Psychology Module 10 Chapter 8 & 11

Lazarus and his colleagues (1985)

grouped daily hassles into 1) household hassles 2) health hassles 3) time-pressure hassles 4) inner concern hassles 5) environmental hassles 6) financial responsibility hassles 7) work hassles 8) security hassles

David McClelland (1958)

helped pioneer the assessment of achievement motivation through evaluation of fantasies

adaptive thermogenesis

mechanism causes the body to produce less energy (burn fewer calories) when someone goes on a diet

Albert Ellis (1913-2007)

noted that our beliefs about events, not just the events themselves, can be stressors

Stimulus Motives

organisms seek to increase stimulation

Hypothalamus

pea-sized structure in the brain that's involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger

Clark Hull (1930's)

reduction of tension is the goal, developed idea of drive-reduction theory

Daily hassles

regularly occurring conditions and experiences that can threaten or harm our well-being

Motivation

state in which an organism experiences an inducement or incentive to do something

Kobasa and her colleagues

studied business executives who seemed able to resist illness despite stress, found that the psychologically hardy executives had three key characteristics > commitment, challenge, and control

National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior

surveyed 5,865 adolescents and adults, aged 14 to 94 on sexual behaviors

Self-efficacy

the ability to make things happen

Satiety

the state of being satisfied; fullness

Homeostasis

the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state

Type A behavior

Behavior characterized by a sense of time urgency, competitiveness, and hostility

Type B behavior

Behavior characterized by ability to relax more readily and focus more on the quality of life

conflict

Being torn in different directions by opposing motives; feelings produced by being in conflict

aphagic

Characterized by undereating

immune system

The system of the body that recognizes and destroys foreign agents (antigens) that invade the body

facial-feedback hypothesis

The view that stereotypical facial expressions can contribute to stereotypical emotions

catastrophize

To interpret negative events as being disastrous; to "blow out of proportion"

leukocytes

White blood cells (derived from the Greek words leukos, meaning "white," and kytos, literally meaning "a hollow" but used to refer to cells)

Ventromedial Nucleus (VMN)

a central area on the underside of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a stop-eating center

Motives

a hypothetical state within an organism that propels the organism toward a goal

Needs

a state of deprivation

psychoneuroimmunology

addresses the relationships among psychological factors, the nervous system, the endocrine system, the immune system, and disease

Lateral Hypothalamus

an area at the side of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a start-eating center

Instincts

an inherited disposition to activate specific behavior patterns that are designed to reach certain goals

Incentive

an object, person, or situation perceived as capable of satisfying a need or as desirable for its own sake

William James (1890) and William McDougall (1908)

argued that humans have instincts that foster survival and social behavior

David Lykken

believe that genetic factors play a powerful role in happiness, happiness tends to run in families and that we tend to have a more or less stable level of happiness throughout much of our lives

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

believed that people are also motivated by a conscious desire for personal growth

Charles Darwin (1872)

believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value

Hyperphagic

characterized by excessive eating

Drives

condition of arousal in an organism that is associated with a need, arouse us to action and tend to be stronger when we have been deprived longer

Peggy Blake and her colleagues (1984)

constructed a scale of "life-change units" to measure the impact of life changes among college students

Henry Murray

developed Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), test contains cards with pictures and drawings that are subject to various interpretations, interpretation may reveal achievement motivation

Albert Stunkard and his colleagues (1990)

found that children bear a closer resemblance in weight to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents

Albert Bandura and his colleagues (1985)

found that high self-efficacy expectations are accompanied by relatively lower levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline, people with higher self-efficacy expectations have biological and psychological reasons for remaining calmer

Holmes and Rahe (1967)

found that people who "earned" 300 or more life-change units within a year, according to their scale, were at greater risk for health problems

Psychological hardiness

A cluster of traits that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, challenge, and control

Anorexia nervosa

A life-threatening eating disorder characterized by dramatic weight loss and a distorted body image

pathogens

A microscopic organism (e.g., bacterium or virus) that can cause disease

antigens

A substance that stimulates the body to mount an immune system response to it (short for anti body gen erator)

Emotion

A state of feeling that has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components

Drive-Reduction Theory

Hull, view that organisms learn to engage in behaviors that have the effect of reducing drives

Self-Actualization

Maslow and other humanistic psychologists, self-initiated striving to become what one is capable of being

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow, ordering of needs from most basic (physiological needs such as hunger and thirst) to most elaborate and sophisticated (self-actualization)

self-efficacy expectations

Our beliefs that we can bring about desired changes through our own efforts

externals

People who perceive the ability to attain reinforcements as being largely outside themselves

internals

People who perceive the ability to attain reinforcements as being largely within themselves

heterosexual

Referring to people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the other gender

homosexual

Referring to people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the same gender

locus of control

Rotter, place (locus) to which an individual attributes control over the receiving of reinforcers—either inside or outside the self

eustress

Stress that is healthful

antibodies

Substances formed by white blood cells that recognize and destroy antigens

activating effects

The arousal-producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior

parasympathetic nervous systems

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body, such as relaxing and eating

sympathetic nervous system

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves, such as in a fight-or-flight reaction to a predator or when you are anxious about a big test

stress

The demand that is made on an organism to adapt

organizing effects

The directional effect of sex hormones—for example, along typical male or female patterns of mating

sexual orientation

The directionality of one's sexual and romantic interests; that is, whether one is sexually attracted to, and desires to form a romantic relationship with, members of the other gender or of one's own gender

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

The division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils

positive psychology

The field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction; joy, sensual pleasure, and happiness; and optimism and hope for the future

Health psychology

The field of psychology that studies the relationships between psychological factors (e.g., attitudes, beliefs, situational influences, and behavior patterns) and the prevention and treatment of physical illness

estrus

The periodic sexual excitement of many female mammals as governed by levels of sex hormones