Psychology of Intimate Relationships - FINAL EXAM

Which of the following is a defining feature of friendships? a. equal status c. affection b. respect d. conflict

a. equal status

What is social capital? a. the benefits that people get from their relationships with others b. the number of individuals in people's social networks c. the primary members of an individual's psychological network d. the costs that are incurred by social networks

a. the benefits that people get from their relationships with others

When elementary schoolchildren are asked to describe the different relationships in their lives, they mention conflict more often in their relationships with: a. parents. c. friends. b. siblings. d. teachers.

b. siblings.

Joe's job is very stressful. When he comes home, he often feels grouchy, and he yells at his dog. Joe's wife, Karen, gets upset wondering what Joe will be like when he comes home at the end of the workday. She worries that she is starting to get a bit depressed by this. His dog is also starting to ignore him. This situation is an example of: a. stress crossover. b. stress spillover. c. stress crossover and stress spillover. d. stressor salience and stress crossover.

b. stress spillover.

Samira and Adele are participating in a research study to examine how miscommunication contributes to marital conflict. During the study, Samira makes a statement and pushes a button indicating the intent of her message, from "super negative" to "super positive." Following this, Adele then rates her perception of the message. What technique are Samira and Adele using to communicate? a. cognitive editing b. talk table c. demand/withdraw d. polarization

b. talk table

Dr. Okiro is studying social networks. One participant, Mandy, has described several individuals in her network: Sue, a casual acquaintance at work; Manuel, her best friend; and Gustavo, her cousin who lives in Venezuela but with whom she chats regularly on her computer. Which statement is correct? a. Sue and Manuel are part of Mandy's psychological network and interactive network. b. Manuel is part of Mandy's psychological network but not her interactive network. c. Gustavo and Manuel are part of Mandy's interactive network and her psychological network. d. Sue and Gustavo are part of Mandy's interactive network and her psychological network.

c. Gustavo and Manuel are part of Mandy's interactive network and her psychological network.

Joe's job is very stressful. When he comes home, he often feels grouchy, and he yells at his dog. Joe's wife, Karen, gets upset wondering what Joe will be like when he comes home at the end of the workday. She worries that she is starting to get a bit depressed by this. His dog is also starting to ignore him. Karen's worries about Joe would be considered an example of: a. stress crossover. c. stressor salience. b. stress spillover. d. stress pileup.

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Shelly Gable and colleagues (2004) investigated the association between partners' disclosures of positive life events and relationship satisfaction. Which of the following statements best describes the findings from this line of research? a. Active-constructive responses are positively related to relationship satisfaction. b. Passive-constructive responses are positively related to relationship satisfaction. c. Active-destructive responses to partners' disclosures are negatively related to relationship satisfaction. d. Passive-destructive responses to partners' disclosures are not related to relationship satisfaction.

a. Active-constructive responses are positively related to relationship satisfaction.

Lucian and Andrea have been married for 15 years. Which group of individuals is Lucian most likely to regard as closest to him? a. Andrea's family members b. Andrea's friends c. friends from college d. coworkers

a. Andrea's family members

Brad and Jing-Mei have been married for several years. Recently Brad discovered that Jing-Mei had a brief affair. Which of the following will NOT increase the likelihood that Brad will forgive Jing-Mei? a. Brad believes Jing-Mei is fully in control of her actions. b. Jing-Mei apologized and promised never to do it again. c. Brad is generally an amiable, easygoing person. d. Brad is extremely committed to Jing-Mei and their relationship.

a. Brad believes Jing-Mei is fully in control of her actions.

Laurita's friend, Guiliana, comes over after school to play on Wednesdays. Laurita's parents notice that her demeanor and style of play differ greatly when she is with Giuliana, compared to when she plays with her younger sister, Pilar. What have her parents most likely observed? a. Laurita is more likely to interact with Pilar in coercive ways than when she is with Giuliana. b. Laurita is more likely to interact with Giuliana in coercive ways than when she is with Pilar. c. Laurita is more likely to engage in shared imaginative play with Pilar than with Giuliana. d. Laurita is more likely to engage in shared imaginative play with Giuliana than with Pilar.

a. Laurita is more likely to interact with Pilar in coercive ways than when she is with Giuliana.

Research supports which of the following associations between negative communication and emotional expression? a. Negative communication is negatively associated with marital satisfaction only when partners are also low in positive emotional expressions. b. Negative communication is negatively associated with marital satisfaction, particularly when it is accompanied by positive emotional expression. c. Negative communication is positively associated with marital satisfaction, particularly when it is accompanied by positive emotional expression. d. Negative communication is positively associated with marital satisfaction in the absence of positive emotional expression.

a. Negative communication is negatively associated with marital satisfaction only when partners are also low in positive emotional expressions.

