Psychology Module 10 Chapter 8 & 11
Lazarus and his colleagues (1985)
grouped daily hassles into 1) household hassles 2) health hassles 3) time-pressure hassles 4) inner concern hassles 5) environmental hassles 6) financial responsibility hassles 7) work hassles 8) security hassles
David McClelland (1958)
helped pioneer the assessment of achievement motivation through evaluation of fantasies
adaptive thermogenesis
mechanism causes the body to produce less energy (burn fewer calories) when someone goes on a diet
Albert Ellis (1913-2007)
noted that our beliefs about events, not just the events themselves, can be stressors
Stimulus Motives
organisms seek to increase stimulation
Hypothalamus
pea-sized structure in the brain that's involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger
Clark Hull (1930's)
reduction of tension is the goal, developed idea of drive-reduction theory
Daily hassles
regularly occurring conditions and experiences that can threaten or harm our well-being
Motivation
state in which an organism experiences an inducement or incentive to do something
Kobasa and her colleagues
studied business executives who seemed able to resist illness despite stress, found that the psychologically hardy executives had three key characteristics > commitment, challenge, and control
National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior
surveyed 5,865 adolescents and adults, aged 14 to 94 on sexual behaviors
Self-efficacy
the ability to make things happen
Satiety
the state of being satisfied; fullness
Homeostasis
the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state
Type A behavior
Behavior characterized by a sense of time urgency, competitiveness, and hostility
Type B behavior
Behavior characterized by ability to relax more readily and focus more on the quality of life
conflict
Being torn in different directions by opposing motives; feelings produced by being in conflict
aphagic
Characterized by undereating
immune system
The system of the body that recognizes and destroys foreign agents (antigens) that invade the body
facial-feedback hypothesis
The view that stereotypical facial expressions can contribute to stereotypical emotions
catastrophize
To interpret negative events as being disastrous; to "blow out of proportion"
leukocytes
White blood cells (derived from the Greek words leukos, meaning "white," and kytos, literally meaning "a hollow" but used to refer to cells)
Ventromedial Nucleus (VMN)
a central area on the underside of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a stop-eating center
Motives
a hypothetical state within an organism that propels the organism toward a goal
Needs
a state of deprivation
psychoneuroimmunology
addresses the relationships among psychological factors, the nervous system, the endocrine system, the immune system, and disease
Lateral Hypothalamus
an area at the side of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a start-eating center
Instincts
an inherited disposition to activate specific behavior patterns that are designed to reach certain goals
Incentive
an object, person, or situation perceived as capable of satisfying a need or as desirable for its own sake
William James (1890) and William McDougall (1908)
argued that humans have instincts that foster survival and social behavior
David Lykken
believe that genetic factors play a powerful role in happiness, happiness tends to run in families and that we tend to have a more or less stable level of happiness throughout much of our lives
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
believed that people are also motivated by a conscious desire for personal growth
Charles Darwin (1872)
believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value
Hyperphagic
characterized by excessive eating
Drives
condition of arousal in an organism that is associated with a need, arouse us to action and tend to be stronger when we have been deprived longer
Peggy Blake and her colleagues (1984)
constructed a scale of "life-change units" to measure the impact of life changes among college students
Henry Murray
developed Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), test contains cards with pictures and drawings that are subject to various interpretations, interpretation may reveal achievement motivation
Albert Stunkard and his colleagues (1990)
found that children bear a closer resemblance in weight to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents
Albert Bandura and his colleagues (1985)
found that high self-efficacy expectations are accompanied by relatively lower levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline, people with higher self-efficacy expectations have biological and psychological reasons for remaining calmer
Holmes and Rahe (1967)
found that people who "earned" 300 or more life-change units within a year, according to their scale, were at greater risk for health problems
Psychological hardiness
A cluster of traits that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, challenge, and control
Anorexia nervosa
A life-threatening eating disorder characterized by dramatic weight loss and a distorted body image
pathogens
A microscopic organism (e.g., bacterium or virus) that can cause disease
antigens
A substance that stimulates the body to mount an immune system response to it (short for anti body gen erator)
Emotion
A state of feeling that has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components
Drive-Reduction Theory
Hull, view that organisms learn to engage in behaviors that have the effect of reducing drives
Self-Actualization
Maslow and other humanistic psychologists, self-initiated striving to become what one is capable of being
Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow, ordering of needs from most basic (physiological needs such as hunger and thirst) to most elaborate and sophisticated (self-actualization)
self-efficacy expectations
Our beliefs that we can bring about desired changes through our own efforts
externals
People who perceive the ability to attain reinforcements as being largely outside themselves
internals
People who perceive the ability to attain reinforcements as being largely within themselves
heterosexual
Referring to people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the other gender
homosexual
Referring to people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the same gender
locus of control
Rotter, place (locus) to which an individual attributes control over the receiving of reinforcers—either inside or outside the self
eustress
Stress that is healthful
antibodies
Substances formed by white blood cells that recognize and destroy antigens
activating effects
The arousal-producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior
parasympathetic nervous systems
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body, such as relaxing and eating
sympathetic nervous system
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves, such as in a fight-or-flight reaction to a predator or when you are anxious about a big test
stress
The demand that is made on an organism to adapt
organizing effects
The directional effect of sex hormones—for example, along typical male or female patterns of mating
sexual orientation
The directionality of one's sexual and romantic interests; that is, whether one is sexually attracted to, and desires to form a romantic relationship with, members of the other gender or of one's own gender
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
The division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils
positive psychology
The field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction; joy, sensual pleasure, and happiness; and optimism and hope for the future
Health psychology
The field of psychology that studies the relationships between psychological factors (e.g., attitudes, beliefs, situational influences, and behavior patterns) and the prevention and treatment of physical illness
estrus
The periodic sexual excitement of many female mammals as governed by levels of sex hormones