. He is struggling to remember the plays for his new team because he keeps mixing them up with the plays from his previous team. Bulldog's problem illustrates the operation of:

Recognition

Caitlin, a fifth grader, is asked to pick her second-grade teacher's name out of a list. What measure of memory will Caitlin use to answer this question?

A mnemonic device

Cole is learning to play the piano. He has memorized the notes on the scale by remembering "Every Good Boy Does Fine: and "Good Boys Do Fine Always." This memory trick is called:

Memory problems

Damage to the Hippocampus would result in what?

Retrieval

Evelyn says that the name she is trying to remember is on the tip of her tongue. This is a clear failure of

The misinformation effect

Eyewitness testimony is often unreliable because interrogators' questions may allude to details that cause eyewitnesses to recall events that did not actually occur. This is known as:

Cognitive

Fairs has been conducting research that may help people improve their ability to process and retrieve explicit memories. Which perspective does Faris' inquiry support?

Enter the student ID numbers of all juniors into a computer and have the computer generate 24 students names randomly

Greta wants to select a random sample of 24 students from the junior class to take her survey on teenage pregnancy. The best method would be to

Chunking

Harriet and her classmates were asked to memorize a long number string. Harriet was able to recall the entire string of numbers by grouping them into years that were meaningful to her. This technique is called:

IQ scores

In a study of the effect of a new teaching technique on students' achievement test scores, an important extraneous variable would be the student's

The students' achievement test socres

In a study of the effect of a new technique on students' achievement test scores, the dependent variable would be:

The group of students who recieved the new teaching technique

In a study of the effect of a new technique on students' achievement test scores, the experimental group would be:

All of the participants, both the experimental group and control group

In a study of the effect of a new technique on students' achievement test scores, who will be measured for the dependent variable?

Since the brain is not sufficiently mature to store accurate memories of events before the age of 3, memories from the first 3 years of life are not reliable

In class, we discussed therapist-guided "recovered" memories. Which of the following statements represents an appropriate conclusion about this issue?

Assimilation

In the demonstration conducted in class called the rumor chain, many elements of the story were likely encoded semantically; these details are typically altered to fit the teller's schemas, background, or knowledge. This is called:

Human strength and flourishing

Instead of focusing on human problems, positive psychology scientifically explores:

There may be a relationship between crime and poverty

Jacinta is conducting a correlational study on the relationship between poverty and crime. Through her research, she can establish that

Priming

Juan returns to his grandparent's house after a 10-year absence. The flood of memories about his childhood visits is best explained by which of the following?

Will take into consideration the possibility of a placebo effect

Marcus participated in a research study to see whether taking Vitamin C pills reduce the incidence of the common cold among participants. Marcus did not know that he was part of the control group who took a sugar pill with no vitamin C in it. If Marcus did not experience a cold during the span of the experiment, researchers

Encoding failure

Muhammad has been in his school cafeteria hundreds of times. It is a large room, and there are nine free-standing pillars that support the roof. One day, to illustrate the nature of forgetting, Muhammad's teacher asks him how many pillars there are in the cafeteria. Muhammad has difficulty answering the question, but finally replies that he thinks there are six pillars. What memory concept does this example illustrate?

Experiments allow the researcher to establish cause-and-effect relationships

One major advantage that experiments have over naturalist observation is that

Provide operational definitions of their variables

Researches must describe the actions that will be taken to measure or control each variable in their studies. In other words, they must:

Biological

The belief that the brain and nervous system affect behavior is important to which perspective of psychology?

Nature-Nurture issue

The debate between the importance of biological contributions such as genes and heredity and environmental contributions such as experience and outside stimuli is called what?

Wilhem Wundt

The early contributor known as "the Father of Psychology?"

Stress the relationship among sensory, short-term, and long-term memory

The information-processing model of memory

Philosophers

The men listed in the question above were all Greek _________.

Introspection

The method Wilhelm Wundt used to study the elements of the mind was called

All of the above (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)

The origins of psychology can be traced to:

Using a research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which participants are in the experimental and control groups.

The problem of experimenter bias can be avoided by:

Psychology

The science of behavior and mental processes is the definition of which field of study?