Maina is conducting a daily diary study of how students' school stress affects their relationships with parents. ________ is the association between stress and the student's behavior at home, and ________ is the association between stress and the parents' behavior at home. a. Stress spillover; stress crossover b. Stress crossover; stress spillover c. Stressor salience; negative reciprocity d. Negative reciprocity; stress spillover

a. Stress spillover; stress crossover

A common interaction pattern in couples is called the demand/withdraw pattern. Which of the following is true about the research discussed in the text on demand/withdrawal in couples? a. Women tend to demand and men tend to withdraw when discussing a problem the woman has brought up, but men and women equally demand and withdraw when discussing a problem that the man has brought up. b. Men tend to demand and women tend to withdraw during conflict because men hold greater power in the relationship. c. The demand/withdraw cycle tends to end fairly quickly, and even distressed couples are able to exit from this type of interaction. d. The demand/withdraw pattern reflects a pattern of negative reciprocity whereby partners react to attacks from each other with increased hostility and blame.

a. Women tend to demand and men tend to withdraw when discussing a problem the woman has brought up, but men and women equally demand and withdraw when discussing a problem that the man has brought up.

Which type of approach will be LEAST effective in eliciting change in one's relationship? a. a negative, direct approach b. a negative, indirect approach c. a positive, direct approach d. a positive, indirect approach

a. a negative, direct approach

Dr. Adams believes that how partners manage conflict is determined in part by their experiences in their families of origin when they were children. With what theory is this consistent? a. attachment theory c. attachment exchange theory b. social learning theory d. social ecological theory

a. attachment theory

The negative effects of stress on relationships can be offset by: a. effective problem-solving skills and mutual support. b. ending the relationship and starting over again. c. increasing intimacy and commitment to the relationship. d. ample financial resources, even when the couple has poor problem-solving skills.

a. effective problem-solving skills and mutual support.

A(n) ________ is often the developing child's first relationship with someone who is not a relative or caregiver. a. friendship c. intimate relationship b. sibling relationship d. attachment

a. friendship

Delia loves to travel and loves exploring and being surprised about what is around the next corner. She does not like to plan ahead too much because she believes that you never know where you'll be at the end of the day. Her partner, Sal, likes to plan ahead and learn where all the sights are and to book the best hotels based on their budget. This difference is the cause of much arguing, and, for their upcoming trip, Delia is trying to convince Sal to book a "last minute" surprise trip on a website where they would not even know their destination until the trip was booked. In contrast, Sal has developed a day-by-day plan for a trip to Italy. What best describes the situation in which Delia and Sal have found themselves? Delia and Sal: a. have polarized around the issue of planning. b. are engaging in negative reciprocity. c. probably have low levels of epinephrine as a result of their conflict. d. are positively reinforcing each other's position in the conflict.

a. have polarized around the issue of planning.

In response to a blunder John made, John's wife, Carineh, said, "You are so dumb, John." John got angry, and Carineh quickly apologized. John told Carineh he forgave her even though he did not mean it because he was still angry with her. What type of forgiveness is John displaying? a. hollow c. silent b. partial d. intrapersonal

a. hollow

Danny and Stella were in therapy following the revelation of Stella's relationship with another man. Danny felt hurt, angry, and confused about his relationship and feelings for Stella. Stella was defensive about the affair and tried to hide the full extent of her relationship with the other man. What stage of forgiveness do you think this couple is experiencing? a. impact c. moving on b. meaning d. reconciliation

a. impact

Stress spillover is to ________ as stress crossover is to ________. a. intraindividual; interpersonal b. interpersonal; intraindividual c. satisfaction; problem solving d. external stress; relationship problems

a. intraindividual; interpersonal

Following a transgression, Juan feels angry, yet acts warmly to his partner. Juan's feelings of anger are considered _________, whereas his acting warmly is considered _________. a. intrapersonal; interpersonal b. interpersonal; intrapersonal c. an example of silent forgiveness; an example of hollow forgiveness d. an example of hollow forgiveness; an example of silent forgiveness

a. intrapersonal; interpersonal

"Sibling rivalry is the result of competition for parental resources." With which theory is this statement most consistent? a. natural selection c. attachment theory b. theory of mind d. social learning theory

a. natural selection

Which of the following is NOT one of the three characterizations of childhood friendships that play a role in developing intimacy in adulthood? a. popularity b. size c. composition d. quality

a. popularity

Brehnan and Saeth have spent the afternoon on the beach building a fort out of driftwood and pretending they were knights on a mission to rescue a princess (Saeth's 6-month-old sister). Brehnan and Saeth have been engaged in: a. shared imaginative play. c. hierarchical play. b. behavioral reciprocity. d. attachment behavior.

a. shared imaginative play.

Chris has had a bad day at work—lots of complaints from customers and her boss gave her a deadline that she knows she will be unable to meet. When she gets home that night, she is in a bad mood and feels distant from her partner, Pat. Pat senses Chris' coolness and begins to wonder if there is trouble in their relationship. Chris' behavior that evening is an example of ________, and Pat's reaction is an example of ________. a. stress spillover; stress crossover b. stressor salience; perceptual confirmation c. stress crossover; stress spillover d. chronic stress; acute stress

a. stress spillover; stress crossover

Selena is proud of herself for getting an article published in her school newspaper and has called her boyfriend, Nick, to tell him the good news. Which of the following factors will most likely determine whether Selena benefits from her attempt at capitalization? a. the response she receives from Nick b. how much time passes between the event and telling Nick about it c. the level of intimacy in their relationship d. whether Nick also shares his own good news with Selena at the same time

a. the response she receives from Nick

How well can researchers predict marital outcomes? a. with greater than 90 percent accuracy in specific samples b. with greater than 90 percent accuracy using the same procedures across diverse samples c. with 65 percent accuracy at best d. not accurately at all

a. with greater than 90 percent accuracy in specific samples

According to the World Health Organization, adolescence is the period between the ages of: a. 9 and 18. c. 13 and 19. b. 10 and 19. d. 13 and 24.

b. 10 and 19.

At ages 11 to 12, _____ percent of adolescents report having dated compared to _____ percent by age 15 to 16. a. 15; 29 c. 29; 54 b. 8; 54 d. 8; 73

b. 8; 54

Which of the following is NOT true about the development of children's theories of mind? a. Developing theories of mind is a prerequisite for empathizing with other people. b. Children generally do not develop theories of mind until they are 6 years old. c. Children with siblings develop theories of mind more quickly than children without siblings. d. Sibling conflict is positively associated with children's ability to adopt another person's perspective.

b. Children generally do not develop theories of mind until they are 6 years old.

What appears to be true about stress, stressor salience, and the health of the relationship? a. Salient stressors are detrimental to relationship satisfaction. b. High levels of stress are more noticeable, and partners are able to recognize that relationship problems are due to the stress. c. When stress is severe, it is more salient, and partners tend to assume that relationship problems are due to the stress. d. As relationships develop, stress becomes more salient, as in the case of parenthood.

b. High levels of stress are more noticeable, and partners are able to recognize that relationship problems are due to the stress.

What role does neighborhood context play in the association between relationship duration and the likelihood of marital dissolution? a. Marital dissolution is not associated with the type of neighborhood in which a married couple lives. b. Marital dissolution tends to happen earlier in marriage for people who live in low-income neighborhoods than those who live in more affluent neighborhoods. c. People who live in affluent neighborhoods rarely divorce, even after 15 years of marriage. d. Because people in middle-income neighborhoods are likely to be dual-career couples, they are more likely to divorce than people who live in low-income neighborhoods.

b. Marital dissolution tends to happen earlier in marriage for people who live in low-income neighborhoods than those who live in more affluent neighborhoods.

Which of the following statements about the relationship between mismanaged conflict and relationship satisfaction is accurate? a. Mismanaged conflict inevitably leads to lower relationship satisfaction. b. Relationship satisfaction only decreases among couples who do not constructively manage conflict. c. Poor problem-solving skills consistently predict lower levels of relationship satisfaction only when combined with high levels of positive affect. d. Negative skills have a negative effect on relationship satisfaction only when combined with low levels of positive affect.

b. Relationship satisfaction only decreases among couples who do not constructively manage conflict.

Carlos and Angela have a 6-year-old child named Rosita. They occasionally fight with each other in front of Rosita. Given what you know about children as witnesses of their parents' relationship, what is true? a. Rosita is still too young to understand or to be affected by the conflict between her parents. b. Rosita can recognize whether Carlos and Angela resolve their conflicts, even if her parents try to mask the conflict with positive affect. c. Carlos and Angela can protect Rosita by maintaining a positive emotional tone during their conflicts. d. The more Rosita is exposed to conflicts between Carlos and Angela, the less she will be affected by them.

b. Rosita can recognize whether Carlos and Angela resolve their conflicts, even if her parents try to mask the conflict with positive affect.