Functionalism

The self-reflective technique that required participants to report sensations, images, and feelings about an experience was used in this historical school of psychology:

Echoic memory

The sensory memory for auditory information is called

Psychology is everywhere

The sentence, "Psychology is ubiquitous" means:

Humanistic

The study of the importance of satisfying love and acceptance needs best describes which school of psychology?

We can conclude that a student who watches a lot of TV is likely to have lower grades

There is a negative correlation between TV watching and grades. What can we conclude from this research finding?

Introspection

This self-reflective technique that required participants to report sensations, images, and feeling about and experience is called?

Sport Psychologists

This sub-field of psychology studies factors that influence participation in sports and other physical activites

Rehabilitation Psychologists

This sub-field of psychology works with people who have disabilities or have lost functioning due to an accident, illness, or other event:

Educational Psychologists

This sub-filed of psychology is interested in the psychological processes involved in learning:

All of the above (Thomas should make the material he is learning meaningful to himself, Thomas should get a good night's sleep, Thomas should spread his study over several sessions and include self-testing)

Thomas asks Chris for some advice on how to study for his psychology exam. What is the best advice that Chris can give him?

Central nervous system

To walk across a street, a person would rely most directly in which division of the nervous system?

Are unlikely to be due to chance

When psychologists say that their results are statistically significant, they mean that the results:

Overconfidence

When students are asked to predict their accuracy on a multiple choice test immediately after completing it, the majority will overestimate the number of questions they get right. This is an example of

Confounding variables

Whenever you have a cold, you rest in bed, take aspirin, and drink plenty of fluids. You can't determine which remedy is most effective because of which of the following problems?

Rene Descartes

Which early contributor is not an advocate of the nurture debate?

Pituitary gland

Which is the most influential of the endocrine glands?

People who exercise regularly are less likely to be obese

Which of the following is a negative correlation?

They may be misleading because they don't fairly represent other cases

Which of the following is a potential problem with case studies?

Is thought to be unlimited -- there is always room for more information

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the capacity of long-term memory?

Clinical

Which of the following psychologists would most likely conduct psychotherapy?

Emotion enhances memory because it is important for our survival to remember events that make us emotional

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the relationship between emotion and memory?

Margaret Floy Washburn

Which of these early contributors to psychology became the second female APA president?

Wilhem Wundt

Which of these early contributors to psychology established the first psychology lab in the United States?

William James

Which of these early contributors to psychology tutored Mary Whiton Calkins?

Abraham Maslow

Which of these early psychologists developed the Hierarchy of Needs?

B.F. Skinner

Which of these early psychologists developed the branch of Behaviorism called Operant Conditioning which studies how learning occurs from consequences of behavior?

John B. Watson

Which of these early psychologists disagreed with the definition of psychology including the study of mental processes and was later forced out of the field of psychology?

Sigmund Freud

Which of these early psychologists emphasized how unconscious drives and reactions to childhood experiences affect behavior?

Edward Tichener

Which or these early contributors to psychology founded the organization of experimental psychologists?

Carl Rogers

Which or these early psychologists introduced the concepts of congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard and developed Person/Client-Centered Therapy?

Evolutionary

Which perspective would be most useful when explaining how behaviors serve to ensure our survival, adaptation, and the promotion of our genes into the future?

Social-cultural

Which perspective would be most useful when explaining how people from different countries express anger?

Psychodynamic

Which perspective would be most useful when explaining how unconscious factors and experiences in our childhood contribute to angry outbursts?

Spacing effect

Which psychological principle best explains why studying an hour a day for a week is more effective than one 7-hour study session?

Functionalism

Which school of psychology focused on how our behavior assists us in adapting and surviving and serves a function in meeting our needs?

Basic research is a pure science that aims to increase scientific knowledge in general, and applied research is a scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Which statement best describes the difference between basic research and applied research?

No convincing evidence supports the idea that all of one's memories are stored away permanately

Which statement best represents the current evidence on the durability of long-term storage of memories?

Overlearning

Which technique consists of continuing to study and review information even after it has been encoded or learned?

Short-term memory

Working memory is most active during which portion of the memory-finding model?

How exciting it was to get the best birthday present ever

Your memory of which of the following is an example of explicit memory?