According to research described in the text, what happens to the effects of external stress on intimate relationships when the source of the stress becomes more noticeable? a. The more obvious the external sources of stress in relationships, the more important it is that partners have sufficient resources to deal with the stress effectively. b. The more salient the external sources of moderate stress in relationships, the less they affect feelings about the relationship. c. The more salient the external sources of stress in relationships, the more negatively those sources of stress affect the relationship. d. The more salient the external sources of stress in relationships, the more likely partners are to notice the internal sources of stress in the relationship (e.g., incompatible communication styles, conflicts).

b. The more salient the external sources of moderate stress in relationships, the less they affect feelings about the relationship.

Gertrude just got a new job. Her boyfriend, Andre, responded by saying, "I really hope I can find a summer job. It is going to be hard this late in the semester." What would you conclude about their relationship from this exchange? a. They are probably satisfied with their relationship. b. They are probably dissatisfied with their relationship. c. Andre is probably satisfied, and Gertrude is dissatisfied in the relationship. d. Gertrude is probably satisfied, and Andre is dissatisfied in the relationship.

b. They are probably dissatisfied with their relationship.

According to definitions of forgiveness given in the text, which of the following is required for a couple to experience forgiveness? a. immediate reconciliation with the transgressor b. a promise from the offender not to re-offend c. a decline in the partner's motivation for revenge against the transgressor d. an increase in emotional distance from the offender

b. a promise from the offender not to re-offend

Sharing positive emotions will enhance our relationships and thus build resources (e.g., strong relationships) on which we can draw in times of need. With what theory of relationships is this most consistent? a. self-expansion theory c. attachment theory b. broaden-and-build theory d. self-verification theory

b. broaden-and-build theory

According to the textbook, couples can use a variety of strategies for conflict resolution. Strategies such as blaming one's partner for the problem and delivering ultimatums are considered ________ strategies; looking for points of and working toward agreement are considered ________ strategies. a. constructive; destructive c. demand/withdraw; cognitive editing b. destructive; constructive d. cognitive editing; talk table

b. destructive; constructive

Bianca is told that Sally put her marble in a basket. When Sally left, Anne moved the marble into a box. Bianca is asked, "When Sally comes back, where will she look for her marble?" Bianca answers saying she will look in the basket. Bianca's answer indicates that she: a. cannot empathize with Anne. c. doesn't know where the marble is. b. has developed theory of mind. d. probably doesn't have older siblings.

b. has developed theory of mind.

The textbook describes a study where 2-year-olds played in a room and were exposed either once or twice to research assistants having an argument. A control group of children did not witness the research assistants arguing. The researchers then assessed the children's aggressive behaviors when they were alone. The main finding of the study was that children become ________. The children who heard the research assistants arguing twice were ________ aggressive themselves than the children who heard the research assistants arguing only once. a. less reactive the more they are exposed to conflict; less b. increasingly reactive the more they are exposed to conflict; more c. desensitized to hearing adults arguing; less d. desensitized to hearing adults arguing; more

b. increasingly reactive the more they are exposed to conflict; more

Your roommate is studying for a big final exam. You notice that she is anxious, so, to help out, you decide to wash all the dinner dishes, even though it is her turn. What kind of support is this? a. emotional support c. active-constructive support b. invisible support d. passive-constructive support

b. invisible support

Visible support is to ________ as invisible support is to ________. a. not helpful; helpful c. practical; emotional b. known; unknown d. satisfied; dissatisfied

b. known; unknown

Lisa discovered that her wife had lied about a bad investment that has cost them a good portion of their life savings. Still unhappy about the situation, Lisa is asking many questions about what happened. What stage of forgiveness do you think Lisa is experiencing? a. impact c. moving on b. meaning d. silent

b. meaning

Wives are likely to experience _____ stress crossover when their marriages are_____. a. less; most satisfying b. more; most satisfying c. more; least satisfying d. less; least satisfying

b. more; most satisfying

According to research, anger and poor problem-solving skills _____ levels of relationship satisfaction. a. predict higher c. predict both higher and lower b. predict lower d. have no association with

b. predict lower

When relationship research is written about in the popular media, reporting tends to emphasize _____, whereas the empirical science focuses on _______. a. consistent results; provocative findings c. accuracy; reliability b. provocative findings; consistent results d. reliability; accuracy

b. provocative findings; consistent results

Tiya and Randal are arguing. Tiya wants to be a supportive partner and to work through the issue. What strategy should Tiya use during the argument to solve their problem? a. summarize her own position and opinions b. recognize her own contribution to the issue c. recognize how the current issue is linked to past issues d. emphasize points of disagreement

b. recognize her own contribution to the issue

Joe's job is very stressful. When he comes home, he often feels grouchy, and he yells at his dog. Joe's wife, Karen, gets upset wondering what Joe will be like when he comes home at the end of the workday. She worries that she is starting to get a bit depressed by this. His dog is also starting to ignore him. Joe's grouchiness at home and the effects on his relationship with his wife and dog would be considered an example of: a. stress crossover. b. stress spillover. c. stressor salience. d. stress pileup.

b. stress spillover.

The technique used to understand sources of couple miscommunication through structured, problem-solving discussions is called: a. cognitive editing. c. demand/withdraw. b. talk table. d. polarization.

b. talk table.

If a study is cross-validated, this means that: a. the data are reliable, but not valid. b. the same solutions will be found across different datasets. c. different outcomes have been found across different datasets. d. the data are valid, but not reliable.

b. the same solutions will be found across different datasets.

Research on couple conflict from an attachment perspective has shown that: a. there is little evidence that early family relationships shape the manner in which intimate partners manage conflict. b. there are large differences between how individuals high in attachment anxiety manage conflict in intimate relationships compared to individuals high in attachment avoidance. c. secure individuals tend to be more adept at managing conflict in intimate relationships than insecure individuals. d. there are no observable differences among insecure individuals in how they manage conflict in intimate relationships.

b. there are large differences between how individuals high in attachment anxiety manage conflict in intimate relationships compared to individuals high in attachment avoidance.

Research on the demand/withdraw pattern show that: a. when discussing the husband's topic, wives demand and husbands withdraw. b. when discussing the wife's topic, wives demand and husbands withdraw. c. a wife demand-husband withdraw pattern is more common than a wife withdraw-husband demand pattern but only among couples in distressed relationships. d. demand/withdraw behaviors arise from power dynamics rather than sex differences.

b. when discussing the wife's topic, wives demand and husbands withdraw.

_____ were an ideal group for studying stress spillover because the link between work stress and home stress could be considered unidirectional (from work to home). a. Legal associates b. Mechanical engineers c. Air traffic controllers d. Elementary school teachers

c. Air traffic controllers

Whose relationship is most likely to end? a. Sally and Melinda's, because they have high social network overlap b. Greg and Sander's, because they have high network density c. DeAnda and Kevin's, because they have high substitutability in their social network d. Greer and Tameca's, because they have low substitutability in their social network

c. DeAnda and Kevin's, because they have high substitutability in their social network

Which of the following is true of the demand/withdraw interaction pattern? a. It tends to be self-perpetuating. b. It often arises when both partners prefer autonomy in the relationship. c. It often arises when both partners do not want a lot of change. d. It is only present in heterosexual relationships.

c. It often arises when both partners do not want a lot of change.

Niall Bolger and his colleagues (2000) conducted a study of law students taking the bar exam and their partners. Which of the following is true? a. Law students had the best adjustment (i.e., more positive mood) when they perceived support from their partners. b. Law students were most satisfied in their relationships when their distress level (anxiety, depression, etc.) was the lowest. c. Law students had the best adjustment when their partners provided more support than the law students reported receiving. d. Law students had the best adjustment when they perceived more support, but their partners said they had not provided it.

c. Law students had the best adjustment when their partners provided more support than the law students reported receiving.

After census data revealed that Alabama, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Tennessee were among the states with the highest divorce rates, various political figures were pressed to explain the finding. What is the best explanation for the divorce rates being higher in these conservative states? a. People who marry in these states have more unrealistic expectations about marriage, leading to inevitable disappointment and distress. b. Prior to this census, relationship education was not widely available to couples in these states, leading to greater rates of dissolution. c. The overall quality of life in these states is poorer compared to other states, making marriage challenging. d. Young people in these states were rebelling against conservative beliefs and did not value the institution of marriage as much as young people in other states.

c. The overall quality of life in these states is poorer compared to other states, making marriage challenging.

Passive-constructive capitalization responses are negatively associated with relationship satisfaction. Why might this be? a. They are invisible, so there is no benefit of this type of response. b. There is a problem with the reliability of the measure of passive-constructive responses. c. The passive aspect of these responses overwhelms the constructive nature of the comments. d. These responses focus only on the positive emotion that the discloser experienced and not enough on the positive nature of the good news.

c. The passive aspect of these responses overwhelms the constructive nature of the comments.

Why are differences in opinion between siblings more likely to result in aggression compared to differences among friends? a. Friends are more likely to respect each other because of their similar interests, and thus, disagree in polite ways. b. Siblings often interact in private spaces while friends interact in public spaces, where conflict is less acceptable. c. There is less reason for siblings to make compromises because the relationship is involuntary and unlikely to end. d. Siblings are competing for resources from the same source, thus, there is usually more at stake in comparison with friendships.

c. There is less reason for siblings to make compromises because the relationship is involuntary and unlikely to end.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about how social networks can challenge relationships? a. Social networks can negatively affect relationships via factors such as substitutability but do not directly negatively affect relationships. b. Social networks are positively associated with relationship stability when partners spend a lot of time with friends or relatives. c. When partners have independent networks, close ties with others can do more harm than good to the relationship. d. When partners have independent networks, they are able to build space between themselves, which serves as a healthy outlet, thereby strengthening the relationship.

c. When partners have independent networks, close ties with others can do more harm than good to the relationship.

Ursula hears her parents arguing regularly. The more she hears her parents argue, the more she becomes upset. Ursula's behavior can be attributed to which of the following? a. developing false beliefs b. developing apathy c. becoming sensitized d. becoming desensitized

c. becoming sensitized

When Sandy says something mean during an argument, Ali is upset but tries to respond to her concerns with warmth. What is this called? a. positive reciprocity b. negative reinforcement c. cognitive editing d. positive reinforcement

c. cognitive editing

After hearing her parents argue over and over again, Emma became accustomed to their bickering. Emma's behavior can be attributed to: a. theory of mind. c. desensitization. b. false belief. d. sensitization.

c. desensitization.

Habituation is to ________ as reactivity is to ________. a. sensitization; desensitization b. false beliefs; theory of mind c. desensitization; sensitization d. theory of mind; false beliefs

c. desensitization; sensitization

Compared to children whose parents have a harmonious relationship, children exposed to parental discord are likely to experience: a. panic attacks and psychotic episodes. b. social marginalization and discrimination. c. difficulties in their relationships with peers. d. low academic achievement in adolescence.

c. difficulties in their relationships with peers.

According to the text, ________ describes the transformation that occurs when people's motivation to seek revenge for hurtful actions diminishes and their motivation to pursue conciliatory courses of action increases. a. invisible support c. forgiveness b. intimacy d. capitalization

c. forgiveness

According to Gable and her colleagues, passive-constructive responses to capitalization attempts are associated with: a. greater relationship trust. c. lower relationship intimacy. b. greater relationship satisfaction. d. lower relationship trust.

c. lower relationship intimacy.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four factors that determines whether an individual forgives the partner for a transgression? a. personality of the victim c. sexual orientation of the couple b. quality of the apology d. quality of the relationship

c. sexual orientation of the couple

In response to a blunder John made, John's wife, Carineh, said, "You are so dumb, John." John got angry, and Carineh quickly apologized. John forgave Carineh even though he didn't tell her so. What type of forgiveness is John displaying? a. hollow c. silent b. partial d. interpersonal

c. silent

According to Gottman's (1979) structural model of marital interaction, which is NOT true of unhappy couples compared to happy couples? Unhappy couples: a. show less positive behavior. b. show more reciprocity of negative behaviors. c. use more cognitive editing. d. have more predictable behavior patterns.

c. use more cognitive editing

Your partner just got a promotion at work and shares the news with you. Which of the following responses would be most likely to enhance your partner's relationship satisfaction? a. "That's nice." b. "Does this mean you're going to be working even longer hours?" c. "That's good to know; now we can go on that vacation next summer." d. "Wow, that's fantastic! Let's go out to dinner tonight to celebrate."

d. "Wow, that's fantastic! Let's go out to dinner tonight to celebrate."

Lisa is in the middle of studying for four final exams and feels a great deal of stress. Her partner, Alex, is trying to decide how best to help: he could do more around the house by doing the dishes and cooking dinner more often and mowing the lawn, or he could offer to help quiz her on some of the material. What should Alex do and why? a. Alex should offer to help quiz Lisa on the material so that she knows it really well in time for her exam. b. Alex should offer to help quiz Lisa on the material because it is clear she cannot handle the situation on her own. c. Alex should do more around the house because Lisa is likely to notice and appreciate everything he is doing for her. d. Alex should do more around the house in a way that Lisa will not notice so that she will not feel like she cannot handle the situation on her own.

d. Alex should do more around the house in a way that Lisa will not notice so that she will not feel like she cannot handle the situation on her own.

Which of the following 11-year-olds is most likely to be dating by the time she is 15 years old? a. Lana, who has mostly female friends who are also 11 years old b. Heidi, who has a mix of male and female friends who are also 11 years old c. Sinae, who has mostly female friends who are all older than she is d. Ashleigh, who has a mix of male and female friends, who are all older than she is

d. Ashleigh, who has a mix of male and female friends, who are all older than she is

The textbook describes a study where researchers collected blood samples from newlywed participants while they discussed an important problem in their marriage. The blood samples were then analyzed for the presence of stress hormones. What is the most important conclusion from this study? a. Although important, stress hormones were not as predictive of relationship status and quality 10 years later as were the negative behaviors partners displayed during these discussions. b. Stress hormones were far more predictive of relationship status and quality 10 years later compared to the negative behaviors partners displayed during these discussions. c. Observable features of conflict (e.g., negative statements, criticism) revealed all of the clues needed for predicting the status and quality of the relationship 10 years later. d. Because they are largely within our conscious awareness, biological responses to conflict (i.e., changes in hormone levels) are particularly useful in predicting the status and quality of the relationship 10 years later.

d. Because they are largely within our conscious awareness, biological responses to conflict (i.e., changes in hormone levels) are particularly useful in predicting the status and quality of the relationship 10 years later.

Why do children with older siblings develop theory of mind more quickly than children without siblings? a. Children without siblings do not need to compete for their parents' resources. b. Children without siblings develop all cognitive abilities more slowly. c. Children with older siblings often take on the responsibility of teaching empathy to younger siblings. d. Children with older siblings need to reason with and understand their siblings to interact with them successfully.

d. Children with older siblings need to reason with and understand their siblings to interact with them successfully.

Which of the following statements about research on differential parental treatment is accurate? a. Differential parental treatment is associated with problems between siblings. b. Differential parental treatment is associated with problems only when it is perceived by all siblings. c. Very young children don't seem to be sensitive to differential parental treatment. d. Differential parental treatment is associated with problems between siblings only when it is perceived as unfair.

d. Differential parental treatment is associated with problems between siblings only when it is perceived as unfair.

Whose relationship is LEAST likely to end? a. Sally and Melinda's, because they have low social network overlap b. Greg and Sander's, because they have high network density c. DeAnda and Kevin's, because they have high substitutability in their social network d. Greer and Tameca's, because they have low substitutability in their social network

d. Greer and Tameca's, because they have low substitutability in their social network

How do happy and unhappy couples compare in their problem-solving communication? a. There is greater correspondence or linkage between daily events and daily satisfaction ratings for happy couples than for unhappy couples. b. Happy couples send messages that they intend to be positive, whereas unhappy couples send messages that they intend to be negative. c. In contrast to happy couples, unhappy couples tend to decode neutral messages negatively. d. Happy and unhappy couples are equally good at translating their own thoughts and feelings into a behavioral expression (encoding).

d. Happy and unhappy couples are equally good at translating their own thoughts and feelings into a behavioral expression (encoding).

Which of the following couples is most likely to separate? a. Miriam and Nav, who spend time with the same group of friends but do not enjoy each other's families b. Lila and Mark, who spend time with the same group of friends and enjoy each other's families c. Uma and Sora, who spend time with different friend groups but enjoy each other's families d. Lauren and Alejandro, who spend time with different friend groups and do not enjoy each other's families

d. Lauren and Alejandro, who spend time with different friend groups and do not enjoy each other's families

Social networks can benefit and harm intimate relationships. What is one way in which social networks do NOT affect intimate relationships? a. Social networks enable people to meet potential partners. b. Social networks provide a context of people who can help in times of need. c. Social networks can be damaging to relationships, particularly when partners' networks do not overlap much. d. Shared networks provide barriers that can prevent people from leaving good but not badrelationships.

d. Shared networks provide barriers that can prevent people from leaving good but not badrelationships.

In a study of couples where one partner was studying for the New York State bar exam, how did the stress crossover effect change in the 4 weeks immediately preceding the exam date? a. It did not change; the stress crossover effects were consistent throughout the 4-week study period. b. The stress crossover effect became stronger; the closer the exam date, the more the stress the examinee experienced, and the worse the partner's moods became. c. There was a U-shaped change in the stress crossover effect; at the beginning and at the end of the 4-week study, there was a strong crossover effect of the examinee's distress and the partner's mood but a weaker effect in the middle 2 weeks. d. The stress crossover effect became weaker—the closer to the exam date, the less the examinee's stress affected the partner's mood.

d. The stress crossover effect became weaker—the closer to the exam date, the less the examinee's stress affected the partner's mood.

Can stress ever be good for relationships? a. Yes, if it is acute stress. b. No, because the physiological effects of stress have immediate, powerful, and usually invisible effects. c. No, because stress tends to "pile up" and depletes couples' resources for dealing with it. d. Yes, especially when couples have the resources and skills to meet the challenge successfully.

d. Yes, especially when couples have the resources and skills to meet the challenge successfully.

With respect to children's friendships: a. longitudinal research shows that children classified as popular derive more benefits from their popularity than from their reciprocal friendships. b. hostility between childhood friends predicts hostile romantic relationships in young adulthood, but this effect disappears when parent-child hostility is controlled. c. without shared imaginative play, children are unlikely to develop empathy. d. an individual's strong bond with a problematic or difficult friend can reinforce their own negative behaviors.

d. an individual's strong bond with a problematic or difficult friend can reinforce their own negative behaviors.

Research on how adults' relationships affect children shows that: a. children cannot appreciate the complexity of interactions between adults. b. young children have trouble recognizing whether a conflict has been resolved successfully, but older children do not. c. the effects of being exposed to parental conflict disappear when the quality of parent-child interactions is taken into account. d. children's models of intimacy develop through observing adult relationships around them.

d. children's models of intimacy develop through observing adult relationships around them.

Your partner is dealing with an upcoming important deadline at work. What type of support should you provide and why? a. emotional support to bolster his self-esteem b. practical support to help him with his work c. visible support so that he knows you care for and value him d. invisible support so as not to undermine his self-esteem

d. invisible support so as not to undermine his self-esteem

Lisa is in the middle of studying for four final exams and feels a great deal of stress. Her partner, Alex, decides to help more around the house by doing the dishes and cooking dinner more often and mowing the lawn; however, Lisa does not notice that Alex has stepped up because she is too busy studying for finals. According to the textbook, Alex is providing: a. emotional support. c. accepted support. b. visible support. d. invisible support.

d. invisible support.

Cognitive editing occurs when a partner hears something ________ but responds in a ________ way. a. positive; neutral c. neutral or negative; positive b. positive; negative d. negative; neutral or positive

d. negative; neutral or positive

Attachment anxiety is characterized by negative views of _____, whereas attachment avoidance is characterized by negative views of ________. a. romantic partners; family members b. family members; romantic partners c. others; one's self d. one's self; others

d. one's self; others

Carl told his wife, Meena, that he got a raise at work. Meena (although happy for Carl) did not say much. What type of capitalization response is this? a. active-constructive c. passive-destructive b. active-destructive d. passive-constructive

d. passive-constructive

The demand/withdraw pattern often leads couples to adopt _____ positions in their argument. a. similar b. reasonable c. aggressive d. polarized

d. polarized

The false belief test is used to determine whether children have: a. false beliefs about their parents' relationship. b. false beliefs about their own popularity. c. the ability to distinguish between the emotional tone of a conflict and whether the conflict was resolved. d. theories of mind.

d. theories of mind

________ is likely a member of Antonio's psychological network, and ________ is likely a member of Antonio's interactive network. a. His hairdresser; his mother c. His hairdresser; his doctor b. His mother; his hairdresser d. His doctor; his best friend

b. His mother; his hairdresser

Carl learns that Meena got a promotion. Carl said congratulations, but he then expressed his concern that this promotion might actually increase her workload. What kind of capitalization response is this? a. active-constructive c. passive-destructive b. active-destructive d. passive-constructive

b. active-destructive

Infants are most likely to be distressed when their mothers are unresponsive to _____ for a few moments because they are paying attention to a _____. a. them; picture book b. them; life-size baby doll c. their siblings; picture book d. their siblings; life-size baby doll

b. them; life-size baby doll

Lisa is in the middle of studying for four final exams and feels a great deal of stress. Her partner, Alex, offers to help quiz her on some of the material. According to the textbook, Alex is providing: a. emotional support. c. accepted support. b. visible support. d. invisible support.

b. visible support.

Avery continually yells at Sue in a heated conflict and is not able to calm down. Sue, feeling cold and indifferent, does not respond and eventually leaves the room. This type of communication is called: a. the reactivity hypothesis. c. the demand/withdraw pattern. b. the negative reciprocity cycle. d. stress spillover.

c. the demand/withdraw pattern.

Penelope has been dating Umberto throughout college. How did Penelope most likely meet Umberto? a. at their church group b. at a house party or bar c. in a class they took together d. by being introduced to him by a friend

d. by being introduced to him by a friend